History Compass最新文献

{"title":"India's democracy before the democratic discontent, 1940s–1970s","authors":"Ornit Shani","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12742","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12742","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The last decade and a half saw what we can call a historical turn in the study of India's democracy. By drawing on some of these new works and on archival materials, this article offers a new way of thinking about the rooting and workings of democracy in India and its endurance. The article explores how India and Indians produced a concrete and convincing notion of a shared functioning purpose, a common good, for their deeply plural society, while allowing a meaningful space for the conflicts and inherent contradictions that underlay their democracy. I suggest that the persistence of these conflicts was important for the resilience of India's democracy. I examine three interrelated processes that with independence contributed to this outcome: the nature of the constitution and its making; the first election and the preparation for them between 1947 and 1952; and the articulation of the principle of state resource distribution and its development projects. The conclusion reflects on the significance of the historical turn to our understanding of post-independence India.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hic3.12742","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48700594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a trans-regional approach to early medieval Iberia","authors":"Álvaro Carvajal Castro,&nbsp;André Evangelista Marques,&nbsp;Graham Barrett,&nbsp;Leticia Agúndez San Miguel,&nbsp;Ainoa Castro Correa,&nbsp;Marcos Fernández Ferreiro,&nbsp;Jonathan Jarrett,&nbsp;David Peterson,&nbsp;Rosa Quetglas Munar,&nbsp;José Carlos Sánchez Pardo,&nbsp;Igor Santos Salazar,&nbsp;Guillermo Tomás Faci","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12743","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12743","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The past few decades have witnessed great change in the study of the early Middle Ages in the Northern Iberian Peninsula. Spanish and Portuguese historiographies have moved away from older grand narratives such as ‘Reconquest and Repopulation’, which traced a centuries-long process encompassing the ultimate victory of Christianity over Islam and the construction of distinct nations or national societies. The basic tenets of these and other essentialist approaches to a period traditionally seen as the cradle of Spain and Portugal have been questioned and now superseded by a clearer awareness of the territorial diversity characterising the 8th to 11th centuries. Yet the ballast of both nationalism and regionalism has obstructed meaningful comparison amongst the Iberian regions to date. Drawing on the work of the research group <i>EarlyMedIberia</i>, this article argues for a new trans-regional approach to Northern Iberia, looking beyond political and geographical boundaries to consider the whole in a comparative light, and stressing the commonalities between regional and local societies. It does so by providing an overview of the extant charter material from before 1100 (indicating the principal editions) and by reviewing the major historiography. The conclusion proposes a closer assessment of the differences and similarities amongst regional historiographies, based on a more nuanced understanding of how they have been moulded by the specificities of the charter corpus in each region, as the first step towards a more integrated, contextualised, and rigorously comparative approach to the early Middle Ages in Northern Iberia.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hic3.12743","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45226529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arabic and Sindhi manuscript collections in Sindh, Pakistan: Resources and perspectives from the Indian Ocean","authors":"Sohaib Baig","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12728","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12728","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article presents an introduction to an array of historical sources from Sindh (in modern-day Pakistan) in the Arabic and Sindhi languages. It highlights the sizeable number of Arabic manuscripts in Sindhi institutions and discusses some of the larger historical forces that shaped their collection in the colonial and pre-colonial periods. In addition, it reflects on the significance these sources may hold for the field of Indian Ocean history, especially in terms of legal and intellectual history. Finally, this article lists and discusses bibliographical resources and catalogs that researchers can use to navigate major libraries and archival institutions across Karachi, Jamshoro, and interior Sindh.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48635774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Giovanni Battista Montini (Paul VI): From the legacy of Christian Democracy to the encounter with fascism, 1925–33","authors":"Jorge Dagnino","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12729","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12729","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article seeks to address Giovanni Battista Montini's attitude towards the Christian Democrat party of the day-the PPI- and his reactions to the Fascist movement and regime between 1925 and 33. Contrary to most observers, the article argues that the future Paul VI was not a Christian Democrat at heart. With regard to his anti-Fascism, the article aims to qualify his attitudes and concludes that these were of a strong moralistic and religious character rather than characterized by political underpinnings.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44911383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethnopharmacological Study of the Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia in the West Region of Cameroon.","authors":"Natacha Lena Yembeau, Prosper Cabral Biapa Nya, Constant Anatole Pieme, Kevin Dedjam Tchouane, Christian Bernard Kengne Fotsing, Prudence Josela Nya Nkwikeu, Alfloditte Flore Feudjio, Phelix Bruno Telefo","doi":"10.1155/2022/5098428","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/5098428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sickle cell anemia (SCA) or sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disease associated with increased morbidity and mortality in Africa and other developing nations. Therefore, modern and traditional remedies are being introduced for use in the treatment and management of this disease. This is because safe, effective, and inexpensive therapeutic agents are urgently needed for the treatment of this disease in Africa and other developing nations.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study is to identify medicinal plant species commonly used by traditional healers in the treatment of sickle cell patients across some localities in the west region of Cameroon. <i>Material and Methods</i>. The ethnopharmacological survey was carried out in several districts within some localities of the western region of Cameroon. The survey was based on a semistructured questionnaire that was administered to 17 traditional healers and 62 sickle cell patients. It took place between November 2018 and March 2019. Personal information of participants and plant therapy data were gathered. Plants were identified at the National Herbarium of Cameroon. Literature review determined pharmacological effects and phytochemical compounds of the identified plants. Data were generally analysed using Epi Info 7 software for Windows.