Journal of Medical Ultrasound最新文献

{"title":"Area of the Fetal Ascending and Descending Aorta by Spatiotemporal Image Correlation in the Rendering Mode: Reproducibility and Comparison with Pregestational Diabetic Mothers","authors":"João Pedro Cassin Scappa, A. Peixoto, N. Bravo-Valenzuela, G. Tonni, R. Mattar, E. Júnior","doi":"10.4103/jmu.jmu_102_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jmu.jmu_102_22","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The objective of this study was to assess the ascending and descending aorta area measurements by three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound using spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) in the rendering mode comparing these measurements with pregestational diabetic mothers and assessing the reproducibility of the method.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 We carried out a retrospective cross-sectional study with 58 normal and nine fetuses from pregestational diabetic mothers between 20 and 33 + 6 weeks of gestation. Fetal heart volumes were acquired at the level of four-chamber view to obtain the reconstructed planes for the ascending and descending aorta areas in the rendering mode. Linear regression was performed to assess the correlation between the fetal aorta areas and gestational age (GA). To assess the intra- and interobserver reproducibility, we used the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The mean ascending and descending aorta areas were 0.12 (0.02–0.48) and 0.11 (0.04–0.39) cm2 in normal fetuses, respectively. There was a moderate positive correlation between GA and ascending aorta area measurements (0.005676*GA – 0.01283; r = 0.53, P < 0.0001) and strong positive correlation between GA and descending aorta area (0.01095*GA – 0.1581; r = 0.68, P < 0.0001). We observed a weak intra- and interobserver reproducibility with CCC ranging from 0.05 to 0.91. The mean difference in the ascending and descending aorta area measurements of normal and fetuses of pregestational diabetic mothers was −0.03 cm2 (P = 0.276) and −0.03 cm2 (P = 0.231), respectively.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The fetal ascending and descending aorta area measurements obtained by 3D ultrasound using STIC in the rendering mode increased with GA in normal fetuses. The method showed weak intra- and interobserver reproducibility.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ultrasound","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138591144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Correlation between Carotid Artery Corrected Flow Time and Velocity Time Integral during Central Blood Volume Loss and Resuscitation","authors":"Isabel Kerrebijn, Chelsea E. Munding, Christine Horner, Sarah Atwi, M. Elfarnawany, A. Eibl, J. Eibl, Jenna L. Taylor, Chul Ho Kim, Bruce D. Johnson, Jon-Émile S. Kenny","doi":"10.4103/jmu.jmu_80_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jmu.jmu_80_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Doppler ultrasound of the common carotid artery is used to infer central hemodynamics. For example, change in the common carotid artery corrected flow time (ccFT) and velocity time integral (VTI) are proposed surrogates of changing stroke volume. However, conflicting data exist which may be due to inadequate beat sample size and measurement variability – both intrinsic to handheld systems. In this brief communication, we determined the correlation between changing ccFT and carotid VTI during progressively severe central blood volume loss and resuscitation.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Measurements were obtained through a novel, wireless, wearable Doppler ultrasound system. Sixteen participants (ages of 18–40 years with no previous medical history) were studied across 25 lower body-negative pressure protocols. Relationships were assessed using repeated-measures correlation regression models.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In total, 33,110 cardiac cycles comprise this analysis; repeated-measures correlation showed a strong, linear relationship between ccFT and VTI. The strength of the ccFT-VTI relationship was dependent on the number of consecutively averaged cardiac cycles (R1 cycle = 0.70, R2 cycles = 0.74, and R10 cycles = 0.81).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 These results positively support future clinical investigations employing common carotid artery Doppler as a surrogate for central hemodynamics.