Seismic Instruments最新文献

{"title":"Socio-Economic Consequences of the Spitak Earthquake","authors":"G. R. Petrosyan,&nbsp;A. M. Avetisyan,&nbsp;V. Yu. Burmin","doi":"10.3103/S0747923926600190","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S0747923926600190","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper describes the reasons for the destruction caused by Spitak earthquake (December 7, 1988) and its socioeconomic impacts on the population from the time of the disaster to the present. Study of the aftermath of devastating earthquakes helps both to prepare for future seismic disasters and to better understand how to cope with their consequences. The Spitak earthquake triggered changes in approaches to construction in seismically hazardous zones promoting new standards and technologies for earthquake-resistant construction to become a priority for many countries. The discussed issues are relevant and require thorough studies of preparatory work and seismic hazard assessment in the study area.</p>","PeriodicalId":45174,"journal":{"name":"Seismic Instruments","volume":"62 4","pages":"322 - 330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical Review of Classifications of Soil Conditions and Response Spectra in Foreign Buiding Codes for Earthquake-Resistant Construction for Developing Standardization in the Russian Federation","authors":"O. V. Pavlenko","doi":"10.3103/S0747923926600189","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S0747923926600189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article presents a brief overview of soil classifications and response spectra adopted in the building codes of the European Union and 15 other countries possessing seismically active regions, such as the United States, Japan, Australia and New Zealand, South Africa, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia, and China. The descriptions are based on regulatory documents, commentaries on standards, and scientific publications. The review indicated that classification of soil conditions and descriptions of response spectra in the Russian building codes SP14.13330.2018 significantly lag behind their foreign counterparts and do not provide necessary reliability of seismic motion assessments; also, an unreasonably wide range of <i>S</i>-wave velocities is defined for soils of category 2. To improve the situation, we suggest the following: (1) increase the number of soil categories in the building codes of Russian Federation to five main categories, including the category of soils with resonance properties, and two additional categories that require special investigations, and balance the ranges of <i>S</i>-wave velocities; (2) define two groups of response spectra for the main types of soils, for stronger and weaker earthquakes, as done in the Eurocodes; (3) include determination of predominant periods of vibrations of soil strata in studies of site conditions; (4) introduce corrections for topographic effects during construction in mountainous areas. These adjustments will not require substantial efforts, but will lead to a significant increase in the reliability of seismic motion assessments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45174,"journal":{"name":"Seismic Instruments","volume":"62 4","pages":"291 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing Railway Vibrations Isolation Barriers Using Frequency-Domain Numerical Modeling","authors":"A. V. Yablokov,&nbsp;A. S. Serdyukov,&nbsp;P. A. Dergach","doi":"10.3103/S0747923926600207","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S0747923926600207","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article presents the results of numerical modeling assessing the effectiveness of vibration barriers for protecting rail transport infrastructure elements, specifically tram tracks and subway tunnels, from vibrational impact. The study examines three types of structures: horizontal, vertical, and combined barriers made from stone wool, expanded polystyrene (EPS), and extruded polystyrene (XPS). The methodology is based on solving the elastodynamic equations in the frequency domain using a finite-difference scheme that accounts for the free surface and utilizes perfectly matched layers (PMLs). The results indicated that horizontal barriers are most effective when using XPS (up to 70% vibration reduction), but are susceptible to resonances at specific geometric dimensions. Vertical constructions exhibited a lower propensity for resonance phenomena, with an EPS vibration barrier demonstrating the potential for vibration reduction of up to 90%. Combined systems yielded the best performance, providing broadband protection (1–250 Hz) with an effectiveness of up to 97%. Key factors influencing effectiveness were identified as: material properties (durability, damping characteristics of stone wool, stiffness of XPS), geometry (width exceeding 0.6 m, depth exceeding 3 m), and frequency range. Practical recommendations include the use of horizontal barriers for high-frequency vibrations, vertical barriers for low-frequency vibrations, and combined structures for vibration protection across a broad frequency spectrum. The research opens prospects for the development of multilayered and nonstandard geometric solutions, as well as for conducting field tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":45174,"journal":{"name":"Seismic Instruments","volume":"62 4","pages":"331 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study of the Effectiveness of Vertical Vibration Barriers Made of Various Materials","authors":"P. A. Dergach,&nbsp;Ya. E. Begich,&nbsp;A. A. Belousov,&nbsp;A. I. Enikeev,&nbsp;S. V. Yaskevich,&nbsp;A. V. Yablokov","doi":"10.3103/S0747923926600177","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S0747923926600177","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article experimentally studies the effectiveness of trench vibration barriers for the protection of buildings and engineering objects from anthropogenic vibrations. We consider vibration barriers made of such materials as expanded clay and expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) polystyrene foam. Experiments are conducted in a frequency range from 1 to 450 Hz, corresponding to vibration sources of different types such as: railroad and road transportation, industrial plants, intensive construction works, etc. The average values of vibration suppression efficiency in the whole frequency range studied were 55, 67, and 72% for expanded clay, EPS and XPS, respectively. At the same time, XPS demonstrates greater resistance to deformations from lateral