APL Bioengineering最新文献

{"title":"A fully automated deep learning approach for coronary artery segmentation and comprehensive characterization.","authors":"Guido Nannini, Simone Saitta, Andrea Baggiano, Riccardo Maragna, Saima Mushtaq, Gianluca Pontone, Alberto Redaelli","doi":"10.1063/5.0181281","DOIUrl":"10.1063/5.0181281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) allows detailed assessment of early markers associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), such as coronary artery calcium (CAC) and tortuosity (CorT). However, their analysis can be time-demanding and biased. We present a fully automated pipeline that performs (i) coronary artery segmentation and (ii) CAC and CorT objective analysis. Our method exploits supervised learning for the segmentation of the lumen, and then, CAC and CorT are automatically quantified. 281 manually annotated CCTA images were used to train a two-stage U-Net-based architecture. The first stage employed a 2.5D U-Net trained on axial, coronal, and sagittal slices for preliminary segmentation, while the second stage utilized a multichannel 3D U-Net for refinement. Then, a geometric post-processing was implemented: vessel centerlines were extracted, and tortuosity score was quantified as the count of branches with three or more bends with change in direction forming an angle >45°. CAC scoring relied on image attenuation. CAC was detected by setting a patient specific threshold, then a region growing algorithm was applied for refinement. The application of the complete pipeline required <5 min per patient. The model trained for coronary segmentation yielded a Dice score of 0.896 and a mean surface distance of 1.027 mm compared to the reference ground truth. Tracts that presented stenosis were correctly segmented. The vessel tortuosity significantly increased locally, moving from proximal, to distal regions (p < 0.001). Calcium volume score exhibited an opposite trend (p < 0.001), with larger plaques in the proximal regions. Volume score was lower in patients with a higher tortuosity score (p < 0.001). Our results suggest a linked negative correlation between tortuosity and calcific plaque formation. We implemented a fast and objective tool, suitable for population studies, that can help clinician in the quantification of CAC and various coronary morphological parameters, which is helpful for CAD risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":46288,"journal":{"name":"APL Bioengineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"016103"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10807932/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139545848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo label-free tissue histology through a microstructured imaging window","authors":"C. Conci, L. Sironi, E. Jacchetti, D. Panzeri, D. Inverso, R. Martínez Vázquez, R. Osellame, M. Collini, G. Cerullo, Giuseppe Chirico, M. Raimondi","doi":"10.1063/5.0165411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0165411","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue histopathology, based on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of thin tissue slices, is the gold standard for the evaluation of the immune reaction to the implant of a biomaterial. It is based on lengthy and costly procedures that do not allow longitudinal studies. The use of non-linear excitation microscopy in vivo, largely label-free, has the potential to overcome these limitations. With this purpose, we develop and validate an implantable microstructured device for the non-linear excitation microscopy assessment of the immune reaction to an implanted biomaterial label-free. The microstructured device, shaped as a matrix of regular 3D lattices, is obtained by two-photon laser polymerization. It is subsequently implanted in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs for 7 days to act as an intrinsic 3D reference frame for cell counting and identification. The histological analysis based on H&E images of the tissue sections sampled around the implanted microstructures is compared to non-linear excitation and confocal images to build a cell atlas that correlates the histological observations to the label-free images. In this way, we can quantify the number of cells recruited in the tissue reconstituted in the microstructures and identify granulocytes on label-free images within and outside the microstructures. Collagen and microvessels are also identified by means of second-harmonic generation and autofluorescence imaging. The analysis indicates that the tissue reaction to implanted microstructures is like the one typical of CAM healing after injury, without a massive foreign body reaction. This opens the path to the use of similar microstructures coupled to a biomaterial, to image in vivo the regenerating interface between a tissue and a biomaterial with label-free non-linear excitation microscopy. This promises to be a transformative approach, alternative to conventional histopathology, for the bioengineering and the validation of biomaterials in in vivo longitudinal studies.","PeriodicalId":46288,"journal":{"name":"APL Bioengineering","volume":"57 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139441997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the reliability of the evoked response in human iPSCs-derived neuronal networks coupled to micro-electrode arrays.","authors":"Giorgia Zanini, Giulia Parodi, Michela Chiappalone, Sergio Martinoia","doi":"10.1063/5.0174227","DOIUrl":"10.1063/5.0174227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>In vitro</i> models of neuronal networks have emerged as a potent instrument for gaining deeper insights into the