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ultrasound","volume":"44 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138592383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomalies of the Corpus Callosum in Prenatal Ultrasound: A Narrative Review for Diagnosis and Further Counseling","authors":"Fang-Tzu Wu, Chih-Ping Chen","doi":"10.4103/jmu.jmu_49_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jmu.jmu_49_23","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The corpus callosum is the major interhemispheric tract that plays an important role in neurological function. Understanding the etiology and embryology development helps the ultrasound diagnosis for disorders of the corpus callosum and further counseling. The nonvisualization of cavum septum pellucidum or dysmorphic cavum septum pellucidum in axial view are indirect signs for beginners to diagnose complete agenesis of corpus callosum (cACC) and partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (pACC). Further coronal view, sagittal view, and fetal magnetic resonance imaging are also important for evaluation. Genetic testing plays an essential tool in anomalies of corpus callosum by revealing the underlying genetic pathophysiology, such as chromosomal anomalies and numerous monogenetic disorders in 30%–45% of ACC. Diagnosis and prediction of prognosis for hypoplasia or hyperplasia of the corpus callosum are more difficult compared to cACC and pACC because of the limited reports in the literature. However, the complex types often had poorer prognostic outcomes compared to the isolated types. Hence, it is important to evaluate and follow fetal conditions thoroughly to rule out intracranial or extracranial anomalies in other systems.","PeriodicalId":45466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ultrasound","volume":" 93","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135191926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Clinical Utility of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for Disease Activity Evaluation and Therapeutic Response Prediction in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Narrative Review","authors":"Chia-Ching Chen, Der-Yuan Chen","doi":"10.4103/jmu.jmu_126_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jmu.jmu_126_22","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by persistent synovitis and joint/bone destruction. There is an unmet need to predict the therapeutic response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and achieve a treat-to-target goal. Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) is widely used to identify structural change and assess therapeutic response in RA. This review aims to summarize the available evidence regarding the clinical application of MSUS in evaluating disease activity and predicting therapeutic responses to DMARDs. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE database using the PubMed interface and reviewed English-language literature from 2000 to 2022. This review focuses on the updated role of MSUS in assessing disease activity and predicting therapeutic responses to DMARDs in RA patients. Results: MSUS is now widely applied to identify articular structural change and assess the disease activity of RA. Combined use of gray scale and power Doppler MSUS is also superior to clinical assessment and laboratory examination in evaluating disease activity of RA. With portable use, good viability, and high sensitivity to articular inflammation, MSUS would be useful in assessing therapeutic response to biologic/targeted synthetic DMARDs (b/tsDMARDs) in RA patients. Given MSUS could also detect subclinical inflammation in a substantial proportion of RA patients with clinical remission, it is recommended to assess b/tsDMARDs-treated RA patients who have achieved low disease activity or remission. Conclusion: Although substantial literature data have revealed clinical utility of MSUS for monitoring disease activity and evaluating therapeutic response in RA patients, the evidence regarding its predictive value for the effectiveness of b/tsDMARDs is limited.","PeriodicalId":45466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ultrasound","volume":" 97","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135191924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic Value of Jugular Venous Diameters and Compliance in Patients with Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","authors":"Kutlu Barış Teke, Nurettin Özgür Doğan, İbrahim Ulaş Özturan, Serkan Yılmaz, Elif Yaka, Murat Pekdemir","doi":"10.4103/jmu.jmu_83_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jmu.jmu_83_23","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations constitute a significant proportion of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). It has been suggested that measurement of jugular venous diameter and compliance may have prognostic value in patients with heart failure. We hypothesized that these measurements may also be valuable in patients with advanced COPD. Methods: This study was a single-center, prospective, and cross-sectional study conducted in a university hospital between November 2020 and November 2021. In the study, internal jugular vein (IJV) diameters (inspiration, forced expiration, and rest) and jugular