Space Policy最新文献

{"title":"A cosmopolitan approach to international law (CAIL) reflection on the space development experience of Africa","authors":"Timiebi Aganaba","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space power theory from the realist school states that the proliferation of space technology is a foe rather than a friend because it contributes to military and economic competition; and, above all, it empowers the exercise of threat of force in, through and from Outer Space. It is thus important to examine questions of justice in one's professional field and locate the analysis of one's practice within wider social, economic, and political context. While law is not justice and simply announces the form of justice sought, the approach taken in this paper is more precisely the lived experience or mental processes of consciousness and its aim begins a conversation to investigate this in a rigorous way. The cognitive act that characterizes the phenomenological reflection is “paying attention.” Therefore, this reflection contemplates the relevance of experience and reflective practice as a valuable methodology for using insights and learning from the past to support the assessment of the present and recommendations for the future. This is applied in the case of over 17 years of personal experience in following the development path of African space programs. The paper concludes that the African case confirms that multi-level governance is an approach that is of importance, and Africa is in a unique position to master this as stakeholders must think about how to engage in space development at all 4 levels: the global, regional, national, and local level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 101638"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Japan in the New Lunar Space Race","authors":"Saadia M. Pekkanen ,&nbsp;Setsuko Aoki ,&nbsp;Yumiko Takatori","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The United States and China draw the most attention in the new lunar space race. But other spacefaring countries are also important to its peaceful evolution. In this paper, we focus on the activities of one of the world's preeminent space powers, which remains underappreciated in academic and policy circles concerned with the lunar landscape—Japan. We provide an overview of Japan's changed law and policy context and illuminate the historical, international, and institutional trajectories that are positioning Japan's role in the unfolding competition over celestial bodies. We conclude with the broader significance of Japan's activities for prosperity, stability, and leadership in the international space order.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 101577"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46253597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Importance of ALCE's Role as a Political Actor Rather Than a Coordinator of Regional Space Activities","authors":"Sandra Cabrera Alvarado","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency (ALCE) was formally created in 2020 with the ALCE Agreement signed by 19 countries from the region. ALCE can be considered a major step towards regional integration in the space sector, driven by its members' political willingness. Nevertheless, the integration process does not finish with the signature of the agreement; it's just the start. There are many levels of integration based on previous regional integration case studies<span><span> such as Asia's Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO), African Space Agency (ASA), and most notably the most advanced European Union/European Space Agency (ESA) case. As ALCE is starting to construct a regional space ambition, the timing demands from its members how far in the integration process they want to go. From an intergovernmental organisation that only decides on cooperative technical space activities to a fullyintegrated organisation with its own regulatory framework enacting a regional </span>space policy and a regional space programme.</span></div><div>Based on the ALCE Agreement, the organisation seems to have only a cooperative role as an intermediary that fosters technical cooperation without political power. This article claims that instead ALCE should go further and seek progressively full integration by shaping a coherent regional space policy by providing the organisation with the political capacity to shape a regional space policy and space programme that addresses the needs of the region in the short-term future.</div><div><span>The article presents, firstly, the political willingness of the two forerunners of the region, Mexico and Argentina, to shape regional integration and an overview of space activities in the region. Secondly, APSCO, ASA and Europe integration/ESA cases are introduced to understand levels of integration for ALCE. Thirdly, it is explained that ALCE's benefits of higher integration, notably </span>spillovers<span> and current regional space activities, will make sure Latin America catches up in the next phase of global space activity.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 101578"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42067576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finding space for the European Space Agency","authors":"Sarah Lieberman ,&nbsp;Thomas Hoerber","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Europe has an interesting history on space policy<span>, drawing on varied agencies through which to pursue its space ambitions since the end of WWII. The best known, and until recently most important, of these is the European Space Agency (ESA), an intergovernmental non-EU institution which oversaw the development of Galileo, Copernicus and EGNOS. Since 2021, a second agency, The European Union<span> Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA), has been in place, taking over the running of the EU’s space Programmes and flagship constellations from the GSA in Prague. This paper discusses the potential future of Europe's institutions for space, and critically analyses Thomas Hoerber's 2022 suggestion that ESA should become a Space University Institute.