Pediatric Reports最新文献

{"title":"The Gollop-Wolfgang Complex: A Case Report.","authors":"Jun-Bum Kim, Byung-Ryul Lee, Jong-Seok Park, Chang-Hwa Hong, Sai-Won Kwon, Woo-Jong Kim, Soon-Do Wang, Dong-Woo Lee, Kyeung-Min Nam, Ki-Jin Jung","doi":"10.3390/pediatric17020047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The Gollop-Wolfgang complex is a rare congenital limb deformity characterized by a bifid femur, tibial hemimelia, and ectrodactyly of the hand. First described in 1980, fewer than 200 cases have been reported globally, with an estimated incidence of 1:1,000,000 live births. <b>Case Presentation</b>: We report a 2-month-old female infant with classic features of the Gollop-Wolfgang complex, including a left bifid femur, complete absence of the left tibia, and contralateral tetradactyly. A clinical examination revealed significant limb length discrepancy, knee instability, equinovarus foot deformity, and skeletal abnormalities confirmed by imaging studies. Extensive investigations, including echocardiography and genetic testing, excluded systemic anomalies and identified non-pathogenic variants in the Collagen Type XI Alpha 2 (COL11A2) and EVC2 genes. A surgical resection of the bifid femur was performed. <b>Results</b>: This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach in managing the Gollop-Wolfgang complex. While our case presented with typical features, subtle variations highlight the phenotypic spectrum of the condition. The combination of tibial hemimelia and bifid femur frequently necessitates knee disarticulation due to the absence of a viable tibial anlage, while limb salvage techniques remain challenging. A genetic evaluation identified variants of uncertain significance in the COL11A2 and EVC2 genes, indicating that the genetic basis of the condition is not fully understood. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings emphasize the need for continued genetic research to clarify the etiology of the Gollop-Wolfgang complex and to improve treatment strategies, particularly in refining surgical approaches and exploring new therapeutic options.</p>","PeriodicalId":45251,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Reports","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030042/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Cognitive and Motor Training Improves Reading, Writing and Motor Coordination in Dyslexic Children.","authors":"Amal Ben Dhia, Maria-Pia Bucci, Chokri Naffeti, Helmi Ben Saad, Omar Hammouda, Tarak Driss","doi":"10.3390/pediatric17020046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Different strategies were proposed to enhance dyslexic children's performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined cognitive and motor training on reading, writing, and motor coordination in dyslexic children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-four children with dyslexia (9.33 ± 0.48 years) were randomly allocated to either a Control (CG, 9.25 ± 0.45 years, n = 12) or a Trained Group (TG, 9.42 ± 0.51 years, n = 12). The intervention lasted eight weeks with a pre/post measurement (Δ) design in each group. It consisted of a combined cognitive and motor program composed of two 45 min sessions per week in TG. Reading and writing capabilities were measured using the word reading task based on the French battery (BALE) and the word dictation task, inspired by the ODÉDYS-2 French battery, respectively. The visuospatial orientation and the upper limb coordination parameters were evaluated using the Judgment of Line Orientation Test and Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency, second edition, short form test, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures showed no significant difference between CG and TG in pre-intervention in all tests. Reading (<i>p</i> < 0.001, d = 1.19, Δ% = 15.07) and writing (<i>p</i> < 0.001, d = 1.13, Δ% = 19.69) scores increased significantly at post-compared to preintervention in the TG group. Comparable results were obtained in the visuospatial orientation (<i>p</i> < 0.001, d = 0.97, Δ% = 63.50) and the upper limb coordination (<i>p</i> < 0.001, d = 0.69, Δ% = 110.42) scores. No significant change was observed in CG comparing pre/post-intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A combined cognitive and motor training program could allow better cerebellar integration, leading to the improvement in reading, writing, and motor abilities in children with dyslexia. Further studies on a larger number of dyslexic children will be necessary to explore such issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":45251,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Reports","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Penguin Study: A Randomised, Double-Blinded, Equivalence Trial on the Safety and Suitability of an Infant Formula with Partially Hydrolysed 100% Whey Protein.","authors":"Lindsey Otten, Antonia Nomayo, Caroline Gunn, Maher Fuad, Barbara Kuhn-Sherlock, Sophie Gallier, Elisabeth Schelker, Janine Foster, Frank Jochum","doi":"10.3390/pediatric17020045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> This study aimed to demonstrate the safety and suitability of an infant formula manufactured from partially hydrolysed whey protein (PHF) compared to standard formula manufactured from intact cow's milk proteins (IPF; whey-casein ratio, 60:40) in healthy term infants. <b>Methods:</b> This multicentre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial included infants of mothers who intended to exclusively formula feed. Infants ≤ 28 days of age received