intricate mechanisms governing the human brain. Notably, the integration of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with micro-electrode arrays offers a means to replicate and dissect both the structural and functional elements of the human brain within a controlled <i>in vitro</i> environment. Given that neuronal communication relies on the emission of electrical (and chemical) stimuli, the employment of electrical stimulation stands as a mean to comprehensively interrogate neuronal assemblies, to better understand their inherent electrophysiological dynamics. However, the establishment of standardized stimulation protocols for cultures derived from hiPSCs is still lacking, thereby hindering the precise delineation of efficacious parameters to elicit responses. To fill this gap, the primary objective of this study resides in delineating effective parameters for the electrical stimulation of hiPSCs-derived neuronal networks, encompassing the determination of voltage amplitude and stimulation frequency able to evoke reliable and stable responses. This study represents a stepping-stone in the exploration of efficacious stimulation parameters, thus broadening the electrophysiological activity profiling of neural networks sourced from human-induced pluripotent stem cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":46288,"journal":{"name":"APL Bioengineering","volume":"7 4","pages":"046121"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10735322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138832212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered blood flow due to larger aortic diameters in patients with transcatheter heart valve thrombosis.","authors":"Silje Ekroll Jahren, Caglayan Demirel, Karoline-Marie Bornemann, Pascal Corso, Stefan Stortecky, Dominik Obrist","doi":"10.1063/5.0170583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0170583","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The etiology of transcatheter heart valve thrombosis (THVT) and the relevance of the aortic root geometry on the occurrence of THVT are largely unknown. The first aim of this pilot study is to identify differences in aortic root geometry between THVT patients and patients without THVT after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Second, we aim to investigate how the observed difference in aortic diameters affects the aortic flow using idealized computational geometric models. Aortic dimension was assessed using pre-TAVI multi-detector computed tomography scans of eight patients with clinical apparent THVT and 16 unaffected patients (two for each THVT patient with same valve type and size) from the Bern-TAVI registry. Among patients with THVT the right coronary artery height was lower (-40%), and sinotubular junction (STJ) and ascending aorta (AAo) diameters tended to be larger (9% and 14%, respectively) compared to the unaffected patients. Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in two idealized aortic models with the observed differences in STJ and AAo diameter showed higher backflow rate at the STJ (+16%), lower velocity magnitudes in the sinus (-5%), and higher systolic turbulent dissipation rate in the AAo (+8%) in the model with larger STJ and AAo diameters. This pilot study suggests a direct effect of the aortic dimensions on clinically apparent THVT. The FSI study indicates that larger STJ and AAo diameters potentially favor thrombus formation by increased backflow rate and reduced wash-out efficiency of the sinus. The reported observations require clinical validation but could potentially help identifying patients at risk for THVT.</p>","PeriodicalId":46288,"journal":{"name":"APL Bioengineering","volume":"7 4","pages":"046120"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10732696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138832211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endothelial cells metabolically regulate breast cancer invasion toward a microvessel.","authors":"Matthew L Tan, Niaa Jenkins-Johnston, Sarah Huang, Brittany Schutrum, Sandra Vadhin, Abhinav Adhikari, Rebecca M Williams, Warren R Zipfel, Jan Lammerding, Jeffrey D Varner, Claudia Fischbach","doi":"10.1063/5.0171109","DOIUrl":"10.1063/5.0171109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer metastasis is initiated by invasion of tumor cells into the collagen type I-rich stroma to reach adjacent blood vessels. Prior work has identified that metabolic plasticity is a key requirement of tumor cell invasion into collagen. However, it remains largely unclear how blood vessels affect this relationship. Here, we developed a microfluidic platform to analyze how tumor cells invade collagen in the presence and absence of a microvascular channel. We demonstrate that endothelial cells secrete pro-migratory factors that direct tumor cell invasion toward the microvessel. Analysis of tumor cell metabolism using metabolic imaging, metabolomics, and computational flux balance analysis revealed that these changes are accompanied by increased rates of glycolysis and oxygen consumption caused by broad alterations of glucose metabolism. Indeed, restricting glucose availability decreased endothelial cell-induced tumor cell invasion. Our results suggest that endothelial cells promote tumor invasion into the stroma due, in part, to reprogramming tumor cell metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":46288,"journal":{"name":"APL Bioengineering","volume":"7 4","pages":"046116"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10697723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138499719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and characterizations of simvastatin-containing