ARCHAEOLOGY最新文献

{"title":"Studies of Shestovytsia Barrows","authors":"V. Skorokhod, Dariusz Blaszczyk","doi":"10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.094","url":null,"abstract":"Shestovitsa archaeological complex consists of the hill-fort, the upper town, the lower city and of the large mound necropolis, which D. Blifeld divided into six mound groups. Burial mounds have been investigated since 1920’s. More than 160 of them have already been excavated till nowadays. In 2017, scientific workers of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine took a new detailed plan of the necropolis, where the investigated and remaining mounds were identified. In total, the remains of 20 embankments were counted in the third mound group. The third mound group of the Shestovitsa necropolis is situated in the Dibrova boundary 750 m to the west from the hill-fort Korovel, at a low elevation, which in ancient times was washed by a small stream of the old channel of the Desna River. Two mound embankments in the northern part of the third mound group were excavated by Ukrainian-Polish archaeological expedition in 2018. Burial mounds were investigated together, their total area of the excavation covered 220 m2. The remains of 12th century inlet burial, which was located in the upper part in the center of the embankment, were investigated in the first mound situated in the northern part of the excavation. The skeleton belonged to a teenager and preserved partially. No related equipment or traces of the grave pit were fixed. The burial of 10th century was not found. There was a mound ditch around the embankment. The diameter of the mound was 7.0 × 9.0 m. Fragments of 12th century ceramics were found in the western part of the embankment and partially in the upper layers of the ditch filling. The mound no. 2 was situated to the south of the previous one. Before the beginning of the investigations it was 0.39 m high. The mound had an oval shape and was extended from west to east by 7.2 × 8.2 m. Man’s burial in a grave pit with the head oriented to the west, was found in it. The skeleton laid in anatomical order with legs bent at the knees. There was an iron knife near the right thigh bone of the buried, and an iron octagonal tip of the knobstick under his right knee. The diameter of the mound was 9.5 × 10 m. Thus, in the 2018 season, two burial mounds in the third group of the Shestovitsa archaeological complex were excavated. The burial of the man of 10th century and the inlet burial of 12th century in one of 10th century mounds, where the burial was absent or not preserved, were found here.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"2 1","pages":"94-100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44110240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cultural and Chronological Variability of the Epigravettian of the Middle Dnieper Basin","authors":"V. Chabai, D. Stupak, Andrii Veselskyi, D. Dudnyk","doi":"10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"The cultural subdivision of the Mid Dnieper Epigravettian is based on the typological peculiarities of stone insets of projectile weapons from 22 stratified assemblages. The Mezhyrich, Mizyn, Yudinovo and Ovruch industries, as well as the number of assemblage’s types were defined (Nuzhnyi 2008). The insets of Mezhyrich industry are represented by lanceolate-backed points and rectangular microliths. Both were made on bladelets and micro-blades, sometimes by inverse and alternate retouch (Fig. 1: 1-18). The lanceolate points made on flakes, blades and bladelets by abrupt/semi-abrupt retouch and “atypical rectangles” produced on blades and bladelets are the characteristic feature of Yudinovo industry (Fig. 1: 19-33). The micro-points on bladelets and micro-blades with straight back and obliquely retouched/truncated base are common for Mizyn industry (Fig. 2, 1-18). The Ovruch industry is represented by backed lanceolate points made on blades and bladelets (Fig. 2: 19-26). Often, the bases of these points are obliquely retouched. The rectangles  are not common for Mizyn and Ovruch industries, as well as inverse and alternate types of retouch are rare in the assemblages of Yudinovo and Ovruch industries. \u0000The chronological studies are based on 135 radiocarbon dates from 16 sites (Table 1; Fig. 3). The earliest manifestation of Epigravettian at the Mid Dnieper basin was found in Barmaky, 2 (19195-18743, av. 68 % range cal BP) in Volhynia; the latest appearance is known from Pushkari IX, 1 (13672-13066, av. 68 % range cal BP) at the Desna River. That is, at the territory of the Mid Dnieper basin the Epigravettian techno-complex stretches from 20/19 to 14/13 kyr cal BP. In general, the most number of occupations with Mizyn, Yudinovo and Mezhyrich Epigravettian industries assemblages co-exist during 18,5-17,0 kyr cal BP (Fig. 4). The radiocarbon dates for sites of Ovruch industry haven’t been available, yet. \u0000On the base of typological studies and chronological data analysis the hypothesis about the Epigravettian evolution at the territory of the Mid Dnieper basin has been proposed. The evolution of local Gravettian industries was interrupted about the beginning of LGM time. The latest manifestations of Gravettian industries from the Desna River basin and from Volhynia are dated to about 28,4-24 and 33-30 kyr cal BP, respectively. That is, the Mid Dnieper basin was depopulated during as minimum as 5-6 thousands years, from 25/24 to 20/19 kyr cal BP. That time corresponds with LGM climatic deterioration. About 19 kyr cal BP the recolonization of this territory begins from the western part of the basin. The Mizyn and Ovruch industries show the number