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Towards robust complexity indices in linguistic typology 语言类型学中鲁棒复杂性指标研究
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.1075/sl.22034.oh
Y. Oh, F. Pellegrino
{"title":"Towards robust complexity indices in linguistic typology","authors":"Y. Oh, F. Pellegrino","doi":"10.1075/sl.22034.oh","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.22034.oh","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000There is high hope that corpus-based approaches to language complexity will contribute to explaining linguistic diversity. Several complexity indices have consequently been proposed to compare different aspects among languages, especially in phonology and morphology. However, their robustness against changes in corpus size and content hasn’t been systematically assessed, thus impeding comparability between studies. Here, we systematically test the robustness of four complexity indices estimated from raw texts and either routinely utilized in crosslinguistic studies (Type-Token Ratio and word-level Entropy) or more recently proposed (Word Information Density and Lexical Diversity). Our results on 47 languages strongly suggest that traditional indices are more prone to fluctuation than the newer ones. Additionally, we confirm with Word Information Density the existence of a cross-linguistic trade-off between word-internal and across-word distributions of information. Finally, we implement a proof of concept suggesting that modern deep-learning language models can improve the comparability across languages with non-parallel datasets.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81842582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From grammaticalization to Diachronic Construction Grammar 从语法化到历时结构语法
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2022-12-19 DOI: 10.1075/sl.20079.gil
Spike Gildea, Jóhanna Barðdal
{"title":"From grammaticalization to Diachronic Construction Grammar","authors":"Spike Gildea, Jóhanna Barðdal","doi":"10.1075/sl.20079.gil","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.20079.gil","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The term grammaticalization originally denoted a particular outcome of language change (lexis > morphology), then got expanded to practically all studies involving language change, the processes that create such changes, and a theory modeling these. These expansions have been challenged in the literature as conceptually flawed. A usage-based analysis of the evolution of the concept culminates in the use of the term grammaticalization as a “flag” of a particular approach to linguistics. However, the theoretical premises of grammaticalization studies are entirely compatible with the premises of Diachronic Construction Grammar (DCxG). All studies within the “expanded” concept of grammaticalization can be explicitly modeled within DCxG, which provides formalism of sufficient detail to map the gradual nature of language change in cases of grammaticalization and beyond. Consequently, the most vigorous attacks on grammaticalization lose power when grammaticalization is seen as part of a larger, more complete theory of language and language change.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90285484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The history of the polyfunctional 𗗙 jij1 in Tangut 唐古特语中多功能性𗗙jij1的历史
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2022-12-08 DOI: 10.1075/sl.21085.zha
Shuya Zhang
{"title":"The history of the polyfunctional 𗗙 jij1 in Tangut","authors":"Shuya Zhang","doi":"10.1075/sl.21085.zha","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.21085.zha","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper focuses on the history of a polyfunctional case marker 𗗙 jij1\u0000 in Tangut, an extinct Rgyalrongic language (Sino-Tibetan). This versatile case morpheme is a typological rarity of maximum syncretism among several abstract case functions, including differential object marking, the genitive, and the oblique (which overlaps with the dative). For one thing, accusatives originating from datives or spatial sources are rarely found with additional genitive functions; for another, reported instances of accusative/genitive syncretism seldom include other functions. The principal hypothesis of this paper is that the Tangut 𗗙 jij1\u0000 may be the result of multiple grammaticalization processes stemming from a proto-locative source. These processes can be subsumed under two pathways, one leading from an allative to an accusative, with an intermediate oblique stage, and the other from a locative to a genitive. Although both of these development pathways are frequently attested, the Tangut 𗗙 jij1\u0000 remains a typological rarity due to their superposition.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77548550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multiple construction types for nominal expressions in Australian languages 澳大利亚语言中名词表达的多种结构类型
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2022-12-08 DOI: 10.1075/sl.21008.lou
Dana Louagie