mesoporous bioactive glass and molybdenum disulfide scaffold for bone tissue engineering.","authors":"Sesha Subramanian Murugan, Pandurang Appana Dalavi, Suprith Surya, Sukumaran Anil, Sebanti Gupta, Rohan Shetty, Jayachandran Venkatesan","doi":"10.1063/5.0172002","DOIUrl":"10.1063/5.0172002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to the limitations of the current treatment approaches of allograft and autograft techniques, treating bone disorders is a significant challenge. To address these shortcomings, a novel biomaterial composite is required. This study presents the preparation and fabrication of a novel biomaterial composite scaffold that combines poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG), molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), and simvastatin (Sim) to address the limitations of current bone grafting techniques of autograft and allograft. The fabricated scaffold of PLGA-MBG-MoS₂-Sim composites was developed using a low-cost hydraulic press and salt leaching method, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the scaffolds have a pore size between 143 and 240 <i>μ</i>m. The protein adsorption for fabricated scaffolds was increased at 24 h. The water adsorption and retention studies showed significant results on the PLGA-MBG-MoS₂-Sim composite scaffold. The biodegradation studies of the PLGA-MBG-MoS₂-Sim composite scaffold have shown 54% after 28 days. <i>In vitro</i>, bioactivity evaluation utilizing simulated body fluid studies confirmed the development of bone mineral hydroxyapatite on the scaffolds, which was characterized using x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and SEM analysis. Furthermore, the PLGA-MBG-MoS₂-Sim composite scaffold is biocompatible with C3H10T1/2 cells and expresses more alkaline phosphatase and mineralization activity. Additionally, <i>in vivo</i> research showed that PLGA-MBG-MoS₂-Sim stimulates a higher rate of bone regeneration. These findings highlight the fabricated PLGA-MBG-MoS₂-Sim composite scaffold presents a promising solution for the limitations of current bone grafting techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":46288,"journal":{"name":"APL Bioengineering","volume":"7 4","pages":"046115"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10697724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138499750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-organizing behaviors of cardiovascular cells on synthetic nanofiber scaffolds.","authors":"Michael M Peters, Jackson K Brister, Edward M Tang, Felita W Zhang, Veronica M Lucian, Paul D Trackey, Zachary Bone, John F Zimmerman, Qianru Jin, F John Burpo, Kevin Kit Parker","doi":"10.1063/5.0172423","DOIUrl":"10.1063/5.0172423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In tissues and organs, the extracellular matrix (ECM) helps maintain inter- and intracellular architectures that sustain the structure-function relationships defining physiological homeostasis. Combining fiber scaffolds and cells to form engineered tissues is a means of replicating these relationships. Engineered tissues' fiber scaffolds are designed to mimic the topology and chemical composition of the ECM network. Here, we asked how cells found in the heart compare in their propensity to align their cytoskeleton and self-organize in response to topological cues in fibrous scaffolds. We studied cardiomyocytes, valvular interstitial cells, and vascular endothelial cells as they adapted their inter- and intracellular architectures to the extracellular space. We used focused rotary jet spinning to manufacture aligned fibrous scaffolds to mimic the length scale and three-dimensional (3D) nature of the native ECM in the muscular, valvular, and vascular tissues of the heart. The representative cardiovascular cell types were seeded onto fiber scaffolds and infiltrated the fibrous network. We measured different cell types' propensity for cytoskeletal alignment in response to fiber scaffolds with differing levels of anisotropy. The results indicated that valvular interstitial cells on moderately anisotropic substrates have a higher propensity for cytoskeletal alignment than cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells. However, all cell types displayed similar levels of alignment on more extreme (isotropic and highly anisotropic) fiber scaffold organizations. These data suggest that in the hierarchy of signals that dictate the spatiotemporal organization of a tissue, geometric cues within the ECM and cellular networks may homogenize behaviors across cell populations and demographics.</p>","PeriodicalId":46288,"journal":{"name":"APL Bioengineering","volume":"7 4","pages":"046114"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10693444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138478918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PEDOT:PSS-coated platinum electrodes for neural stimulation","authors":"Gerwin Dijk, Jolien Pas, Katarina Marković, J. Ščančar, R. O'Connor","doi":"10.1063/5.0153094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0153094","url":null,"abstract":"Safe and long-term electrical stimulation of neurons requires charge injection without damaging the electrode and tissue. A common strategy to diminish adverse effects includes the modification of electrodes with materials that increases the charge injection capacity. Due to its high capacitance, the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS is a promising coating material; however, the neural stimulation performance in terms of stability and safety remains largely unexplored. Here, PEDOT:PSS-coated platinum (Pt-PEDOT:PSS) microelectrodes are examined for neural stimulation