Space Policy最新文献

{"title":"Preliminary investigation and proposal of periodic orbits and their utilization for logistics in the cislunar regime","authors":"Adam P. Wilmer ,&nbsp;Robert A. Bettinger ,&nbsp;Liberty M. Shockley ,&nbsp;Marcus J. Holzinger","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span><span>The world is in the midst of what is widely considered the second Space Age due to the vastly growing commercial space sector and progress with international initiatives such as the Artemis program, led by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Cislunar space is becoming a region of growing interest as nations, international organizations, and private corporations look to expand their presence and outreach. The planned development of space infrastructure, such as lunar habitats, mining operations, and other installations, is driving the need for studies regarding common orbital pathways to ensure logistical support for future cislunar missions. Along with common orbital pathways, comprehensive and internationally acknowledged space policy and doctrine is required to ensure the safety, stability, and peace of this new frontier of human endeavor. This study serves to address one of the mission sets that will come to shape the emerging economy of the wider Earth-Moon system, space logistics. Specifically, this study will discuss potential orbits for a cislunar space </span>situational awareness<span><span> network that would support a space traffic management service, along with three cislunar logistics missions: personnel and cargo transport, space tourism, and </span>search and rescue. Characteristics considered for orbits include orbit stability, period, and the proximity to key nodes in cislunar space such as the Moon and </span></span>Lagrange points<span>. Using Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CR3BP) dynamics, fourteen sample cislunar periodic orbits<span> are proposed to accomplish the cislunar missions discussed. This study adds to the limited work in the field of cislunar orbital design to generate novel orbits and apply them to logistical use cases. All missions, except tourism, feature a “touring” class of cislunar periodic orbits due to their unique geometries enabling them to traverse a wide range of cislunar space. Preliminary analysis indicates that all of the proposed orbits are classified as marginally unstable, and suggests that minimal propellant is required to maintain a space vehicle's intended cislunar trajectory. Finally, existing law, policy, and governance surrounding cislunar space logistics and operations is discussed specifically concerning space traffic management, transportation, and humans touring or being rescued from space. Special attention is given to both the ambiguity of the law and the limitations of current norms of behavior, patent and property concerns, and tense geopolitical situations that can further complicate peace. Overall, this study highlights the underdevelopment of current space law and policy with the ambiguity of present-day norms discussed.</span></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141276591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements of the Colombian Air Force space program","authors":"Sonia Ruth Rincón Urbina ,&nbsp;Juan Manuel Cárdenas García ,&nbsp;Karen Nicole Pirazan Villanueva ,&nbsp;Virginia Hanessian","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article comprehensively overviews the Colombian Air Force's (FAC) space program, analyzing its policy frameworks, competitive edge, growth prospects, and research endeavors. It delves into the historical roots of the program, assesses its global standing, and details the research conducted by the Aerospace Force. The article also highlights the crucial role of the Aerospace Technologies Research Center (CITAE) in the organizational structure of the FAC. Furthermore, it examines the integration of CubeSats, encryption algorithms, and mission control software within FAC's pioneering space programs. Key milestones such as the launch of the SAT-CHIRIBIQUETE satellite, the development of AI-powered satellite image processing, and the deployment of FACSAT-1 showcase the program's remarkable progress. Additionally, the article explores the program's potential impact on environmental monitoring, resource management, and national communication networks, illustrating its broader contribution to Colombia's social, political, and economic spheres. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis reveals how FAC's space program has transformed from an aspirational vision into a vanguard force poised to propel Colombia onto the global space stage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101655"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing safety-zone rules: Based on an institutional choice framework","authors":"Xiaodao Li ,&nbsp;Jie Long","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under Section 11 of the Artemis Accords, signatories propose the establishment of safety zones to prevent harmful interference and emphasise the imperative to develop relevant rules in the future. However, existing research fails to shed light on whether the chosen institutions by signatories are suitable for addressing safety-zone issues and which institutions should be developed to tackle future safety-zone concerns. Current theories, such as institutional design theory, do not comprehensively summarise the various types of institutions and strategies for their selection. Therefore, this paper presents an institutional choice framework to address these research gaps. Within this research framework, establishing international institutions is perceived as a selection process among different types of institutions. Drawing from previous studies, the framework outlines sixteen distinct institution