of common techno-typological features with Epigravettian assemblages from the Eastern Carpathian and the Prut/Dniester basins. The problem of Yudinovo and Mezhyrich industries origin is more complicated. Some technological features and shells import suggest possible connections with inhabitants from more southe","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"2 1","pages":"5-31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46492165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient Rus Metallurgical Complex at Kopyriv Kinets","authors":"V. Kryzhanovskyi","doi":"10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.118","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the results of studies of several archaeological sites related to the production and processing of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. During archaeological research of the Ancient Rus settlement in the Kopyriv Kinets in Kyiv, on the excavation site of 2017 at Kudriavska st., 24-A, a large number of archaeological sites of various purposes were discovered and explored, among which two nearby industrial buildings of a rather complex structure turned out to be interesting. \u0000Having carefully studied the design features, stratigraphy, the fairly dense and saturated with a variety of finds buildings Nos. 1-2, the following results can be considered. \u0000Production building No. 1, at first could have been used to obtain iron, since the remains of a metallurgical hearth and a significant amount of iron krits and slags were found in it. Moreover, here massively (?) could have been produced iron products by forging. \u0000Production building No. 2 was the most likely used primarily for foundry. Here, raw materials in the form of non-ferrous scrap (trimmings, strips and plates) could be smelted for further casting of copper/bronze products. This process was successfully promoted by a furnace made of stones and plinthite, the heat of which was sufficient for this production process. \u0000With the advent of the building No. 2, the functioning of the building No. 1 continued for some time, since colored scrap and copper-bronze slag were also found in it. It is possible that for some time in the kiln of the building No. 1, in parallel with the manufacture of iron and iron products, they were engaged in the smelting of copper and bronze. \u0000As for the time of existence of these structures, considerably they were built gradually, one after another. The first one in XI century there is the building No. 1, and then – in the second half of XI century the building No. 2 appeared next to it, which continues to function at the beginning of XII century. \u0000Thus, buildings No. 1 and No. 2, obviously, formed a single complex of impressive size, which specialized in the production and processing of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"2 1","pages":"118-132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49565829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On One of the Weapon Types of Cimmerian Time","authors":"Danylo Klochko","doi":"10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.062","url":null,"abstract":"The article is dedicated to the analysis of bimetallic swords and daggers of Cimmerian time, which were found both at Ukrainian territory and neighboring countries. The previously known and new findings are analyzed","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"2 1","pages":"62-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44794633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Registry of Real Estate Monuments of the Upper City of Olbia: Experience of Scientific Passportization","authors":"Serhii Kryzhytskyi, S. Shein, Alla V. Buiskikh","doi":"10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.032","url":null,"abstract":"The article covers the background to the creation of a generalized Register of immovable architectural and archaeological sites excavated in Olbia for more than a hundred years. Sporadic work aimed at repairing and partial preservation of individual structures since the early 1980-ies acquired a relatively regular nature and created the necessary base for systematic measures of the museumification of archaeological sites. The need to protect and further study of the archaeological sites of Olbia led to the need of creation a scientific register of all immovable objects excavated on the territory of the ancient settlement — in the Upper, Terraced and Lower cities. \u0000For this purpose, a unified methodology was developed, including the following characteristics: \u0000 \u0000a brief history of archaeological research, restoration and conservation activities; \u0000assessment of the current state of each object; \u0000recommendations on its archaeological investigation, if necessary; \u0000detailed field measurements of the preserved structures and their parts; \u0000recommendations on the necessary archaeological investigations and the priority of selecting an object for exhibi­ting if, as a result of excavations, several objects of unequal conservation level were left. \u0000 \u0000Using this technique, starting in 2010, scientific passports were created for more than 70 construction complexes located at 20 excavations in the Upper City. Given the universality of the proposed methodology and the successful testing at the Reserve “Olbia” of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, it can be used to certify architectural and archaeological sites in other archaeological museums and nature reserves of Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"2 1","pages":"32-41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46446459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kievan