and compared to bare platinum (Pt) electrodes. Microelectrodes in a bipolar configuration are used to deliver current-controlled, biphasic pulses with charge densities ranging from 64 to 255 μC cm−2. Stimulation for 2 h deteriorates bare Pt electrodes through corrosion, whereas the PEDOT:PSS coating prevents dissolution of Pt and shows no degradation. Acute stimulation of primary cortical cells cultured as neurospheres shows similar dependency on charge density for Pt and Pt-PEDOT:PSS electrodes with a threshold of 127 μC cm−2 and increased calcium response for higher charge densities. Continuous stimulation for 2 h results in higher levels of cell survival for Pt-PEDOT:PSS electrodes. Reduced cell survival on Pt electrodes is most profound for neurospheres in proximity of the electrodes. Extending the stimulation duration to 6 h increases cell death for both types of electrodes; however, neurospheres on Pt-PEDOT:PSS devices still show significant viability whereas stimulation is fatal for nearly all cells close to the Pt electrodes. This work demonstrates the protective properties of PEDOT:PSS that can be used as a promising approach to extend electrode lifetime and reduce cell damage for safe and long-term neural stimulation.","PeriodicalId":46288,"journal":{"name":"APL Bioengineering","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138615361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FRESH™ 3D bioprinted cardiac tissue, a bioengineered platform for <i>in vitro</i> pharmacology.","authors":"Samuel Finkel, Shannon Sweet, Tyler Locke, Sydney Smith, Zhefan Wang, Christopher Sandini, John Imredy, Yufang He, Marc Durante, Armando Lagrutta, Adam Feinberg, Andrew Lee","doi":"10.1063/5.0163363","DOIUrl":"10.1063/5.0163363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is critical need for a predictive model of human cardiac physiology in drug development to assess compound effects on human tissues. <i>In vitro</i> two-dimensional monolayer cultures of cardiomyocytes provide biochemical and cellular readouts, and <i>in vivo</i> animal models provide information on systemic cardiovascular response. However, there remains a significant gap in these models due to their incomplete recapitulation of adult human cardiovascular physiology. Recent efforts in developing <i>in vitro</i> models from engineered heart tissues have demonstrated potential for bridging this gap using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) in three-dimensional tissue structure. Here, we advance this paradigm by implementing FRESH™ 3D bioprinting to build human cardiac tissues in a medium throughput, well-plate format with controlled tissue architecture, tailored cellular composition, and native-like physiological function, specifically in its drug response. We combined hiPSC-CMs, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts in a cellular bioink and FRESH™ 3D bioprinted this mixture in the format of a thin tissue strip stabilized on a tissue fixture. We show that cardiac tissues could be fabricated directly in a 24-well plate format were composed of dense and highly aligned hiPSC-CMs at >600 million cells/mL and, within 14 days, demonstrated reproducible calcium transients and a fast conduction velocity of ∼16 cm/s. Interrogation of these cardiac tissues with the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol showed responses consistent with positive chronotropy and inotropy. Treatment with calcium channel blocker verapamil demonstrated responses expected of hiPSC-CM derived cardiac tissues. These results confirm that FRESH™ 3D bioprinted cardiac tissues represent an <i>in vitro</i> platform that provides data on human physiological response.</p>","PeriodicalId":46288,"journal":{"name":"APL Bioengineering","volume":"7 4","pages":"046113"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10693443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138478917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel portable in situ printer for hydrogel multi-structure molding and cell printing","authors":"Huazhen Liu, Yi Zhang, Zhian Jian, Chuang Gao, Chunxiang Lu, Qiqi Dai, Hao Qiao, Yuanyuan Liu","doi":"10.1063/5.0176301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0176301","url":null,"abstract":"Skin lesions not only disrupt appearance and barrier functionality but also lead to severe microbial infections and immune-inflammatory responses, seriously affect physical and mental health. In situ printing involves the direct deposition of bio-ink to create or repair damaged tissues or organs within a clinical setting. In this study, we designed and fabricated a novel portable in situ printer. This handheld instrument exhibits excellent printing performance, allowing hydrogels to be patterned and molded on surfaces according to specific requirements. By utilizing a dual-component hydrogels co-printing approach with high and low viscosities, we achieved in situ cell-laden printing using low-viscosity hydrogel. This demonstrates the advantages of the device in maintaining cell viability and achieving hydrogel structuring. This approach opens up the possibilities for the efficient encapsulation of active components such as drugs, proteins, and cells, enabling controlled macro- and micro-structuring of hydrogels. This breakthrough finding highlights the potential of our technical approach in dermatological treatment and wound repair, by dynamically adapting and regulating microenvironments in conjunction with hydrogel scaffolds and cell reparative impetus.","PeriodicalId":46288,"journal":{"name":"APL Bioengineering","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138623466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}