{"title":"Race, gender and slavery in early Islamicate history","authors":"Elizabeth Urban","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12727","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12727","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Slavery was practiced in parts of the Islamicate world from the 7th through 21st centuries. Until the late 20th century, many authors claimed that Islamicate slavery was relatively benign and free from racism. However, recent scholarship has found evidence of race-thinking in Islamicate history—particularly anti-Black racism and an association between Blackness and enslavement—tracing back at least to the ninth-century CE. Scholars still contest what racial categories or forms of race-thinking existed in the first centuries of Islamicate history. The Quran is free from overt race-thinking, but the Islamic conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries seem to have precipitated the articulation of new racialized categories and the application of old ones from the Biblical and Greek traditions. Considerations of gender further complicate the picture, as most of those enslaved in early Islamicate history were women, and many enslaved concubines bore children for their enslavers. The identity of these children was contested in the seventh century, but they seem to have defined themselves as full Arabs by the mid-eighth century. Ultimately, the intersection of race, gender, and slavery in early Islamicate history is not a linear narrative, but a complex story of negotiation and contestation.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41488748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Swahili language and literature as resources for Indian Ocean studies","authors":"Kai Kresse, Clarissa Vierke","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12725","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12725","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this contribution, our common point of convergence as an anthropologist and a literary scholar is to see Swahili language, literature and other texts as interwoven with the depth, scope, and complex dynamics of human experience and social life on the East Africa coast, with its long history of Islam. This includes prominently a view as to how this relates or is integral to the larger Indian Ocean world. Swahili language and its genres have been shaped in relation to, and in context of, transregional interaction with other languages and traditions that carry influence, and significance for the coastal residents. Ideas, thoughts, arguments and verse are taken on, adapted, mediated and disseminated flexibly by Swahili speakers through language repertoires and (mostly poetic) genres in changing media. These range from oral performances and handwritten manuscripts to booklets, CD recordings, radio programs and social media platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hic3.12725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47376157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Constructing a big history of inequality","authors":"Mary O’Sullivan","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12719","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12719","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In <i>Capital and Ideology</i>, Thomas Piketty takes a highly structured approach to the history of inequality in human societies. Much depends on this approach, notably the book's temporal and geographical ambitions and its bold and provocative claims, but by exploring how Piketty constructs his ‘big history’ of inequality regimes we can see there is loss as well as gain. Focussing on the history of early modern Europe, which features prominently in Piketty's book, I suggest that our grasp of movement and, relatedly, of change and continuity in inequality regimes, suffers in his account. There is ample scope, therefore, for historians to enhance our understanding of the history of the ideologies and institutions from which Piketty's inequality regimes are constituted. Enriching the historical study of inequality regimes that Piketty proposes in <i>Capital and Ideology</i> might be seen as a polite form of interdisciplinary exchange but I suggest that a more 'muscular' interdisciplinary engagement around his book may be more promising still. Especially interesting in this regard would be efforts to both challenge the explanatory analysis that Piketty develops in <i>Capital and Ideology</i> and to develop microscopic analyses of inequality alongside the macroscopic approach that Piketty employs.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hic3.12719","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48584130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Novels and newspapers in Piketty's Capital and Ideology","authors":"Heidi Tworek","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12720","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12720","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article explores the use of textual sources in Thomas Piketty's <i>Capital and Ideology</i> as seriously as others have examined Piketty's use of statistics. Although a commendable attempt to engage with non-quantitative sources, the book focuses on elite novels, selects works unsystematically, and takes an old-fashioned approach to media. Ironically, Piketty's use of literature perpetuates the same focus on the upper classes that he wishes to guard against. In this response, I suggest how a book on capital and ideology might examine novels and newspapers rigorously. First, I look at how a broader understanding of literary production as a business and a focus on non-elite books might inform the use of novels. Second, I consider how to employ big-data techniques to study newspapers. Overall, I argue, taking novels and newspapers seriously shows the importance of non-elite sources and of incorporating big-data techniques often pioneered by literary scholars.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42335906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Political contestation and the Second Great Divergence","authors":"Richard R. John","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12722","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12722","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This essay considers Piketty's characterization of U.S. economic development in <i>Capital and Ideology</i> in the decades between 1860 and 1900, a period that historians have begun to call the “Second Great Divergence.” It contends that Piketty's characterization of this period rests on outdated assumptions about the relationship between economic development and political contestation, and that Piketty's neglect of historical writing on this topic raises questions about his policy proposals. To highlight the limitations of Piketty's approach, it includes case studies of the telegraph industry and the telephone industry. For all of its erudition, range, and literary panache, Piketty's <i>Capital and Ideology</i> is, at its most persuasive, an updated restatement for a twenty-first century audience of the Polanyian critique of nineteenth-century economic liberalism. This is a worthy project, yet it is less novel in its conception and more problematic in its execution than might at first appear.