East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal最新文献

{"title":"Red Star over Medicine: Redefining Doctor-Patient Relationship in Early CPC History (1930s–1960s)","authors":"Shao Dan","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2021.1971369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2021.1971369","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract How did the Communist Party of China (CPC) redefine the social and political roles of medicine and doctors as it developed from an illegitimate or minority party to the ruling political power? From the 1930s to the 1960s, decades replete with ideological shifts, political upheavals and wars, the formula CPC developed for its anti-imperial movements and state-building enterprise changed not only the political and economic fundaments of China’s statehood, but also people’s perception of physician-state-patient relationship. The article will start with a medical dispute that signifies a nostalgic idealization of doctors’ social roles in the 21st century. Following an overview of the major shifts in medical regulations that define doctors’ roles in the early ROC and the CPC regimes, the discussion then highlights three interrelated elements in CPC’s wartime medical experiences: an extremely high standard of morality for medical practitioners; de-commodification of medical services; and mobilization of medical practitioners to support the CPC’s political agenda. The CPC’s wartime medical experiences at the regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive levels are essential to our understanding of the institutionalization of medicine in the early PRC and the changing physician-state-patient relationship in contemporary China.","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"170 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89947495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Unchallengeable Value: Foreign Physicians, Chinese Medical Elites, and Normalizing Masks in Semi-Colonial China","authors":"Meng Zhang","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2021.2015122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2021.2015122","url":null,"abstract":"During the 1910–11 Great Manchurian Plague, which caused as many as 60,000 deaths within the space of a few months, face masks made of two layers of gauze and a cotton pad were introduced as standard protocol to protect physicians from inhaling airborne contagions (Lynteris 2018; Zhang 2021). After being appointed the top official of the NorthManchurian Plague Prevention Service (Dongsansheng fangyi shiwu zongchu東 三省防疫事務總處), Wu Liande (Wu Lien-Teh) 伍連德 (1879–1960) realized the importance of wearing a mask in plague prevention services could not be overstated. However, he and other physicians who shared the same commitment to the efficacy of masks also admitted that “it will be very difficult to enforce the wearing of masks” among “untrained laymen,” because for people with little knowledge of infectious diseases, the wearing of a mask “may appear ridiculous or uncalled for” (Wu 1926: 399, 398). Therefore, making indigenous people without medical training utilize a medical device properly became a long-lasting issue that confounded public health promoters in modern China. To further complicate matters, China was semi-colonized, divided into multiple regions by different foreign powers from the late Qing Dynasty through the Republican period (1912–1949). Because of this large and diverse foreign influence, studying all cases of foreign presence is beyond the scope of the paper. This study,","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"86 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91342053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"News and Events","authors":"W. Kuo","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2022.2032931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2022.2032931","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Pinch was a precious resource for East Asian STS. Before serving as an advisory editor to EASTS, a role he took on at our inception, Trevor had traveled to East Asia and lectured to STS communities in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. These connections also led to his supervising several East Asian graduate students at Cornell, the university where he worked for over thirty years. Being a researcher who was not an East Asia specialist, EASTS benefitted greatly from Trevor’s generous and straightforward sharing of his views on STS. This memorial essay was initiated by three of Professor Pinch’s students—EASTS editor Honghong Tinn, Eunjeong Ma, and Hannah Rogers, who contributes the major part of this review of his career. He will be remembered not only for his ground-breaking work but also his enthusiasm for living a meaningful STS life, which he so amply demonstrated to us. — EASTS Editorial Office","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"130 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85864192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sarah Ferber, Nicola J. Marks, and Vera Mackie, IVF and Assisted Reproduction: A Global History","authors":"Yukari Semba","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2021.1990541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2021.1990541","url":null,"abstract":"In 1978, two of the world’s first IVF (in vitro fertilization) babies were born in the UK and India. The first of these two revolutionary outcomes was achieved by Patrick Steptoe, Robert Edwards, and Jean Purdy in the UK; the baby, Louise Brown, was born on 25 July. Their names are well known worldwide because the news was reported so enthusiastically around the globe. However, how many people know Subhas Mukerji and his colleagues Sunit Mukherjee and Saroj Kanti Bhattacharya, who are responsible for the world’s second IVF baby, or the baby’s name, Kanupriya Agarwal, who was born in India only three months after Louise? The 1978 IVF birth in India was not widely recognized until 1997 (52). IVF and Assisted Reproduction: A Global History presents the transnational history of IVF and assisted