International Journal of Law Crime and Justice最新文献

{"title":"Patterns of child and adolescent sexual abuse in the era of COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria","authors":"Philip N. Ndubueze","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic which first broke out in Wuhan, China in December 2019 undoubtedly created a novel health challenge for countries around the world. The federal and some state governments in Nigeria in a bid to contain the spread of the virus and manage a looming health emergency pronounced lockdown measures at different times in 2020. The lockdown which affected the routine activities of citizens forced families and friends to stay indoors while it lasted. This was in compliance with the movement restriction order of the government which empowered law enforcement agencies to prosecute violators. While health authorities and other stakeholders made concerted efforts to control the coronavirus disease, some deviants and criminals exploited the situation to commit heinous crimes. The Nigerian media reported several cases of child and adolescent sexual abuse; including incest during the lockdown. This study used narrative review to examine the patterns of child and adolescent sexual abuse (CASA) during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria. It found that CASA is often hidden, and can occurred online. It also revealed that CASA is perpetrated often by males as well as close relatives and have mainly females as victims. Furthermore, it found that perpetrators used manipulation, coercion and threats to facilitate the abuse. The study recommends strategies that may assist in forestalling the sexual exploitation of minors and young people during lockdowns and how to assist victims who may suffer post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among other pains.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 100671"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140815507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The wave of consent-based rape laws in Europe","authors":"Sara Uhnoo ,&nbsp;Sofie Erixon ,&nbsp;Moa Bladini","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>After years of feminist struggle, international conventions, and the #MeToo movement, consent-based rape laws have rapidly been replacing coercion-based laws across Europe since 2017. In May 2023, we identified 20 European consent-based rape laws, and more were in progress. This article analyses the emergence and convergence of these laws, drawing on the theory of institutional isomorphism. The analysis is based on a collection of criminal codes, draft laws, news articles, previous research, and input from national experts. We map a timeline of consent-based rape laws in Europe and describe their key elements, identifying patterns such as international pressure, influential countries, civil society impact, and cases of sexual violence triggering national debates preceding legislative changes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 100668"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S175606162400020X/pdfft?md5=da722250641e82c5aff0050bc5994034&pid=1-s2.0-S175606162400020X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140807180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognition of administrative laws in wildlife crimes in China–Based on cases analysed between 2021–2022","authors":"Junliang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The crime of endangering rare and endangered wild animals has gradually become frequent crimes in China, but the legal cognitive error in such cases has not been resolved. In this crime, the scope of the objects, wild animals, depends on prepositive laws such as “the List of Wild Animals under the State Key Protection Plan”, which leads to the separation between the social meaning of “rare and endangered” and the legal meaning of “under the State Key Protection Plan”. Since the structure of basic facts and normative values has been broken, the perpetrator's understanding of the precondition laws should be regarded as pure legal cognition. Considering the specific cognitive difficulty of administrative laws, the level of this mens rea should be raised to clear awareness. This paper examines judicial and prosecutorial cases in China from 2021 to 2022, aimed at determining whether the lack of illegal perception can serve as a defence and what type of evidence is required to prove it. The empirical findings indicate that the clarity of legal cognition differs significantly between cases of guilt and innocence, and that the most crucial proof relies on the perpetrator's comprehension of the scope of protected wildlife, which is a purely legal matter instead of a social one.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 100666"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140644916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Offending and victimization in prisons: New theoretical and empirical approaches","authors":"Esther F.J.C. van Ginneken ,&nbsp;John Wooldredge","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In-prison offending and victimization threaten the safety of incarcerated individuals and staff, which makes it an important topic for correctional research. Prior research has generated substantial knowledge about individual and environmental characteristics that heighten the risk of in-prison offending and victimization. The victim-offender overlap and the situational dynamics of incidents, however, are still under-researched. This essay proposes that the study of in-prison offending and victimization would benefit from adoption of an incident-level approach. This recognizes that incidents can escalate and de-escalate depending on persons involved and their (re)actions, and that victimization and offending are often linked. It is discussed how criminological theories and methods on crime and victimization outside prisons can be adapted for this purpose.