{"title":"Multiple construction types for nominal expressions in Australian languages","authors":"Dana Louagie","doi":"10.1075/sl.21008.lou","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.21008.lou","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper explores the rich diversity in structural possibilities that are available for (simple) nominal\u0000 expressions in Australian languages. First, I identify a number of construction types found across a 50 language sample, which may\u0000 be recognised by using a restricted set of parameters. I show that an important factor is whether a given parameter (such as word\u0000 order) is generalised or displayed only by some word classes. Second, I develop a four-way typology based on how the construction\u0000 types cluster in individual languages. Two types are described to some extent in the literature, but I provide a more detailed\u0000 characterisation: one mostly has flexible, non-phrasal expressions and the other mostly rigid noun phrases. The other two types\u0000 have not been described as such. One mostly has flexible phrases, which combine internal flexibility with phrasal case marking,\u0000 and the other has distinct construction types depending on the type of modifier.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78564660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The linguistics of odour in Semaq Beri and Semelai, two Austroasiatic languages of the Malay Peninsula 马来半岛的两种南亚语——色麦语和色麦莱语的气味语言学
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2022-11-28 DOI: 10.1075/sl.22004.kru
N. Kruspe, A. Majid
{"title":"The linguistics of odour in Semaq Beri and Semelai, two Austroasiatic languages of the Malay Peninsula","authors":"N. Kruspe, A. Majid","doi":"10.1075/sl.22004.kru","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.22004.kru","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000There is a long history presuming smell is not expressible in language, but numerous studies in recent years challenge this presupposition. Large smell lexica have been reported around the world thereby showing high lexical codability in this domain. Psycholinguistic studies likewise find smell can be described with relatively high agreement, demonstrating high efficient codability. Often the two go hand-in-hand: languages with high lexical codability also display high efficient codability. This study compares two Austroasiatic (Aslian) languages – Semaq Beri and Semelai – previously shown to diverge in their efficient codability for smell: Semaq Beri showed relatively high efficient codability, whereas Semelai did not. Despite this, we demonstrate that both languages have high lexical codability, i.e., large lexica of basic smell terms. This seems to be a feature of the Aslian language family, suggesting a long-standing preoccupation with odours. More generally, the dissociation between lexical and efficient codability suggests a more nuanced approach towards linguistic expressibility is necessary.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85076889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A hitherto unnoticed type of verb-framed construction in Lithuanian and the typology of event conflation 立陶宛语中一种迄今未被注意到的动词框架结构和事件合并的类型学
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2022-11-21 DOI: 10.1075/sl.21082.hol
Axel Holvoet
{"title":"A hitherto unnoticed type of verb-framed construction in Lithuanian and the typology of event\u0000 conflation","authors":"Axel Holvoet","doi":"10.1075/sl.21082.hol","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.21082.hol","url":null,"abstract":"The article starts out from a Lithuanian construction denoting achievement of an excessive value of some parameter\u0000 of an incremental event. It is verb-framed, that is, the main-clause verb denotes motion along a path towards a normative value of\u0000 the parameter involved. Its implications for our understanding of the Talmyan typology of event conflation are discussed. Event\u0000 conflation in the domains of spatial motion and change of state has received most attention in the literature; differences in\u0000 saliency and elaboration, and the importance of constraints on the lexicalization of path (result) and manner, have been pointed\u0000 out. The Lithuanian verb-framed constructions discussed here are, however, similar to those in the domain of ‘temporal contouring’\u0000 in that they involve an incremental path superimposed on the path-to-result lexicalized in the embedded predicate. This extension\u0000 beyond the core domains of spatial motion and change of state represents another dimension of the Talmyan typology, largely\u0000 overlooked until now.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81352284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Progressives in present and past 现在和过去的进步派
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2022-11-21 DOI: 10.1075/sl.20009.vaf
Ghazaleh Vafaeian
{"title":"Progressives in present and past","authors":"Ghazaleh Vafaeian","doi":"10.1075/sl.20009.vaf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.20009.vaf","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigates the relationship between progressive patterns and present and past time reference. First,\u0000 it looks at the shared distribution of more than 90 progressives in two parallel corpora and discusses the characteristics of\u0000 these contexts. It is shown that while progressives are used for dramatic and topical events in the present, they are typically\u0000 used as backgrounding, supportive material in the past. Second, it is shown that progressives generally have more occurrences in\u0000 contexts with present time reference than past, this is especially true for progressives with many uses, i.e. more grammaticalized\u0000 progressives. And third, a number of progressives temporally restricted are presented. Two historical explanations for these\u0000 restrictions are provided, both of which result from the higher frequency of present uses over past.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75624396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