</span></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 101637"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141403611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"U.S. Strategic Interest in the Moon: An Assessment of Economic, National Security, and Geopolitical Drivers","authors":"Mariel Borowitz ,&nbsp;Althea Noonan ,&nbsp;Reem El Ghazal","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the 1980s, U.S. leaders have repeatedly directed the United States to return to the Moon, yet in each case, efforts were canceled within a few years of being announced. However, with the Artemis Program, for the first time in 30 years, a plan to return to the Moon has been endorsed by two successive presidential administrations. Today, interest in the Moon extends beyond the traditional scientific and inspirational motivations associated with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s exploration plans, with military, commercial, and international entities articulating corresponding, and sometimes independent, lunar goals. Some government leaders have argued that the return to the Moon has become a strategic interest for the United States. This paper investigates this claim, examining the economic, national security, and geopolitical drivers underlying U.S. lunar ambitions. We find that while rhetoric on the economic and national security importance of cislunar exploration and development is often overstated, there are some legitimate reasons for interest within these sectors. There are also strong geopolitical drivers for cislunar exploration and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 101548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43270700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China's branding problem: Image management and the US-China space relationship","authors":"R. Lincoln Hines","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What image does China attempt to convey about its space program? And how is its program perceived in the United States? This article argues that as a rising power, China seeks to project a benign image to reassure dominant powers such as the United States of its intentions on Earth and in space. However, Chinese attempts at reassuring the United States have been largely unsuccessful. Factors such as China’s autocratic political system, military-dominated space sector, and bureaucratic politics undermine its image management strategies and ability to reassure. More broadly, China’s growing space ambitions are occurring against the backdrop of an increasingly deteriorating bilateral relationship with the United States. Taken together, these dynamics are exacerbating security dilemma dynamics between the two powers, which may have increasingly dire consequences for stability and governance of the space domain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 101598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139305736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reprint of Introduction to the special issue on international space politics","authors":"Thomas Hoerber","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101656","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 101656"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Russia in Outer Space: A Shrinking Space Power in the Era of Global Change","authors":"Florian Vidal ,&nbsp;Roman Privalov","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since 2014, the Russian space sector has handled institutional rearrangement and external economic pressure. On the one hand, the establishment of the State Space Corporation Roscosmos intended to renovate a critical segment and save an industry that is one of the jewels of the Soviet legacy. On the other hand, the Russian annexation of Crimea triggered waves of financial and economic sanctions that crippled the country's access to space technologies and broader international cooperation in outer space. As a result of the dynamic, the Russian space program has been in a grey zone in recent years. On the eve of the war in Ukraine, the Russian government made a strategic choice for total decoupling from Western countries. The Russian decision stresses a trajectory already taken where space activities are increasingly becoming an instrument of deterrence. The military dimension increasingly defines the Russian space program, while LEO becomes an area for confrontation. To circumvent complete isolation in the international arena, Russia will attempt to maintain vigorous diplomatic actions to curb the technology desert and maintain vital space activities in the foreseeable future. Hence, this article aims to identify available tools that Russia may use to envision a new strategy in outer space. Considering the rupture between the West and Russia, we describe the long-term effects on the space industry. We finally highlight potential alternative cooperations that may allow Russia to build its space diplomacy around a network of peripheral states while the partnership with China remains restricted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 101579"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44957773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History, concepts and challenges of proposing an 18th UN Sustainable Development Goal related to Space","authors":"Andreas Losch ,&nbsp;André Galli ,&nbsp;Thomas Schildknecht","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The UN launched in 2015 17 Sustainable Development Goals as part of their 2030 agenda which covered almost every aspect of human civilization on Earth. Outer Space, however, was omitted from the considerations. There hence have already been a couple of suggestions of an 18th SDG related to Space. The paper will discuss the history and motivations of these suggestions, compare the conceptual frameworks provided, and attempts at exploring the structure of the SDGs and such a potential SDG in particular, as well as the challenges that come with that concept. Comparisons are made to the UN Space2030 agenda.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101631"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964624000225/pdfft?md5=9a661db796f56c58e4127fffce401605&pid=1-s2.0-S0265964624000225-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141043699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exogeoconservation of Mars","authors":"Clare Fletcher ,&nbsp;Martin Van Kranendonk ,&nbsp;Carol Oliver","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Of all the planets in our solar system, Mars is most likely to have evidence of life, whether past or extant and preserve the environments in which such life may have formed and lived. However, human exploration poses risks to possible evidence of life on Mars and its pristine palaeoenvironments. Similar sites of scientific interest on Earth have suffered significant damage. We risk the same for Mars without legal or normative frameworks to protect such sites. In this paper, we analyse threats to Mars and explore gaps that need addressing, drawing from examples on Earth and from legal regimes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 101627"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964624000183/pdfft?md5=1ed477ad4f23d3672467301d2a62b28d&pid=1-s2.0-S0265964624000183-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140784244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}