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 100667"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756061624000193/pdfft?md5=86a85d77f30e04712889a38d611ed0ed&pid=1-s2.0-S1756061624000193-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140605209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serving on WeChat: Understanding the logics of police’s engagement with the public in Chinese contexts","authors":"Tzu-Hsuan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhihao Ma ,&nbsp;Yiwei Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated how Chinese police engage with the public via WeChat to manage their image, communicate risks, and enhance legitimacy. Drawing on supervised machine learning and topic modeling of 162,981 posts by 31 provincial capital Chinese police forces on WeChat from 2013 to 2020, this study categorized three periods, encompassing six types of posts: image building, civil service, political broadcasting, crime broadcasting, crime prevention advocacy, and others. The results demonstrated a significant decline in image management posts during the pandemic, as the police prioritized risk communication. The research also highlights the increased use of political broadcasting posts during crucial political events. Furthermore, image management posts constitute a substantial portion of image-building content, while civil service posts increasingly emphasize risk communication, especially during the pandemic. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights into the evolving presentation strategies of Chinese police on WeChat, revealing their multifaceted use of social media.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 100665"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140539397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Criminal responsibility and profile of Turkish firesetters with schizophrenia","authors":"Yasin Hasan Balcioglu ,&nbsp;Mehmet Dogan ,&nbsp;Ipek Inci Kaya ,&nbsp;Sefa Saygili","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to examine a subgroup of Turkish firesetters diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) for their motives, individual and offense-related characteristics and courses of action, and their association with expert assessment of criminal responsibility. A cohort of 50 arsonists with SSD, who underwent assessment for criminal responsibility by the Council of Forensic Medicine in Turkiye between 2009 and 2022, was analyzed using a comprehensive retrospective file review. Multivariate analyses indicated that being female, older, experiencing hallucinations at the time of the offense, having a primary diagnosis of SSD other than psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, and no prior convictions were associated with a higher likelihood of being found not criminally responsible. Singling out a definitive profile of SSD arsonists without criminal responsibility is challenging. Our findings, based on forensic expert assessments, suggest that positive psychotic symptoms and criminal history play crucial roles in determining criminal responsibility in this group.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 100664"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140296333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural violence and everyday survival during COVID-19 lockdown: The experiences of street children in Uyo, Nigeria","authors":"Olayinka M. Onayemi ,&nbsp;Anthony Idowu Ajayi ,&nbsp;Ediomo-Ubong Nelson ,&nbsp;Akanimo Sampson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Most studies on the effect of covid-19 lockdowns on children have focused on those in regular family settings and in-school children. Research on the experiences of street children during lockdown are scarce. Our study seeks to fill this gap by exploring the negative effects of lockdowns on street children in a commercial city in South-South Nigeria, and how they coped with these effects.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Using purposive sampling technique, we recruited twenty-four street children for the semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used in identifying specific themes on the effect of COVID-19 lockdown on street children.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>All children interviewed reported direct adverse socioeconomic effects of COVID-19 lockdown. Also, they reported being victimised by law enforcement agents and adult street actors. Their public perception as a ‘diseased category’ capable of COVID-19 transmission contributed to stigma and eviction from places of abode, a situation that exposed some female street children to sexual violence. Street children coped with economic effects of lockdown through exploring further opportunities for income generation.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Street children bear a disproportionate effect of COVID-19 lockdown. There exists a need to prioritize their needs as well as include them in social protection measures for COVID-19.