types, six crucial features of institutions, and three strategies for selecting suitable institutions. After proposing the framework, this study employs it to analyse existing safety-zone rules, identify the optimal institution of safety zones, and devise strategies for making institutional choices. The contribution of this study lies in advancing institutional design theory and facilitating research on safety-zone rules while providing insights for constructing international institutions in other domains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101649"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141699472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model for economic freedom on Mars","authors":"Jacob Haqq-Misra","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The momentum of human spaceflight initiatives continues to build toward Mars, and technological advances may eventually enable the potential for permanent space settlement. Aspirations for sustaining human life in space must be predicated on human factors, rather than technological constraints alone, and advances in models of governance and ethics are necessary as human civilization becomes a spacefaring species. This paper presents an idealistic but feasible model for economic freedom on Mars, which is situated within a framework in which Mars has been designated as a sovereign juridical peer to Earth. Under such conditions, Mars could maintain monetary stability through full reserve banking and a restriction on exchange with any fractional reserve Earth currencies, with a volume of circulating currency that changes based on the total population within fixed capacity infrastructure. Mars could maintain long-term political stability by diffusing the ownership of capital on Mars, which would allow all citizens of Mars to draw sufficient wealth from a combination of capital ownership and labor to live a good life. This model could also support limited tourism on Mars, in which real goods are exchanged for services but currency transactions between planets are prohibited. This model demonstrates the potential for a viable and sustainable economy on Mars that could conceivably be implemented, including on a sovereign Mars but also in other scenarios of space settlement. More broadly, this model illustrates that ideas such as diffuse capital ownership and limited government can enable freedom in space, and numerous models beyond a centralized world space agency should be explored to ensure the optimal governance of the emerging space economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101652"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inoculating Enceladus","authors":"Charles S. Cockell ,&nbsp;Holley Conte ,&nbsp;M Dale Stokes","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discovery of environments in the Solar System that possess conditions capable of supporting known types of life raises the question of whether they could be deliberately inoculated in order to study the process of the emergence of biospheres. We discuss the case of Enceladus, the first planetary body to convincingly be shown to possess all the requirements for habitability in the present-day, and consider ways in which inoculation would be achieved. We present examples of the scientific questions that might be investigated. The compelling science that could be done shows how habitable worlds will create new ethical questions. As we might not have certainty on their status as being uninhabited, we would have to decide on a principled objection to any inoculation experiments or whether some level of confidence in their status as being uninhabited, determined by a suitable sampling regimen, would allow for inoculation. As the inoculation of extraterrestrial oceans, causing planetary scale changes, might be accomplished in a far shorter time scale than, for example, the more speculative terraforming of a planet such as Mars, the scientific possibilities and their attendant ethical challenges potentially represent a near-term challenge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101650"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orbit Bound. Predictors of ‘readiness to space’ and government support","authors":"Stefania Paladini ,&nbsp;Davide Barbieri","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The number of countries investing in the space sector grows by the day but the enabling factors are still either underestimated or misunderstood, due to the lack of comparative research, statistical analysis, and a few, dangerous misconceptions. Working with a panel dataset of forty years and employing methods such as survival analysis and predictive data mining (machine learning), the article shows that government support of civilian and commercial activities, more than military and defence, play a determinant role in the development of a national space sector and they are, eventually, the key factors for venturing to lower orbit and beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141030972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bringing space solution to national needs through selected projects: The case of Greece","authors":"Dr Christina Giannopapa,&nbsp;DrAthanasios Staveris-Polykalas,&nbsp;Mr Spyros Metallinos","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space today is a critical infrastructure and an indispensable part of our everyday life for secure and sustainable socioeconomic growth. In the past, engagement in space activities was the privilege of few space faring nations. The new space era, provides new opportunities for overcoming barriers to entry in the sector for countries by re-orient existing activities and engaging in new. This paper aims to provide a practitioner perspective on bringing space solutions to the national needs through selective projects, by