PHF or IPF for at least 90 and up to 180 days. A group of exclusively breastfed infants was included for reference. The safety evaluation consisted of an equivalence analysis of weight gain within +/-3 g/d after 90 days, further growth parameters, and adverse events. <b>Results:</b> Of the 249 infants randomised, 143 (76 IPF; 67 PHF), as well as 45 breastfed infants, completed the study per protocol. The mean difference in daily weight gain between the formula groups was within the equivalence margins (-2.4 g/d (95% CI 0.3-4.5)) with estimated means (SEM) of 34.9 (0.78) g/d (IPF) and 32.5 (0.76) g/d (PHF). No significant differences in weight gain, length, and head circumference or in the number, severity, or type of adverse events were observed. Comparable growth patterns were observed in the breastfed group. <b>Conclusions:</b> The PHF is safe and supports adequate infant growth with a daily weight gain non-inferior to a standard IPF.</p>","PeriodicalId":45251,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Reports","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030296/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144045202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Pediatric Chest Compressions: A Randomized Crossover Simulation Trial of Over-the-Head vs. Lateral Techniques.","authors":"Malgorzata Kietlinska, Wojciech Wieczorek, Michal Pruc, Lukasz Szarpak, Grazyna Nowak-Starz, Wojciech Flieger, Burak Katipoglu, Monika Tomaszewska","doi":"10.3390/pediatric17020044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Pediatric cardiac arrest poses considerable obstacles, with survival rates markedly inferior to those of adults. Effective chest compressions are essential for enhancing outcomes; nevertheless, the ideal rescuer attitude is still ambiguous. This study sought to compare the efficacy of lateral (LAT) and over-the-head (OTH) chest compression techniques in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and to ascertain whether OTH presents a viable alternative to the conventional LAT method by assessing compression quality, rescuer fatigue, and ergonomics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A randomized crossover simulation study was conducted in a high-fidelity medical simulation facility. Thirty-five medical students executed 2 min cycles of chest compressions with both LAT and OTH techniques, interspersed with a 15 min rest period between sessions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>OTH showed a tendency for enhanced overall performance (72.94 vs. 64.46; <i>p</i> = 0.08), while the differences lacked statistical significance. The compression rate was somewhat elevated with OTH (116.94 compared to 114.57; <i>p</i> = 0.31). We assessed LAT as somewhat less challenging (4.37 vs. 3.91; <i>p</i> = 0.17) and found less fatigue (4.83 vs. 4.40; <i>p</i> = 0.24). Male rescuers and individuals with elevated BMI attained larger compression depths. Age was negatively connected with the ease and efficiency of compressions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although no statistically significant differences were detected, OTH demonstrated potential for enhanced performance. The anthropometrics of rescuers affected the quality of CPR, highlighting the necessity for tailored training methods. Future investigations should examine the long-term viability of OTH in clinical and pre-hospital environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":45251,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Reports","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030287/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144029584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental Knowledge of Breastfeeding and Nutrition: Influence on Oral Health and Self-Reported Early Childhood Caries in Preschool Children in Croatia.","authors":"Marija Badrov, Marija Matijević, Antonija Tadin","doi":"10.3390/pediatric17020043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Aim:</i> Parents' knowledge of oral health plays a key role in shaping their children's habits and preventing early childhood caries, particularly through breastfeeding and nutrition. This study aimed to assess parents' knowledge of how dietary habits affect both oral health and early childhood caries rates. <i>Materials and methods:</i> An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 595 parents of children aged 3 to 6 years old using a self-structured questionnaire. Sociodemographic data, the children's characteristics, breastfeeding practices, daily diet, the perceived effects of diet on orofacial health, and self-reported dental caries were recorded. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and regression models. <i>Results:</i> One-third of the children had dental caries (200/595). The prevalence of caries was significantly higher among children from rural areas (40.5%) compared to those from urban areas (31.1%) (<i>p</i> = 0.021) and in low-income families (72.7%) compared to middle-income (35.4%) and high-income (25.1%) families (<i>p</i> = 0.002). Breastfeeding duration, bottle feeding, and night feeding were not significantly associated with the occurrence of caries. Only 11.1% of parents recognized the role of extended breastfeeding on a child's demand over one year in promoting the development of tooth decay. Better knowledge was observed among parents with university degrees, in healthcare workers, and in parents with lower incomes (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <i>Conclusions:</i> Dental caries was prevalent, especially among children from rural areas and low-income families. Although there is no direct correlation between the duration of breastfeeding and dental caries, parental awareness of the preventive benefits of breastfeeding remains low. Education for parents about breastfeeding and nutrition's impact on oral health can have a substantial effect on preventing ECC. Educational efforts aimed at specific audiences are necessary to boost knowledge and advance preventive strategies. This study must recognize its limitations due to its dependence on self-reported caries data. Subsequent research must include clinical dental evaluations to achieve findings that are both dependable and factual.