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 100662"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140296332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do hotspot policing interventions against optimal foragers cause crime displacement?","authors":"Eric Halford ,&nbsp;Mary Giannoulis ,&nbsp;Camie Condon ,&nbsp;Paige Keningale","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Optimal forager theory (OFT) initially emerged from ecological studies, elucidating how foraging organisms seek resources. In recent decades, this ecological theory has migrated to the realm of criminology, where it is used to identify burglary offenders and inform crime analysis. Several police services employ optimal forager theory-based analysis to guide hotspot patrol interventions aimed at reducing domestic burglary. Crime displacement resulting from hotspot interventions has been a subject of debate, with approximately a quarter of cases experiencing some form of displacement, the underlying reasons for which remain unclear. This study postulates that the presence of the optimal forager typology of offender may be one contributing factor. To test this hypothesis, we analyze the cumulative crime diffusion and displacement effects of ten optimal forager theory-inspired hotspot interventions employing the weighted displacement quotient (WDQ) technique (Bowers and Johnson, 2003) and the Cambridge harm index (CHI) (Sherman et al., 2016). The findings reveal the interventions' marked efficacy in reducing domestic burglary within response areas. However, this reduction is overshadowed by the substantial spatial and offense displacement they induce, encompassing both crime count and harm. These results provide insights into the proportion of hotspot interventions that trigger crime displacement, and policy implications for the choice and selection of crime reduction strategies. Supported by ecological studies of optimal foragers, we argue that this phenomenon stems from the exceptional motivation of foraging offenders and their inclination toward anti-detection behavior, specifically, relocating to alternative crime areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 100654"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756061624000065/pdfft?md5=28275f24e451ab30e8bf2bd78959b06e&pid=1-s2.0-S1756061624000065-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140188141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling Police-recorded Crime Change in Hong Kong amid the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Jacky Cheuk Lap Siu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Without a doubt, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the landscape of human life across the globe. It may further lead to a substantial behavioral change in individuals, including the pattern of criminal victimization victimization. Although some previous studies suggested that there was a crime drop in Western societies after the pandemic outbreak, the effect of the pandemic on crime rates in the non-Western context was still vague. Therefore, the present study analyzed the police-recorded data in Hong Kong, a city in the south side of China that continued to enact a \"dynamic zero covid\" control of positive cases. In line with the previous studies, traditional crime, such as assaults in Hong Kong, dropped steadily after the pandemic outbreak. Yet, surprisingly, the overall crime rate alternatively increased amid the pandemic which is mainly attributed to the surge in cybercrime, especially deceptions and blackmail. This paper thus warrants more thorough investigations of the change in routine activities to the virtual world and the risks of cyber victimizations. Limitations and policy implications were discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 100653"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140163880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting packer’s models: Examining Nigeria's criminal justice system in the COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 era","authors":"Smart E. Otu ,&nbsp;Babatunde M. Idowu ,&nbsp;Gilbert Ordu ,&nbsp;Benedictta Okezie ,&nbsp;Gilbert Aro","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review study examines the administration of criminal justice process during and after COVID-19 era in Nigeria against the backdrop of two competing criminal justice process models: Crime control and Due Process. The outbreak of COVID-19 has pushed many countries, including Nigeria, to either reinforced or altered their criminal justice practices to reflect the reality of COVID-19. Arrest, detention and prosecution of offenders became clearly predicated only on the degree of seriousness and the overall interest of the society as against the previous practice that was predicated on ‘trump up charges’ and at the will and caprices of the operators of criminal justice system. The main question we ask here is: to what extent has COVID-19 mediated and impacted on the administration of criminal justice in Nigeria during and after the pandemic? Qualitative descriptive-narrative approach was adopted to synthesise the various data and sources (review of literature, reports from the media, reflective data and eye witness accounts) to account for what happened both during COVID-19 and post COVID-19 in the practice of criminal justice in Nigeria. Two dominant traditional ideologies/models (Crime Control and Due Process), and the less favoured one (punitive and nonpunitive victims' right models), interfaced at one point or the other and thus defined the character of criminal justice system in Nigeria 19 with crime control model however showing greater effects than others. The implication of our analysis is that during crisis, state and official's response to one of her crucial mandate oscillates and takes a paradigm shift form either mild to critical or severe as the case may be. The three models manifested in pre and COVID-19 criminal justice process eras though, crime control model remains a continuum and the dominant ideology which guides the operation of criminal justice system and process. Further implication is the imperative to improve the system by taking steps towards the direction of the non-punitive model of victims' rights which stresses crime prevention and restorative justice as the future value (ideology) for Nigerian criminal justice system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 100663"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140121978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}