reproduction (AR), including how IVF was achieved, what new assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been produced from IVF, and what issues have arisen after the advent of these technologies. The book consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1, “IVF and Assisted Reproduction: Global Visions, Local Stories,” provides an introduction and outline of the book. Chapter 2, “Towards the Two 1978 Births,” is a pre-1978 history of IVF. IVF is now a popular and standard medical technology for human reproduction. However, the history of ART is not a very long one. Before the 1940s, no one knew what an early human embryo looked like (34). In this chapter, the authors focus mainly on the world’s first two successful IVF births, and they examine how the paths towards IVF were shaped by a range of conditions outside the laboratory and hospital, as well as the local and global political, economic, and socio-cultural conditions that influenced where and how IVF research occurred (38). It is interesting that the authors see “professional hostility” as one of the key elements in the social recognition of ART. Steptoe, Edwards, and Purdy of the British team were recognized as leaders in the research field; they respected communication with other researchers and scientists in their","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"518 1","pages":"148 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77161981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About the Cover","authors":"Shuaidan Chang, Hsien-Yu Cheng, Chun-Teng Chu","doi":"10.1355/9789814345187-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814345187-001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"151 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84843202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charlotte-V Pollet, The Empty and the Full: Li Ye and the Way of Mathematics. Geometrical Procedures by Sections of Areas","authors":"A. Bréard","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2021.2020998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2021.2020998","url":null,"abstract":"The title of this book reminds me of a dish on the menu in one of my favorite restaurants: the “I cannot make up my mind plate.” It is a response to the problem of decision-making in the face of hunger and too many options to choose from. The author here has a similar problem: confronted with an interest in a large variety of aspects, no clear idea of which direction to head in emerges, and many imprecisions remain in the face of a self-made combinatorial chaos. By the end, the author has cooked up a book that “represents an intersection of the history of mathematics, a description of meditative techniques as described by cultural historians, and the philosophy of language” (xii). The object of study is, put simply, a Chinese mathematical book written in 1259 and published in 1282, the Yigu yanduan 益古演段 (translated as “Development of Pieces [of Areas] [according to] [the collection] Augmenting the Ancient [knowledge]”) by the Yuan dynasty mathematician Li Ye 李冶. Being a collection of sixty-four problems, accompanied with answers, solution procedures (both algebraic and geometrical), and many diagrams, it is the oldest extant text to use the Chinese algebraic method of the so-called “celestial unknown” (tian yuan 天元) to solve problems of the second degree, where also negative coefficients are admitted. All problems concern a kind of configuration of a square and a circular field, inscribed one into the other or intersecting each other in various ways. The basic assumption that the author makes is that Li Ye’s book—like any other—is untranslatable, that meaning lies not in discourse but in the non-discursive parts: the void between the lines, the structural organization of the book, and the two kinds of visual representations contained in it: one for the givens and the other for the coefficients of the polynomial corresponding to geometrical “pieces of areas.” In spite of this philosophical stance on untranslatability, the present study nevertheless does provide translations (literal and modern mathematical translations) of some","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"136 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84729912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some Elements of the Regime of Management of Irrelevance in Science","authors":"F. Neves","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2021.2013397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2021.2013397","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In contexts of scientific production deemed peripheral, knowledge produced is depicted in a condition of inferiority relative to that produced in other contexts; the daily practice of science is then guided by values and procedures, be they conscious or not, of peripheralization. This research note discusses the constitution, reproduction and generalization of peripheralization into what I call a regime of management of irrelevance in science: a scientific process with its own pragmatic and value content, whose elements will be presented in this work. These elements were identified during field research in laboratories and interviews with key interlocutors (research leaders) of biotechnology research teams in Brazil. What matters here is instead of taking the center/periphery dichotomy as an objective structure of the scientific system—a common approach in science and technology studies—it is shown as expecta-tions with practical repercussions.","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"30 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84107388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Between Art, Science, and Queer Ecology: A Conversation Between Kuang-Yi Ku and Liang-Kai Yu","authors":"Kuang-Yi Ku, Liang-Kai Yu","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2022.2035960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2022.2035960","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have witnessed the increasing collaboration between science and visual art/design