</p>","PeriodicalId":45251,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Reports","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subthreshold Autism and ADHD: A Brief Narrative Review for Frontline Clinicians.","authors":"Michael O Ogundele, Michael J S Morton","doi":"10.3390/pediatric17020042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Epidemiological studies have shown that neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more prevalent in the general childhood population, compared to cases that are formally diagnosed in clinical cohorts. This suggests that many children and youths have NDD which are never diagnosed clinically, causing impairments in some domains of their daily life. There is increasing recognition of the concept of a \"subthreshold\" condition, sometimes used to describe the presence of potentially impairing variations in the neurodevelopmental profile that do not meet criteria for a diagnosis. The aim of this narrative review is to appraise the published literature about common themes regarding subthreshold conditions in relation to autism and ADHD, identifying any practical lessons that may be applicable to frontline neurodevelopmental clinicians. <b>Methods:</b> We searched electronic databases including PMC and PubMed using various combinations of keywords, including \"Subthreshold\", \"subclinical\", \"neurodevelopmental\", \"childhood\", \"ADHD\" and \"ASD\". <b>Results:</b> The identified themes include definitions, prevalence, assessment tools, lifetime impairments, NDD classification models, management, raising public awareness, and future research directions. <b>Conclusions:</b> The authors propose that a \"subthreshold condition\" should be recorded when NDDs do not meet current diagnostic criteria if there is evidence of significant, persisting impairment in at least one setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":45251,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Reports","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Music Therapy on Neurodevelopment of Preterm Infants and Functional Improvement in Children with Neurological Deficits.","authors":"Filomeni Armakola, Eleni Potamiti, Anna Tsiakiri, Georgios Felekis, Georgia Tsakni, Athanasios Tsivgoulis, Christos Moschovos, Sotirios Giannopoulos, Vasiliki Georgousopoulou, Markos Sgantzos, Pinelopi Vlotinou","doi":"10.3390/pediatric17020041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effect of music therapy initiated during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization on the early neurodevelopment of infants and to evaluate its impact on functional improvements in children with neurological deficits. Numerous studies underscore the benefits of neurological music therapy (NMT) for treating various neurological conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review (SR) specifically includes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and draws from a comprehensive search of articles in the Scopus and MEDLINE databases. Eligible studies examined the effects of NMT on infants and children with central nervous system static lesions. Eighteen studies met all inclusion criteria, and the overall quality of the evidence was high.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>However, while NMT appears to be well-tolerated by most neonates and children and holds promise for enhancing functional and physiological development, its impact on specific biomarkers in neurological conditions remains underexplored. Further research is essential to clarify NMT's potential role in rehabilitation and to optimize therapeutic approaches for neurological support.</p>","PeriodicalId":45251,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Reports","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Behavioral and Sociodemographic Factors on Dental Caries in Mexican Children.","authors":"Ángel Pérez-Reyes, Julieta Sarai Becerra-Ruiz, Juan Manuel Guzmán-Flores","doi":"10.3390/pediatric17020040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Mexico, tooth decay is common among children and is on the rise. A strong relationship exists between behavioral, socioeconomic, demographic, and biological factors and the severity and development of dental caries.