Rus: Some Regional Features of State and Ethnic Development","authors":"O. Motsia","doi":"10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.052","url":null,"abstract":"The insufficient knowledge of the processes of state development of the society of Kievan Rus, known to contemporaries as “Rus” or “Rus Land”, suggests once again addressing the issue of the impact on this global event of a historical scale associated with the transition from primitive communal relations in the Eastern Slavic world to civilizational, on the part of multiethnic components in the composition of the local population in different regions of the country. After all, it is known that Rus, besides the Slavs-autochthons, inhabited the Balts and Finno-Ugrians in the North-West and North-East; for several centuries, in the south, farmers were in close contact with nomads (Khazars, Pechenegs, Torques, Polovtsy). In the latter case, representatives of nomadic societies as a whole did not enter the new ethnic composition of the country, in contrast to the Scandinavians, who, after several generations, “disappeared” in the East Slavic majority. A different fate was traced for the Balts, who, before the resettlement of new settlers on their lands, constituted the main group of the substrate element. Some of them were assimilated by the Slavs, and the other part developed in its own way and subsequently formed a state called the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus and Samogitia. A different share was expected of the Finno-Ugrians in the North of Eastern Europe and in the Volga region: having come under administrative pressure from the Old Rus princes, the local ancient population was one of the components of the future authoritarian Moscow state. \u0000Probably, there should be taken into account the old point of view of M. Aleshkovsky and V. Yanin, according to which the study of the formation of northern urbanization centers, and, first of all, Novgorod the Great, involves not only the Slavic component, but also other components, primarily the Finnish substrate.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"22 10","pages":"52-61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41244710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Findings of Drohychyn Type Seals in Kyiv","authors":"Hlib Ivakin, D. Bibikov, V. Ivakin, V. Baranov","doi":"10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.101","url":null,"abstract":"Drohychyn type lead seals remain poorly studied among Old Rus sphragistics. There is no consensus among researchers regarding both the functions they performed and the personal attribution of specific types of seals. On the territory of modern Kyiv 28 items of lead seals and blanks were discovered during 2016—2017 excavations of Architectural and Archaeological expedition of the Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. These include more than were discovered during all the previous years of excavations in the city. The finds come from three points: the northwestern part of Kyiv Podil, the newly discovered settlement Feofaniia 2 and the settlement of Kytaiv fortress. The vast majority of the excavated seals represent unknown types. However, despite relative complexity of the sphragistic types, they show close analogies among synchronous bullae. This allows not only classifying the images on the seals, but also making an attempt of their personal attribution. All studied items are dated by the second half of XI — early XII centuries. They belong to Kyivan Grand Princes Iziaslav Yaroslavych, Sviatoslav Yaroslavych, Vsevolod Yaroslavych, Sviatopolk Iziaslavych, Vsevolod Olhovych, as well as Iziaslav’s son, Yaropolk, prince of Volhynia and Turov. To our opinion, excavations discovered the earliest Drohychyn type lead seals. The most representative finds were excavated in Podil (Kyrylivska Street, 37), where probably customs of Great Prince in old times were located (at the northern entry to the city). Their topography confirms the point of view on lead seals, as on credentials associated with Old Rus “fur money”. The published collection should form the basis of a common catalogue of sphragistic finds from the territory of Kyiv and its environs.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"2 1","pages":"101-117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49076343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Middle Age Settlement Structures of the South of Eastern Europe","authors":"O. Motsia","doi":"10.15407/archaeologyua2020.01.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.01.057","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decades, in many countries of Europe and America, the concept of “archaeology of settlements” has been actively developed, which is based on the recognition of the enormous role of ancient settlements in the process of studying and reconstructing the socio-economic institutions of various diverse human groups and entire nations. This fully applies to the settlements of the south of Eastern Europe — first of all, to the territory of modern Ukraine — in medieval times. \u0000In this area, numerous cities, castles, open settlements have been recorded, the history of which in many cases has a centuries-old extent. First of all, it concerns urban centers, which is established on the basis of written and archaeological data. Many of them carry out archaeological research, but the volumes of modern field work, are clearly insufficient to obtain new information for further reconstruction of their development in space and time. Moreover, they are concentrated mainly only in areas of modern