projects. Kuang-Yi Ku, a Taiwanese artist based in the Netherlands whose artistic practice that converges art, design, and biotechnology is a case in point. Ku ’ s works often deal with the human body, sexuality, interspecies interactions, and medical technology that aim to investigate the relationships among technology, individuals, and the environment. Based on Ku ’ s practices in and observations on the expanded fi eld of “ Art and Science Collaboration ” , he converses with Liang-Kai Yu, PhD researcher in radical museology and queer studies. Firstly, they begin with Ku ’ s speculative approach in bio-art/design that mobilizes not only visual languages in arts but also biomedical technology. Of interest here is whether the future orientation of a speculative approach in art/design could not only stimulate imaginations but also trouble the linear notion towards the future. Secondly, Ku and Yu re fl ect on the increasing demand for social and ecological goals requested by science-based artist residencies and open calls in Europe. This institutional phenomenon concerns the functionality of art and remains a debated subject. Thirdly, they discuss the shared concerns between bio-art/design and STS studies and consider how both fi elds could bene fi t from each other. Finally, the conversation moves back to Ku ’ s bio-artistic projects with a focus on reproductive technology as well as the cross-species future. They address Ku ’ s recent projects such as “ Grandma Mom ” (2021) that questions the patriarchal regime within the medical fi eld and the ongoing “ Queer Termite Project ” that speculates an inter-species architecture in which humans and termites reciprocate one another.","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"124 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84402165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Hwangsa to COVID-19: The Rise of Mass Masking in South Korea","authors":"Heewon Kim, Hyungsub Choi","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2021.2015124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2021.2015124","url":null,"abstract":"In the global response to the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, South Korea has often been hailed as one of the successful cases in containing the disease. Commentators within and outside the country have pointed to preemptive testing, aggressive contact tracing, and the well-organized health care system to treat the identified patients as effectivemeans to “flatten the curve” (You 2020). By June 2020, the South Korean government was confident enough to promote its practices (the so-called “3 T model” of test-trace-treat) as a “global standard” (Korea Times 2020). Based on the model, the country has maintained a relatively low level of new cases, albeit with intermittent spikes. In this paper, we focus on one particular aspect of the South Korean response to COVID-19, that of facial masks, which was an important component in the broader effort to ward off the disease. As in other East Asian contexts, the use of masks has been an entrenched feature in the public responses against infectious diseases since the early twentieth century. Rather than resorting to deep cultural reasons (Friedman 2020), however, we will focus on more recent precedents since the 2000s, during which the South Korean public was exposed to mass masking. During this period, the public awareness toward airborne pollutants (including “Asian dust [hwangsa]” and particulate matter, or PM) surged, to which facial masks were mobilized as a means of personal","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"97 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89239543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some Reflections on the History of Masked Societies in East Asia","authors":"Jaehwan Hyun, Akihisa Setoguchi, M. Brazelton","doi":"10.1080/18752160.2021.2015125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2021.2015125","url":null,"abstract":"The history of face masks has become a very popular topic in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for news reporters and public health experts. In mass media, history is spotlighted to find answers to the question “why do Asians wear masks” despite the lack of scientific evidence—which sociologist Mitsutoshi Horii, the author of Masks and the Japanese マスクと日本人 [Masuku to nihonjin], has been ceaselessly asked by journalists after the coronavirus outbreak (Horii 2020). The answer has been sought mainly in terms of cultural norms. BBC News explained that mask-wearing symbolizes politeness in Asian countries, while The New York Times found the prevalent mask-wearing in Asia over the West from “Asia’s collectivism” (Breeden et al. 2020; Wong 2020). A short commentary written by Chinese scholars at the University of Oxford that appeared in The Lancet followed the cultural norm thesis, claiming that Asia’s societal and cultural paradigm supports mask-usage hygienic practices without any empirical evidence (Feng et al. 2020). Practical reasons are suggested as well. In contrast to the “West,” Asian people have gone through frequent epidemic outbreaks, such as the 2002–2004 SARS crisis, so that they find it more acceptable to cover their faces (Jennings 2020). While sharing the questions addressed by mass media, medical professionals use mask history in more didactic ways. After national and international quarantine authorities reconsidered the role of mass masking in preventing community transmission in the early summer of 2020, they began to cite the long history of mask usage to halt the spread of epidemics—despite a lack of scientific understanding—and suggest that it is still a “simple but powerful tool to help combat” the coronavirus (Issacs 2020; Matuschek et al. 2020; Ike et al. 2021). In this narrative, the Manchurian Plague of 1910–1911 is","PeriodicalId":45255,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Science Technology and Society-An International Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"108 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85182192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}