{"title":"Strategic hedgers? Australia and Canada's defence adapation to the global power transition","authors":"Maxandre Fortier, Justin Massie","doi":"10.1177/00207020231195633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020231195633","url":null,"abstract":"The intensification of rivalries between the US and China, and, in recent years, between the US and Russia, has deeply affected how middle powers relate to these great powers. Scholars have argued that middle powers are increasingly adopting “hedging” strategies to maximize their benefits and limit the consequences of the great power competition for their security and status. This paper revisits the concept of hedging and assesses whether two prominent US allies—Australia and Canada—have resorted to hedging in place of conventional alternatives like bandwagoning and balancing. The paper systematically compares Australia's and Canada's threat perceptions and defence policies to ascertain whether they have shifted their policies in the wake of the US's relative decline. Since our study began, in 2008, we have found instances where the two allies resorted to hedging. However, evidence shows that when pressured to make a choice, Australia and Canada have closed ranks with the US against revisionist powers. Our paper suggests that threat perceptions play a fundamental role in this. Going forward, it would suggest that the US is in a stronger position than commonly assumed. As the competition between Washington and revisionist great powers increases, the former's ability to build credible coalitions is expected to improve as it will rely on more dependable allies.","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"463 - 478"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48285384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"‘East of Suez’ and the ‘Indo-Pacific’ in British Politics: Some Lessons of History","authors":"N. Pearce","doi":"10.1177/00207020231195629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020231195629","url":null,"abstract":"The idea of a transoceanic ‘Indo-Pacific’ region has a long historical lineage in British political thought and practice, one whose roots lie in processes of imperial colonisation, conquest and trade in Asia and Australasia. Recent discourses of a return ‘East of Suez’ and the UK's ‘Indo-Pacific Tilt’ cannot be understood as mere imperial nostalgia or post-imperial over-reach, however. Instead, there are historical political imaginaries of Britain's global role which are being put to work in the contemporary politics of shaping an Indo-Pacific strategy for the UK. British policy in the Indo-Pacific has been marked by a consistent awareness of multi-polarity and strategic vulnerability, hierarchies of alliances that give a privileged place to the US and the countries of the ‘Anglosphere’, and the recurrence of maritime, ‘blue water’ conceptions of British identity and interests. These are now being tested by the war in Ukraine and other developments.","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"345 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42211994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AUKUS: When naval procurement sets grand strategy","authors":"Jonathan D. Caverley","doi":"10.1177/00207020231195269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020231195269","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, a grand strategy lays out the trade-offs a state must make in pursuit of security, thereby setting all aspects of foreign policy, from trade deals to defence budgets. This essay argues that the trade-offs embodied in a deal as complex, expensive, and long-lasting as AUKUS will manifest themselves in Australia's grand strategy for decades to come. Going forward, Australia's naval procurement decisions will shape its grand strategy, rather than vice versa. The essay makes three related points. First, Australia's costly reneging on France in favour of the US is the most important aspect of the deal to date. Even if these nuclear submarines are never built (a not entirely remote possibility), this shift in investment will determine Australia's approach to the world for a generation. Second, understanding this approach requires acknowledging that arms deals, even between allies, are tough, zero-sum negotiations requiring all parties to give up something of value. Given this, the essay makes the final point that Australia, and any other country entering AUKUS in the future, will pay in autonomy as much as in dollars.","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"327 - 334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46847699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Local Government in West Africa","authors":"R. Wraith","doi":"10.2307/40200176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40200176","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40200176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48132484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editors’ Introduction","authors":"Asa McKercher, W. Andy Knight","doi":"10.1177/00207020231180062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020231180062","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"183 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135423774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hastening the inevitable: American intervention in the Canadian elections of 1962–1963","authors":"Marshall Palmer","doi":"10.1177/00207020231175683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020231175683","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been much research on foreign electoral intervention (FEI). However, it is an open question as to whether successful interventions “work” for the intervener. Does the newly elected government adopt the policies that motivated the intervener to intervene in the first place? This paper makes a first step toward addressing that question. It argues that FEIs work when the elected government can overcome veto players in legislatures, be they parliaments, national assemblies, or congresses. For minority governments or cohabitational presidencies, overcoming these veto players is no easy task and may necessitate further interventions by the intervening power. American interventions in the Canadian elections of 1962 and 1963 serve as an illustrative case. The findings suggest that governments with large majorities or control over congressional/legislative branches are more likely to cooperate with intervening governments. These findings have implications for how we assess the vulnerability of democracies to FEI.","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"127 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46160861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book Review: China’s Asymmetric Statecraft: Alignments, Competitors, and Regional Diplomacy","authors":"Brantly Womack","doi":"10.1177/00207020231180113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020231180113","url":null,"abstract":"Situated amidst a complex international neighborhood, China’s regional relationships are asymmetric, notwithstanding the country’s relations with the Soviet Union and with Japan before 1945. International Relations theories, with their concentration on the statecraft of Western great powers, historically have paid little attention to such dynamics. However, based on exhaustive research in various national archives, Yuxing Huang analyzes and explains China’s regional statecraft in three important arenas of the Cold War era. Huang argues that China’s regional statecraft depends on the nature and number of its global competitors. Facing one competitor, China’s regional politics are more uniform, while with multiple competitors, China is more diverse and selective in its relationships. Uniformity has the advantage of consistency when facing a single opponent, while using selective policies can target the interstices of multiple rivals. His cases—East Asia (1955–1965), South Asia (1955–1963), and Indochina (1962– 1975)—include examples of China’s diplomacy toward both aligned and non-aligned neighbors, comprising both uniform and selective policies of accommodation, coercion, and status quo maintenance. Huang demonstrates a broad command of Western and Chinese IR theory and scholarship, and an even more impressive depth of research into Chinese and Western diplomatic archives. Huang’s analysis of China’s East Asian diplomacy concentrates on Taiwan and Japan. He argues that from 1955 to 1958, China pursued a uniform strategy of accommodation. For example, in May 1956, Zhou Enlai proposed that Chiang Kai-shek could keep his armed forces if he agreed to unification. However, with the","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"280 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49407282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book Review: Distant Stage: Quebec, Brazil, and the Making of Canada’s Cultural Diplomacy","authors":"Asa McKercher","doi":"10.1177/00207020231180121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020231180121","url":null,"abstract":"containing diversity works, it also shows how Canada’s colonial roots still impact its immigration policy. For this reason, Abu-Laban, Tungohan, and Gabriel make a significant contribution to the contemporary literature on immigration in Canada. Echoing Abu-Laban and Gabriel’s earlier arguments in Selling Diversity, this latest book illustrates the paradox between Canada’s mechanisms of exclusion and its efforts to embrace diversity through liberal discourse on openness, multiculturalism policies, and public support for immigration. In this sense, Canada is far from being an “exception” in the twenty-first century immigration landscape. The use of an ethics-of-care perspective combined with critical political economy opens new avenues to rethink immigration in Canada, instead of seeing migrants as numbers or quantifiable objects that would contribute to certain neo-liberal objectives. One of the most exciting contributions to the immigration literature in the last few years, Containing Diversity is a valuable resource not only for migration scholars, but also for policy analysts, as well as immigrants themselves who wish to learn about Canadian immigration policies.","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"287 - 289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42905296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}