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve medicinal plant species belonging to 10 families are being used in the treatment of sickle cell anemia across the study sites. Euphorbiaceae is the dominant family with three plant species. Bark (39.3%) and seeds (35.7%) are the most used plant parts, which get administered through maceration, decoction, and chewing in water. According to the literature review, the identified plants have pharmacological effects and phytochemical compounds (especially polyphenols and alkaloids) that signify the presence of antioxidant compounds, which may possess an antisickling activity. There is therefore a need to conduct another study to scientifically validate (in vitro) antisickling properties of these plants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study has revealed promising medicinal plants that are currently applied in the traditional treatment of sickle cell anemia. Although still inconclusive, the association of pharmacological effects and phytochemical compounds with these medicinal plants justifies their use in traditional pharmacopoeia.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"1 1","pages":"5098428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9064533/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84879821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Modest Proposal: New directions in researching and understanding Ireland's Great Famine","authors":"Christine Kinealy","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12726","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12726","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Great Irish Famine of 1845–1852 was a defining event in the development of modern Ireland. As a result of large-scale and sustained emigration, it was also a transnational event, creating diasporas that regarded the Famine as their foundation story. Following decades of silence and limited scholarship, the 150th anniversary of the first appearance of potato blight in 1995 triggered a global interest that extended far beyond academia. This overview of the historiography and recent debates concerning the Great Famine suggests a vibrancy and an interest that shows no sign of abating. It has resulted in an ever-growing body of scholarship that is constantly providing fresh and nuanced ways of understanding this tragedy, through the use of new methodological and theoretical approaches and partnerships with professionals outside the academy.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45721850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Race, gender and slavery in early Islamicate history","authors":"Elizabeth Urban","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12727","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12727","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Slavery was practiced in parts of the Islamicate world from the 7th through 21st centuries. Until the late 20th century, many authors claimed that Islamicate slavery was relatively benign and free from racism. However, recent scholarship has found evidence of race-thinking in Islamicate history—particularly anti-Black racism and an association between Blackness and enslavement—tracing back at least to the ninth-century CE. Scholars still contest what racial categories or forms of race-thinking existed in the first centuries of Islamicate history. The Quran is free from overt race-thinking, but the Islamic conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries seem to have precipitated the articulation of new racialized categories and the application of old ones from the Biblical and Greek traditions. Considerations of gender further complicate the picture, as most of those enslaved in early Islamicate history were women, and many enslaved concubines bore children for their enslavers. The identity of these children was contested in the seventh century, but they seem to have defined themselves as full Arabs by the mid-eighth century. Ultimately, the intersection of race, gender, and slavery in early Islamicate history is not a linear narrative, but a complex story of negotiation and contestation.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41488748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swahili language and literature as resources for Indian Ocean studies","authors":"Kai Kresse,&nbsp;Clarissa Vierke","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12725","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12725","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this contribution, our common point of convergence as an anthropologist and a literary scholar is to see Swahili language, literature and other texts as interwoven with the depth, scope, and complex dynamics of human experience and social life on the East Africa coast, with its long history of Islam. This includes prominently a view as to how this relates or is integral to the larger Indian Ocean world. Swahili language and its genres have been shaped in relation to, and in context of, transregional interaction with other languages and traditions that carry influence, and significance for the coastal residents. Ideas, thoughts, arguments and verse are taken on, adapted, mediated and disseminated flexibly by Swahili speakers through language repertoires and (mostly poetic) genres in changing media. These range from oral performances and handwritten manuscripts to booklets, CD recordings, radio programs and social media platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hic3.12725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47376157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing a big history of inequality","authors":"Mary O’Sullivan","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12719","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12719","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In <i>Capital and Ideology</i>, Thomas Piketty takes a highly structured approach to the history of inequality in human societies. Much depends on this approach, notably the book's temporal and geographical ambitions and its bold and provocative claims, but by exploring how Piketty constructs his ‘big history’ of inequality regimes we can see there is loss as well as gain. Focussing on the history of early modern Europe, which features prominently in Piketty's book, I suggest that our grasp of movement and, relatedly, of change and continuity in inequality regimes, suffers in his account. There is ample scope, therefore, for historians to enhance our understanding of the history of the ideologies and institutions from which Piketty's inequality regimes are constituted. Enriching the historical study of inequality regimes that Piketty proposes in <i>Capital and Ideology</i> might be seen as a polite form of interdisciplinary exchange but I suggest that a more 'muscular' interdisciplinary engagement around his book may be more promising still. Especially interesting in this regard would be efforts to both challenge the explanatory analysis that Piketty develops in <i>Capital and Ideology</i> and to develop microscopic analyses of inequality alongside the macroscopic approach that Piketty employs.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/hic3.12719","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48584130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novels and newspapers in Piketty's Capital and Ideology","authors":"Heidi Tworek","doi":"10.1111/hic3.12720","DOIUrl":"10.1111/hic3.12720","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article explores the use of textual sources in Thomas Piketty's <i>Capital and Ideology</i> as seriously as others have examined Piketty's use of statistics. Although a commendable attempt to engage with non-quantitative sources, the book focuses on elite novels, selects works unsystematically, and takes an old-fashioned approach to media. Ironically, Piketty's use of literature perpetuates the same focus on the upper classes that he wishes to guard against. In this response, I suggest how a book on capital and ideology might examine novels and newspapers rigorously. First, I look at how a broader understanding of literary production as a business and a focus on non-elite books might inform the use of novels. Second, I consider how to employ big-data techniques to study newspapers. Overall, I argue, taking novels and newspapers seriously shows the importance of non-elite sources and of incorporating big-data techniques often pioneered by literary scholars.</p>","PeriodicalId":46376,"journal":{"name":"History Compass","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42335906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}