International JournalPub Date : 2026-09-11eCollection Date: 2026-09-01DOI: 10.1177/00207020261487407
Ahmad Rizky Mardhatillah Umar
{"title":"Beyond \"Middle Power\": Postcolonial Liminality and the Social Construction of Indonesia's Foreign Policy.","authors":"Ahmad Rizky Mardhatillah Umar","doi":"10.1177/00207020261487407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020261487407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article proposes a new framework for understanding Indonesia's foreign policy. I argue that, rather than the widely accepted conception of Indonesia as a middle power, defined in terms of size, capability, identity, or status, Indonesia's foreign policy is better characterized by postcolonial liminality: a position in which Indonesia sits between multiple powers. Postcolonial liminality emerges from the tension between a postcolonial state's normative aspiration to transform international order and the pressures of great-power politics, leading the state to embrace a position of \"non-belonging.\" By historicizing Indonesia's foreign policy since its independence, I argue that Indonesia's foreign policy has been shaped by liminality resulting from a desire to advance global decolonization on the one hand and the pressures of great-power politics during the Cold War on the other. This tension has created a liminal position for Indonesia in its engagement with great powers, though it has maintained its autonomy and an independent foreign policy in the post-Cold War world. The story of Indonesia's postcolonial liminality offers a new perspective on the Global South's foreign policy in the changing global order.</p>","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"81 3","pages":"537-554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13623224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International JournalPub Date : 2026-06-19eCollection Date: 2026-06-01DOI: 10.1177/00207020261452704
Luana Figueiredo, Makeda Smith
{"title":"Between Borders and Bodies: Rethinking National and Human Security.","authors":"Luana Figueiredo, Makeda Smith","doi":"10.1177/00207020261452704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020261452704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This conversation piece examines how Canada navigates the challenges of national and human security. Drawing on insights from experts in defence studies, foreign policy, international law, and human rights, it explores the financial and institutional costs of sovereignty, the fragility of multilateral alliances, and the prospect of American ambivalence or aggression. Shifts toward ad hoc coalitions, total defence models, and domestic resilience are highlighted, while showing how border regimes, securitization practices, and selective legal enforcement reproduce racialized violence and erode humanitarian norms. The article argues that Canada's security cannot be outsourced or pursued solely through military preparedness; it must be grounded in justice, equity, and the primacy of human rights. Protecting the state, it contends, is meaningless if people within its borders are not safe and free, and security policy must therefore integrate national defence with robust commitments to human security.</p>","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"81 2","pages":"321-326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13313525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148354105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International JournalPub Date : 2026-05-25eCollection Date: 2026-06-01DOI: 10.1177/00207020261452284
Owen Wong, Claire Mountford, Stéfanie von Hlatky
{"title":"Divide and Conquer: Russia's Anti-west Campaign and Gender-based Disinformation.","authors":"Owen Wong, Claire Mountford, Stéfanie von Hlatky","doi":"10.1177/00207020261452284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020261452284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article investigates how Russia employs gender-based disinformation as a strategic tool to advance its foreign policy objectives. Although existing research on gender-based foreign influence and disinformation emphasizes its domestic social effects, it has not fully explored how states instrumentalize gendered narratives to pursue broader geopolitical goals. Using qualitative content analysis of 367 pro-Kremlin disinformation articles, we identify eight narratives that Russia employs to undermine the moral legitimacy of Western states and institutions, such as NATO and the EU, while simultaneously legitimizing its own actions. We show that Russia strategically deploys disinformation to resonate with conservative audiences. Our analysis highlights two core mechanisms: legitimacy sabotage and legitimation, both of which are rooted in the contestation of moral authority. By weaponizing gendered narratives, Russia effectively reconfigures legitimacy landscapes in its favour, illustrating the broader strategic logic of gender-based disinformation within contemporary hybrid warfare tactics. This research presents a novel framework for understanding how states use identity-based narratives in the context of great power competition.</p>","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"81 2","pages":"181-201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13313524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148354161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International JournalPub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-04-27DOI: 10.1177/00207020251334988
Abigail B Bakan, Yasmeen Abu-Laban
{"title":"Still 'standing with' Israel?: Canadian foreign policy and the legacy of Stephen Harper.","authors":"Abigail B Bakan, Yasmeen Abu-Laban","doi":"10.1177/00207020251334988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020251334988","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When Stephen Harper became the first Canadian prime minister to speak in the Knesset, he declared unwavering loyalty to Israel. Liberal prime minister Justin Trudeau, Harper's successor, echoed this sentiment. Following the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023, Israel's responses in Gaza have been deemed by the International Court of Justice to be \"plausible genocide.\" How far does Canada's position of standing with Israel go, and does it include genocide? This article offers a close analysis of the Harper years (2006-2015) to demonstrate the significance of this period in cementing Canada's close relationship to Israel, and explores how the Trudeau Liberals sustained certain dimensions of that relationship. The article argues that during the Harper government, Canada's foreign policy towards Israel and Canada's domestic policy became increasingly intertwined. Based on analysis of policy, document, and media accounts, the article addresses: (i) the interface with Israel in foreign policy and in the United Nations; (ii) a pattern of what we term the \"Israelization\" of Canadian domestic politics; and (iii) the continuities since Justin Trudeau's election in 2015, which appeared in sharpened relief between 2023 and Trudeau's resignation in 2025.</p>","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"80 2","pages":"246-266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12126181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International JournalPub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-04-16DOI: 10.1177/00207020251334973