It’s all about the sentential construction 关键在于句子的结构
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2022-11-08 DOI: 10.1075/sl.21006.bec
Israela Becker
{"title":"It’s all about the sentential construction","authors":"Israela Becker","doi":"10.1075/sl.21006.bec","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.21006.bec","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cross-linguistically, very few complete sentences, as opposed to a myriad of phrases, lexicalize to become words.\u0000 I here offer an account for this skewed distribution, along the lines of Construction Grammar, by analyzing a set of mono-clausal\u0000 sentences in Hebrew which have indeed become – or are on the verge of becoming – words. I adopt the distinction between\u0000 categorical and thetic propositions, and show that only the latter can evolve into words. A thetic – unlike a categorical –\u0000 proposition, much like a verb-phrase, enables a tight semantic bonding between its components to form an ‘interpretatively\u0000 cohesive’ unit, which may lead to semantic change. An evaluative thetic – unlike a categorical – proposition is comment-like,\u0000 hence ‘semantically-incomplete’, and in need of a topic from prior discourse to predicate on, which may lead to a change in\u0000 grammatical status. All verb-phrases meet these two criteria but only few sentences do, hence, I argue, the skewed distribution of\u0000 sources from which new words evolve.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82686103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Copula to negator 对否定者的联结
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1075/sl.21065.del
Scott DeLancey
{"title":"Copula to negator","authors":"Scott DeLancey","doi":"10.1075/sl.21065.del","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.21065.del","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Van der Auwera & Vossen (2017) identify an intriguing shift from a\u0000 copula to a negative marker in the Tibeto-Burman Kiranti group, and discuss it as a possible example of Jespersen’s Cycle. This\u0000 paper traces a fuller history of the copula #ni, and presents an account of its association with negation, which\u0000 is attested in several other Tibeto-Burman languages besides Kiranti. In most Tibeto-Burman languages the equational copula is\u0000 “optional”, occurring in affirmative sentences only with a contrastive or emphatic sense. For this reason copulas often develop\u0000 into sentence-final stance markers. Since negation is morphologically marked on verbs, a negated equational sentence requires an\u0000 overt copula which can be negated. This paper presents data showing how this association of the presence of a copula with negation\u0000 has resulted in the negative sense becoming associated with and, in a few cases, becoming the direct meaning of the erstwhile\u0000 copula.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88539253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dogon pseudo-subjects with or without true subjects Dogon伪主题有或没有真正的主题
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2022-09-13 DOI: 10.1075/sl.21047.hea
J. Heath, V. Dyachkov
{"title":"Dogon pseudo-subjects with or without true subjects","authors":"J. Heath, V. Dyachkov","doi":"10.1075/sl.21047.hea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.21047.hea","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Dogon pseudo-subjects are bare meteorological, temporal-environmental, and partonymic nouns of low\u0000 referentiality/specificity that occur in fixed noun-verb collocations. The pseudo-subject controls the choice of verb in all\u0000 cases, but it fails to behave like a true subject in linear position, in a quotative-subject construction, or in\u0000 pronominal-subject agreement. The pseudo-subject is the sole nominal in these meteorological and temporal collocations, but in\u0000 partonymic collocations it co-occurs with a true subject denoting the possessor-experiencer. The latter has all of the clear\u0000 subject properties except controlling the choice of verb. Pseudo-subjects have some similarities with, but are distinct from, a\u0000 range of typologically familiar phenomena including impersonal subjects, direct objects, possessums stranded by possessor raising,\u0000 East Asian-style second subjects or post-topic subjects, incorporated nouns, and adverbial adjuncts. They can be classified as\u0000 pseudo-incorporated nominals if this category is broad enough to include subject-like as well as object-like nominals. The\u0000 relevant constructions are easily modelled in construction grammars, but not in arboreal syntax.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77720527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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