venous compliance were measured with ultrasound in patients who presented to the ED with COPD exacerbation. One month later, data about mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and any hospitalization were obtained and evaluated together with a range of laboratory parameters. Results: Data from a total of 93 patients were analyzed. Of these, 17 (18.2%) died, 19 (20.4%) were admitted to the ICU, and 36 (38.7%) were hospitalized at the end of the 1-month period. Consequently, a total of 44 patients (47.3%) were in the good outcome group and 49 patients (52.7%) were in the poor outcome group. In terms of mortality, inspiratory IJV diameter was 5.6 ± 2.9 mm in the survived group ( n = 76) and 7.6 ± 3.9 mm in the deceased group ( n = 17) ( P = 0.031). There was no difference between the venous compliance values and other diameter measurements of the patients. In the analysis performed with the subgroup with high N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide values, it was shown that both resting and inspiration diameter measurements were higher in the group with poor outcomes. Conclusion: There was no difference between the jugular vein compliance values in terms of mortality in patients admitted to the ED with COPD exacerbation. However, these measurements may have prognostic value in patients with COPD exacerbations complicated by heart failure.","PeriodicalId":45466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ultrasound","volume":" 94","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135191925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonography Imaging versus Waveform Capnography in Detecting Endotracheal Tube Placement during Intubation at a Tertiary Hospital","authors":"Shirish Shakti Maskay, Ninadini Shrestha, Priska Bastola, Bishwas Pradhan, Anil Shrestha","doi":"10.4103/jmu.jmu_98_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jmu.jmu_98_22","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background: There is continued research to find new faster, highly accurate, easily accessible, and portable methods of confirming endotracheal tube position during intubation. A newer modality for visualizing endotracheal tube location is transtracheal or transcricothyroid ultrasonography. The aim of this study was to see if ultrasound machine can also be routinely used for the confirmation of endotracheal tube position in operating theaters along with capnograph. Methods: The study was observational and prospective, conducted from January 2017 to July 2017. Study locations were at the Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital and Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Center operating rooms. Sample size taken was 95. Results: In the study, 11 patients had esophageal intubation out of the 95. The accuracy of both ultrasonography and capnography was found to be 96.84%. For ultrasonography, the sensitivity, specificity, along with positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 97.62%, 90.91%, 98.80%, and 83.33%, respectively, while that for capnography were found to be 96.43%, 100%, 100%, and 78.57%, respectively. The kappa value was calculated to be 0.749, which suggested the degree of agreement of result between the methods to be good. Compared to capnography, ultrasonography was found to be significantly faster for the confirmation of endotracheal tube location by 16.36 s (15.70–17.02) ( P = 0.011). Conclusion: Both waveform capnography and ultrasonography were found to be accurate and reliable in confirming endotracheal tube location. The use of ultrasound during intubation can help confirm endotracheal tube location faster and also aid in precision when used along with capnography. Manual bag ventilations are not necessary when confirming endotracheal tube position by ultrasonography and thus may help in preventing aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs of the patient.","PeriodicalId":45466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ultrasound","volume":" 92","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135191927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal Ultrasound Diagnosis of Unilateral Pulmonary Agenesis","authors":"Eduardo Reyna-Villasmil, Liliana Briceño-Sanabria, Juan Carlos Briceño-Sanabria, Carlos Briceño-Pérez","doi":"10.4103/jmu.jmu_24_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jmu.jmu_24_23","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pulmonary agenesis (PA) is a rare developmental malformation, with a frequency of approximately 1 in 10–15,000 pregnancies. Unilateral PA is often associated with other congenital anomalies, whereas bilateral PA is fatal. Prenatal diagnosis is rare and is diagnosed more frequently in the postnatal period than in the prenatal period. Is a challenge that may be difficult as it shares similar features with other more common pathologies. Ultrasound plays