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study analyzed the risk factors contributing to dental caries in a Mexican pediatric population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study employed a cross-sectional design. One hundred fifty-one children were evaluated after providing their assent and the informed consent of their legal guardians. The study subjects recruited underwent dental assessments, dietary habits, and physical activity examinations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 36 children were classified as overweight or obese, while 121 children had a high quality of life related to oral health. Most of the children showed deficient eating and physical activity habits. Additionally, nearly half displayed severe dental carie lesions. The occurrence of caries was linked to both age and tooth brushing habits. The median of teeth with initial caries lesions was higher among female children. Furthermore, parental education was associated with the presence of fluorosis and the frequency of tooth brushing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study revealed deficient eating habits and a high prevalence of dental caries among children aged 6-12. Additionally, parents and guardians demonstrated insufficient knowledge about general oral health issues, the risk factors for caries, and their potential consequences, which means a need for both preventive and corrective treatments. This highlights the need for strategies focused on improving oral health care and prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":45251,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Reports","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030071/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Efficacy and Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents: Evaluating the Moderating Role of Socioeconomic Status and Cultural Factors.","authors":"Giulia Raimondi, James Dawe, Fabio Alivernini, Sara Manganelli, Pierluigi Diotaiuti, Laura Mandolesi, Michele Zacchilli, Fabio Lucidi, Elisa Cavicchiolo","doi":"10.3390/pediatric17020039","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pediatric17020039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Adolescence is a crucial developmental stage characterized by significant psychological and emotional changes. Within the school context, academic self-efficacy (ASE) influences students' emotional well-being, including positive and negative affective states. Research has shown that both ASE and emotional well-being are associated with socioeconomic status (SES) and immigrant background. This study aims to examine whether SES and immigrant background moderate the relationship between ASE and positive/negative affect among adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected from a representative sample of 26,564 10th-grade students in Italian schools. ASE, positive and negative affect, SES, and immigrant background were assessed through validated measures. Multigroup structural equation modeling (multigroup SEM) was conducted to test the moderating roles of SES (low, middle, high) and immigrant background (native, first-generation immigrant, second-generation immigrant) on the relationship between ASE and affective states.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated that ASE significantly predicted positive affect (β = 0.34, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and negative affect (β = -0.17, <i>p</i> < 0.001) across all groups. However, results indicated no significant differences in the ASE-emotional affect relationship across SES and immigrant background groups, indicating that neither SES nor immigrant background moderated these associations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings suggest that ASE is associated with both positive affect and negative affect in adolescents, irrespective of SES and immigrant background. This highlights the universal importance of fostering ASE in school settings to support emotional well-being across diverse demographic groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":45251,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Reports","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932233/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fathers Matter Too: Investigating Their Role with the P-CRS.","authors":"Alexandro Fortunato, Maria Quintigliano, Costanza Franchini, Marco Lauriola, Anna Maria Speranza","doi":"10.3390/pediatric17020038","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pediatric17020038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The development of children is shaped by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors, yet the role of fathers remains underrepresented in research. This study contributes to addressing this gap by examining paternal involvement through the Parent-Child Relationship Scale (P-CRS), an observational tool previously validated for mother-child interactions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The sample included 204 father-child dyads, with children aged 6 months to 5 years (mean age: 43.3 months), encompassing both clinical and non-clinical groups. Experienced clinicians conducted in vivo observations across 4-5 sessions, scoring interactions along three dimensions: parent, child, and interaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) validated the P-CRS's applicability to father-child relationships, confirming its psychometric robustness and alignment with the factors observed in mother-child dyads.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the unique and complementary role of fathers in shaping developmental trajectories and underscore the importance of incorporating fathers in parenting interventions and assessments. Additionally, they demonstrate the P-CRS's effectiveness in capturing the nuanced dynamics of early parent-child relationships. Future research should investigate longitudinal differences in parental roles and expand the P-CRS's application to diverse family structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":45251,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Reports","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}