Corinne Ibalanky, Alex Wilner
{"title":"Applying AI to Canada's Financial Intelligence System: Promises and Perils in Combatting Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing.","authors":"Corinne Ibalanky, Alex Wilner","doi":"10.1177/00207020251334973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020251334973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Money laundering (ML) and terrorist financing (TF) are pernicious global challenges. Estimates suggest that ML represents 2 to 4 percent of global GDP, disrupting financial systems, hindering anti-corruption efforts, fuelling terrorism, and destabilizing governments and security institutions globally. Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) complicate detection and prosecution efforts, enabling anonymity in the movement of money. This article explores AI's role in anti-money laundering (AML) efforts and in countering the financing of terrorism (CFT), focusing on data analysis for financial intelligence units (FIUs) and private sector reporting entities. It addresses AI's uses, benefits, and risks in Canadian and international AML/CFT, explores opportunities and challenges of AI adoption, and proposes next steps for research and practical application. By examining AI's promises and perils in financial intelligence, this article aims to contribute to academic and policy-oriented efforts to understand and leverage AI for effective ML/TF prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"80 2","pages":"147-165"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12126182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International JournalPub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-02-23DOI: 10.1177/00207020251320417
Elinor C Sloan
{"title":"National shipbuilding strategies in Australia, Britain, and Canada.","authors":"Elinor C Sloan","doi":"10.1177/00207020251320417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020251320417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article conducts a comparative analysis of naval shipbuilding approaches by Australia, Britain, and Canada with a view to promoting wider understanding of naval shipbuilding in Canada. Through various strategic and tactical factors, it illuminates how Canadians got to where they are in naval shipbuilding, which processes should be kept, and where there are shortfalls. With a focus on large naval ships, defined as 1000 tons or heavier, the article finds that much of Canada's naval shipbuilding strategy makes sense and should be continued. Yet there are critical problem areas that, if not addressed, threaten to leave the Royal Canadian Navy without the warships it needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"80 1","pages":"5-22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11893265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Foreign Policy in a Time of Turbulence","authors":"Bob Rae","doi":"10.1177/00207020241276107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020241276107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"US global leadership beyond 2024: A UK and European perspective","authors":"Patrick Holdich","doi":"10.1177/00207020241276100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020241276100","url":null,"abstract":"European governments are following the course of the 2024 US presidential race more closely than any election in recent times. Although the outcome is hard to predict, many are particularly nervous about a second Trump administration, with good reason. European governments need to plan how to react to this prospect. The future of the Transatlantic Relationship could be at stake and Europe must try to get through a potentially very difficult period ahead.","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International JournalPub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1177/00207020241275980
Marjolaine Lamontagne
{"title":"Securitization versus sovereignty? Multi-level governance, scientific objectivation, and the discourses of the Canadian and American heads of state during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Marjolaine Lamontagne","doi":"10.1177/00207020241275980","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00207020241275980","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global health regime is caught in a paradox, whereby connecting \"human\" to \"(inter)national\" security to prevent the spread of infectious diseases unwittingly introduces into this complex and expertise-reliant domain of \"low politics\" the notion of \"sovereign decisionism\"-states' prerogative to identify a threat and counter it with exceptional measures that may in turn constrain their ability to unilaterally securitize disease. This article introduces an analytical framework presenting three pathways through which state leaders with different conceptions of sovereignty and varying constraints on their legitimacy among their domestic audiences may nevertheless securitize policy domains traditionally considered as falling within the scope of sub-state \"low politics.\" Two of the pathways begin with scientific objectivation rather than politicization, and one trades power concentration for collaboration with sub-state and global authorities. I then compare the Canadian and American responses during the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic to uncover how these contextual factors disposed Donald Trump to <i>politicize</i> COVID-19, while Justin Trudeau emulated the World Health Organization's <i>securitization</i> of the virus without centralizing state powers.</p>","PeriodicalId":46226,"journal":{"name":"International Journal","volume":"79 3","pages":"369-396"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11452310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}