a crucial role in early diagnosis and management. Ultrasonographic findings for a correct prenatal diagnosis include mediastinum displacement with the absence of parenchymal or cystic tissue, decreased thoracic volume, an elevated diaphragm, cardiac axis deviation, and a hemithoracic cavity largely occupied by the heart. Cases of right PA have a worse prognosis compared to left PA, probably due to higher frequency of cardiac and great vessel abnormalities. A rare case of early prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of unilateral fetal PA, at 18 weeks of gestation, is reported.","PeriodicalId":45466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ultrasound","volume":"26 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135874380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 36-year-old Man with Right Dorsal Ankle Pain","authors":"Ke-Vin Chang, Wei-Ting Wu, Levent Özçakar","doi":"10.4103/jmu.jmu_61_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jmu.jmu_61_23","url":null,"abstract":"SECTION 1 – QUIZ CASE A 36-year-old man experienced pain in the dorsal area of his right foot after being struck by a stone 2 weeks ago. Initially, there had been visible bruising, which was absent by the time he visited the ultrasound examination room. However, the swelling was still present on the dorsal side of his right foot. There was not any instability of the ankle. The ultrasound (US) transducer was placed on the dorsal side of his right foot [Figure 1a] and gradually moved to the plantar surface [Figure 1b]. US image of the unaffected/asymptomatic side is given in Figure 2. Based on these findings, what is your suggestive diagnosis?Figure 1: Ultrasound imaging of the right anterolateral (a) and inferolateral (b) ankle. Black arrowheads, the lateral root of the inferior extensor retinaculum; black arrow, the intermediate root of the inferior extensor retinaculum; white arrowheads, the medial root of the inferior extensor retinaculum. T: Talus, C: Calcaneus, EDL: Extensor digitorum longus tendonFigure 2: Ultrasound imaging of the left inferolateral ankle. Black arrowheads, the lateral root of the inferior extensor retinaculum; white arrowheads, the medial root of the inferior extensor retinaculum. T: Talus, EDL: Extensor digitorum longus tendonDeclaration of patient consent The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patient has given his consent for his images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patient understands that his name and initials will not be published, and due efforts will be made to conceal his identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed. Financial support and sponsorship This work was funded by the National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 106-2314-B-002-180-MY3 and 109-2314-B-002-114-MY3); and the Taiwan Society of Ultrasound in Medicine. Conflicts of interest Dr. Ke-Vin Chang, an editorial board member at the Journal of Medical Ultrasound, had no role in the peer-review process or decision to publish this article. The other authors declared no conflicts of interest in writing this article.","PeriodicalId":45466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ultrasound","volume":"26 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135874382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 36-year-old Man with Right Dorsal Ankle Pain – Ultrasound Examination for Inferior Extensor Retinaculum Injury","authors":"Ke-Vin Chang, Wei-Ting Wu, Levent Özçakar","doi":"10.4103/jmu.jmu_62_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jmu.jmu_62_23","url":null,"abstract":"SECTION 2 – ANSWER CASE A 36-year-old man experienced pain in the dorsal area of his right foot after being struck by a stone 2 weeks ago. Initially, there had been visible bruising which was absent by the time he visited the ultrasound (US) examination room. However, the swelling was still present on the dorsal side of his right foot. There was not any instability of the ankle. The US transducer was placed on the dorsal side of his right foot [Figure 1a] and gradually moved to the plantar surface [Figure 1b]. US image of the unaffected/asymptomatic side is given in Figure 2. Based on these findings, what is your suggestive diagnosis?Figure 1: Ultrasound imaging of the right anterolateral (a) and inferolateral (b) ankle. Black arrowheads: Lateral root of the inferior extensor retinaculum, black arrow: Intermediate root of the inferior extensor retinaculum, white arrowheads: Medial root of the inferior extensor retinaculum, T: Talus, C: Calcaneus, EDL: Extensor digitorum longus tendonFigure 2: Ultrasound imaging of the left inferolateral ankle. Black arrowheads: Lateral root of the inferior extensor retinaculum, black arrowheads: Intermediate root of the inferior extensor retinaculum, white arrowheads: Medial root of the inferior extensor retinaculum, T: talus, EDL: Extensor