mapping the political and regulatory framework, national needs and capabilities. The case of Greece is employed for the paper. Relevant information was collected and analysed by directly engaging with the stakeholders, conducting questionnaires, and studies. This study provides insights on the role of strategies and policies at EU and national level in setting up dedicated projects in response of national needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141843104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is there a market for micro-launch vehicles?","authors":"Felipe Motta ,&nbsp;José Bezerra Pessoa Filho ,&nbsp;Alison de Oliveira Moraes","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dramatic miniaturization of electronics has led to the SmallSat Revolution. The number of operational satellites has increased from 769 in 2000 to 6905 in 2022. Owing to the deployment of constellations, 26,104 satellites weighing less than 500 kg, known as SmallSats, are expected to be launched between 2023 and 2032. Targeting this market niche, 42 initiatives are underway to develop micro-launch vehicles (LVs), that is, LVs capable of carrying less than 500 kg into orbit. Compared with larger LVs, the cost to launch SmallSats on micro-LVs can be 10 times higher. Consequently, most SmallSat operators opt to send their payloads into space aboard larger LVs using a modality called rideshare. In 2021, SpaceX's Falcon 9 flew 143 SmallSats belonging to different owners. In fact, only 4% of the 7026 SmallSats launched in the 2013–2022 period flew aboard micro-LVs. Based on these facts, the present study addresses the question regarding the existence of a commercial market for the numerous micro-LVs in development. There are a few cases in which micro-LVs may be the best option. One relates to the need to launch a SmallSat within a short period of notice, either for civilian or military reasons. Micro-LVs may also be used as experimental platforms on which new techniques, fabrication processes, flight hardware, and software can be developed for later use on larger LVs. It is worth noting that governments have invested in the development of micro-LVs and their launch facilities to foster the space industry of different countries, but the commercial prospects for micro-LVS are limited due to the much lower launch prices offered by larger vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planetary parks twenty years on. Balancing space protection with development","authors":"Charles S. Cockell","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With increasing activity in space by both national space agencies and private organizations, there is a renewed purpose in considering how to achieve the protection of certain regions of the extraterrestrial environment, yet allow for the commercial development of space to encourage a permanent human presence beyond Earth. This paper revisits the idea of planetary parks twenty years on. One advantage of this concept is that, like national parks on Earth, they can allow for the protection of land for many reasons including scientific value, aesthetic beauty, sites containing historical artefacts, and others. None of these motivations are mutually exclusive and they can be manifested to different degrees in different places. Planetary parks provide the flexibility to incorporate these motivations within a single framework. Outside planetary parks, land can be developed and transformed. Planetary parks offer a way to move beyond the generic notion of ‘planetary protection’ towards a more local targeted preservation mechanism, encouraging the emergence of a space environmental ethic in parallel with the objective of commercial space development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101647"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Space and cybersecurity: Challenges and opportunities emerging from national strategy narratives","authors":"Juan Racionero-Garcia ,&nbsp;Siraj Ahmed Shaikh","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modern societies<span> are increasingly dependent on space technology. The number of activities that rely on space infrastructure includes global positioning and communications systems, financial transactions and global trade, public and private scientific research, environmental monitoring and fore-casting, and audio-visual entertainment. Within the security and defence domain, this reliance becomes even more pronounced as satellites enhance command, control, communications and intelligence, surveillance, and recon-naissance (C4ISR), missile defence, or advanced autonomous systems. Furthermore, ongoing advancements in science and technology are opening new frontiers in outer space, promising significant economic potential through ventures like space travel and space mining. Considering the geopolitical implications of the dependence on space technology, the objective of this study is to examine how Western countries and organizations understand space within their strategic thinking. By conducting a comparative analysis of the most recent national security strategies and security and defence space strategies released by a sample of Western countries and organizations, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the European Union<span> and NATO, this study aims to discern the narratives employed to depict the space domain and to identify the key trends within it, with a specific focus on the interplay between space and cybersecurity.</span></span></div><div>This exercise will facilitate the identification of areas where enhanced collaboration among the selected actors is feasible or where competition may define their relationships. Consequently, it will help determine the potential for a coordinated response to collective challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}