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42189476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Financial professionals and the formation of proprietarian ideology","authors":"Atiba Pertilla","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12717","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12717","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review essay on economist Thomas Piketty's <i>Capital and Ideology</i> argues that the role of financial professionals as ideologues is a necessary yet missing component of Piketty's analysis. Using the history of capitalism in the United States as a connective thread, the essay synthesizes examples from a broad array of studies to trace the role of financial professionals from the counting houses of early republic New Orleans and New York through the professionalization of stockbrokers and investment bankers in the late-19th century Gilded Age to modern-day Wall Street white-collar workers. Throughout U.S. history financial professionals and their allied media institutions have been ubiquitous and essential advocates for a “proprietarian” ideology which prioritizes the sanctity of property rights over ameliorating inequality.</p><p>Thomas Piketty's <i>Capital and Ideology</i> offers a sprawling history of how conditions of economic inequality advance or constrain human progress. Casting aside arguments that economic growth lifts all boats, Piketty urges looking instead to political and ideological structures for a robust explanation of social development. The book's 17 chapters seek to establish a unified theory of social evolution at the nation-state level, developing a chronology and a terminology that proceeds from “ternary” systems of nobles, clerics, and peasants (a model Piketty fits to medieval and early modern societies from Western Europe to Japan) through the bourgeois capitalist regimes established in the eighteenth century and the social-democratic societies that arose in the wake of World War I, finally ending in a present-day surge in oligarchic populism that decries inequality while doing little, he argues, to reverse it. Particularly tragic, in Piketty's eyes, is that in recent history this shift has been accompanied by a “distinctive” meritocratic ideology which “blame[s] the poor for their poverty.” (Piketty, <span>2020</span>, p. 710) Given Piketty's sociopolitical goals, <i>Capital and Ideology</i>'s political vision suffers from often being free of ideologues. I argue that we might fill this gap by examining financial sector professionals as critical actors in establishing and defending “inequality regimes” (as Piketty terms them) throughout the past two centuries. Tracing the ideological work of financial professionals' in the United States from the early republic forward, I suggest we might discover fruitful continuities linking the development of new systems of capitalist knowledge in the Age of Revolutions with the social role of the present-day meritocracy.<sup>1</sup></p><p>While Piketty's earlier book <i>Capital in the Twenty-First Century</i> was built on the argument that unregulated capitalism “automatically generates arbitrary and unsustainable inequalities,” (Piketty, <span>2014</span>, p. 1) the villain of the sequel is not capitalism per se but “proprietarian” ideology, a way of making sense of the worl","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hic3.12717","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46986345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Embodied capital in the history of inequality","authors":"Johan Mathew","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12721","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12721","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article engages Thomas Piketty's <i>Capital and Ideology</i> from the perspective of the human body and public health. It explores how Piketty's account could be enriched by examining how economic inequality produces physiological inequity and how human health is essential to understanding the intractability of capitalist crises.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41895776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Piketty amongst the historians: Introduction to a symposium on Thomas Piketty's Capital and Ideology","authors":"Jonathan Coopersmith, Andrew Popp","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12724","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12724","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This essay introduces this forum on Thomas Piketty's <i>Capitalism and Ideology.</i> We outline the debates that emerge from a joint reading of the six contributions to the forum. In doing so we assess the importance of Piketty's contribution to historical debates on capitalism, ideology, and inequality and consider how historians might respond to the challenges Piketty presents.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hic3.12724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44394362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A feeling for history","authors":"Kenneth Lipartito","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12718","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12718","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thomas Piketty argues that economists need to more seriously engage with history to understand inequality. In his two books on capitalism, Piketty does just that. But what type of history? This essay argues that Piketty, following the example of the Annales School and Braudel's <i>The Mediterranean</i>, has produced a powerful “descriptive” history, a still underappreciated form of work that is often incorrectly contrasted with analytical history. Piketty's insights stem from the power of description in telling us “what was the case,” as Allan Megill argues, and thus precedes causal explanation. When it comes to change over time, Piketty follows the model of eventful temporality that William Sewell has proposed. In contrast to positivist social science, which is built around deep constants over time, Piketty understands that the forces of history subject even seemingly stable structures to change. For this reason, he also believes it is possible to overcome the deep inequalities that have long existed in capitalism.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44385856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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