digitorum longus tendonINTERPRETATION In this case, US examination of the right ankle revealed normal anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. However, the inferior extensor retinaculum appeared thickened and showed a loss of fibrillary patterns, particularly in its lateral root [Figure 1]. The extensor digitorum longus tendon seemed to be normal. Herewith, the left inferior extensor retinaculum maintained its fibrillary pattern and was thinner compared to the right side [Figure 2]. The diagnosis of an inferior extensor retinaculum injury was confirmed. Subsequently, the patient underwent physical therapy, including US diathermy and transcutaneous electrical stimulation. After 1 month of treatment, the patient’s pain subsided. As the patient experienced substantial symptom improvement after treatment, a follow-up US examination for the affected ankle was not scheduled. DISCUSSION The ankle region harbors three main retinacula. The anterior retinaculum covers the anterior aspect of the ankle and consists of the superior and inferior extensor retinacula.[1] The lateral aspect of the ankle is protected by the superior and inferior peroneal retinacula, while the medial ankle is reinforced by the flexor retinaculum. These retinacula are thickened extensions of the crural fascia, a connective tissue that surrounds the muscles of the lower leg. Their primary function is to stabilize the tendons of the ankle and foot. Since the anterior aspect of the ankle is more susceptible to traumatic injuries, pathologies involving the superior and inferior extensor retinacula are theoretically more common as compared to the flexor and peroneal retinacula. In this particular case, the ","PeriodicalId":45466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ultrasound","volume":"26 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135874383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Male Patient with Severe Pain in the Right Hypochondrium","authors":"Rohit Ravindra Joat, Suresh Vasant Phatak, Azhar Shoaib Shaikh, Gajanan K. Wattamwar, Ganesh S. Narwane","doi":"10.4103/jmu.jmu_92_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jmu.jmu_92_23","url":null,"abstract":"SECTION 2 – ANSWER Case A 45-year-old nondiabetic male presented with complaints of pain in the right hypochondrium for 6 months, which was aggravated in the last 10 days. There was no history of trauma. Ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) evaluation of the abdomen was performed [Figures 1-3].Figure 1: Grayscale ultrasonography image of the liver and gallbladder showing multiple calculi in the lumen of the gallbladder which shows posterior acoustic shadowingFigure 2: Grayscale ultrasound image showing the defect in the wall of gallbladder (sonographic hole sign)Figure 3: Computed tomography image showing defect in the gallbladder wall (sonographic hole sign) and pericholecystic collectionInterpretation Ultrasound and CT images of the abdomen showed a defect in the wall of the gallbladder with pericholecystic fluid collection [Figures 2 and 3]. Hence, the diagnosis, here, is gallbladder perforation. Furthermore, we can see a hyperechoic focus in the lumen of the gallbladder showing posterior acoustic shadowing [Figure 1], which is consistent with the diagnosis of cholelithiasis. Perforation of the gallbladder is a rare entity with devastating consequences and risk to life. Various causes of perforation include idiopathic, traumatic, iatrogenic, cholelithiasis, infections, steroid use, and uncontrolled diabetes. These patients are predisposed to this condition.[1] Patients with gallbladder perforation present with acute pain without any known cause. The pain is usually starts in the right hypochondrium and then spreads to whole of the abdomen. The pain aggravates on movement and relieved by rest. The patient also has tenderness, rigidity, and guarding which are also the signs of peritonitis. Other symptoms with which patient can present include nausea and vomiting. Spectrum of ultrasound finding includes gallbladder distension, pericholecystic fluid, and sonographic hole sign which has a very high specificity for diagnosis.[2] CT is considered a superior modality than ultrasound due to its ability to show focal wall defect. It also shows extraluminal gallstones as well as Mercedes-Benz sign (gas within gallstones) along with location and extent of abscess due to perforation.[3] Declaration of patient consent The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patient has given his consent for his images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patient understands that his name and the initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal the identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.","PeriodicalId":45466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ultrasound","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}