construction work, and not where it is necessary for a common understanding of life here over the centuries. \u0000At the same time, the issue of the interaction of composite structures in different territories and at different times remains relevant, which is especially important for explaining the effect of different mechanisms of functioning of all different-time state organisms: Kievan Rus, the Ukrainian Cossack State, or as a part of various foreign entities — the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus and Samogitian, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, etc. However, in general, all available information convincingly confirms the feudal nature of social structures of the middle ages time among indigenous population under consideration, in this case, territory. \u0000In connection with the mentioned above, the clarification of the terminology currently used should undoubtedly be adjusted for its conformity with the new refined model of perception of a specific social structure, which has been constantly developing in a civilizational sense over the past many centuries under the conditions of an agricultural society, which undoubtedly left its mark on all social structures (including settlement) throughout the medieval period in the life of every nation. It is necessary to constantly remember and clarify for oneself the fundamental differences between agricultural and subsequent industrial societies, each of which had distinctive main features, although in some details both could overlap in some ways.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46738988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unknown Old Photos of Karnak Monuments","authors":"O. Romanova","doi":"10.15407/archaeologyua2020.01.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.01.136","url":null,"abstract":"The article introduces a set of photos capturing monuments and sites of the Karnak Temple Complex (Egypt) in 1907. These visual documents are held in the archival fond of D. Shcherbakivsky, in the Scientific Archive of the Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Together with other visual materials, these photos appear to have been visual illustrations for lecture course on the history of ancient art by D. Shcherbakivsky. Investigation of the archival materials and study of the related textual documents from the Archive give reason to conclude that Ukrainian ethnographer and anthropologist O. Alesho seems to have been the author of these photos. He visited Egypt in winter 1907; Helwan and Luxor were among the sites which he visited, and the survived photos appear to have been a part of the photographic recording of his trip. He sent a postcard to his professor D. Shcherbakivsky with a note from Helwan, this note attests his trip to Egypt. \u0000At present, the Institute of Archaeology of the NASU has eight black-and-white photographs capturing sites, objects and views of Karnak Temple Complex, as they were in 1907. So the photos of the Institute record one of the earliest known cases of the photographic recording of the Ancient Egypt sites and monuments made by Ukrainian scholars.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44516766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pottery from the Hlyboke Ozero 2 Settlement","authors":"A. Korokhina, Yakiv Gershkovych","doi":"10.15407/archaeologyua2020.01.099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.01.099","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a part of a broader investigation aiming to systematize and interpret the materials of multi-layered settlement Hlyboke Ozero 2 (Berezhnivka-Maivka Zrubna, XV—XIV BC, and post-Zrubna cultures, late XIII—XII BC) in the middle reaches of the Siverskyi Donets River. \u0000The authors have developed a morphological classification of pottery from the settlement based on the method previously applied by Yakiv Gershkovych on the materials of the Subotiv fortified site in the Middle Dnieper region. In this way, it was possible to compare data from these sites and to test a simple method of creating inter-cultural classification. \u0000Comparison of typological structure showed expected difference of the assemblages. Hlyboke Ozero 2 special feature is the prevalence of jars (61 %) with the lower amount of pots (31 %) and cups (7 %). Composition of Subotiv’s assemblage is wider than those of Hlyboke Ozero 2. Four out of 11 pottery categories and only 7 out of 55 types are shared, which can be explained by cultural, spatial and temporal specifity of the sites being compared. \u0000Stratighraphic interpretation of the developed scheme was made by the comparison of relative frequency of morphological taxa in layers and horizons of the site. Thus, dynamics of chronological change was identified. With the general predominance of uninflected vessels (mostly jars), their percentage grows from 60 % in layer I to almost 70 % in layer II and falls again to 50 % in layer III. The inverse dynamics has been revealed for inflected ones (mostly pots): layer I — 40%, layer II — 30 %, layer III — 50 %. \u0000Verification of these observations was made by the Pearson’s chi-square test. Its results showed significant difference in distribution of inflected and uninflected forms between horizons belonging to different layers and non-significant changes in horizons within one layer. \u0000Further investigations suggest the analysis of pottery decoration and its possible correlations with morphological classification.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"1 1","pages":"99-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44614246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}