loads and appears to be a more promising material for long-term protection. The improved methodology of operational research of vibration barrier efficiency can be used for optimization of vibration protection of objects in different conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":45174,"journal":{"name":"Seismic Instruments","volume":"62 4","pages":"283 - 290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Geotechnical Effectiveness of Artificial Sand Cushions in Strengthening Foundation Soils under Saline Ground Conditions","authors":"V. A. Ismailov,&nbsp;E. M. Yadigarov,&nbsp;A. S. Khusomiddinov,&nbsp;M. Kadirov,&nbsp;M. Shanazarov,&nbsp;A. R. Rakhmatov,&nbsp;J. Sh. Bozorov,&nbsp;N. M. Mukhammadkulov","doi":"10.3103/S0747923926600128","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S0747923926600128","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study evaluates the geotechnical effectiveness of artificial sand cushions in strengthening the foundation soil of strip footings within the saline ground conditions of Nukus city. The research involves a comparative analysis between the natural state of the soil massif and scenarios utilizing fine, medium, and coarse-grained sand cushions. Numerical simulations were performed using the finite element method (FEM) within the “PLAXIS 3D FOUNDATION” software environment. The modeling process identified the distribution patterns of horizontal and vertical effective stresses, mean stress, mean effective stress, and deviatoric stress throughout the soil massif. The findings indicate that the application of artificial sand cushions leads to a reduction in induced stresses within the soil. Notably, a significant decrease in both horizontal and vertical effective stresses was observed with the use of coarse-grained sand cushions. Conversely, an increase in deviatoric stress values was recorded as the sand grain size increased. The results obtained hold substantial practical significance for enhancing foundation reliability, minimizing settlement, and selecting optimal geotechnical design solutions in regions characterized by saline soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":45174,"journal":{"name":"Seismic Instruments","volume":"62 3","pages":"221 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Modeling of Current Spreading in a Homogeneous Medium with an Electrically Conductive Vertical Inclusion","authors":"V. A. Novikov,&nbsp;V. N. Klyuchkin,&nbsp;V. I. Okunev,&nbsp;V. A. Zeigarnik","doi":"10.3103/S0747923926600153","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S0747923926600153","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The phenomenon of electromagnetic triggering of earthquakes was discovered more than 30 years ago as a result of a statistical analysis of the seismicity response of the geophysical sites of the Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences (Pamir); and the Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences (Northern Tien Shan), to artificial electrical impact by direct current pulses supplied to the crust through a grounded dipole. At the same time, according to estimates, the current density at the depth of regional earthquake sources of 5–10 km can be 10&lt;sup&gt;–8&lt;/sup&gt;–10&lt;sup&gt;–7&lt;/sup&gt; A/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. The physical mechanism by which such very weak currents trigger the earthquake’s source is still unclear. All results of laboratory experiments demonstrating the growth of acoustic emission (cracking) under electrical action on rock samples up to their destruction were obtained at a current density level greater than 1 A/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; however, due to the heterogeneous geoelectric structure of the crust, which includes vertical inclusions in the form of fluid-saturated faults with increased conductivity, with artificial electrical action on the environment, current can be concentrated in real faults. In order to determine the degree of possible current concentration in a model fault in the crust with a conductivity exceeding the conductivity of the host rocks by several orders of magnitude, calculations were carried out for the spread of current from a grounded dipole during field experiments in the Northern Tien Shan on electromagnetic sounding of the crust using the COMSOL Multiphysics© software package. It is shown that in the fault of the crust closest to the dipole, the current concentration increases by an order of magnitude. However, the calculation model does not take into account the possible anisotropy of the conductivity of rocks in the fault. At present, the influence of such anisotropy on the spread of current in the crust can only be established experimentally, and to study this influence, a laboratory setup for the physical modeling of electromagnetic soundings of the crust has been created. This article describes the physical model and the results of the first series of experiments by filling a fault with a material having isotropic properties. The results showed good agreement between the experimental and calculated data, which confirms the applicability of this model for subsequent experiments with fault fill having anisotropic electrical properties. In addition, it was shown that the current concentration in the fault increases with a decrease in the ratio of the width of the fault to its length. In a model narrow fault with a low value of this ratio and high conductivity of the filling material containing mineralized fluid, when the conductivity of this material exceeds the conductivity of the host medium by 50–100 times, the current concentration factor can reach values of 20–25. Howe","PeriodicalId":45174,"journal":{"name":"Seismic Instruments","volume":"62 3","pages":"254 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Seismodynamic Soil Vulnerability and Liquefaction Potential in a Landslide Area","authors":"V. A. Ismailov,&nbsp;N. M. Mukhammadkulov,&nbsp;J. Sh. Bozorov,&nbsp;A. S. Khusomiddinov,&nbsp;A. R. Rakhmatov,&nbsp;E. M. Yadigarov,&nbsp;Sh. I. Yodgorov,&nbsp;A. F. Mansurov,&nbsp;B. B. Khayriddinov,&nbsp;X. B. Isroilov","doi":"10.3103/S0747923926600104","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S0747923926600104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents an assessment of the seismodynamic vulnerability of soils and the potential for earthquake-induced liquefaction within the Upper-Turk landslide area based on microseismic investigations. Field measurements were conducted using ambient vibration (microtremor) recordings both within the landslide mass and in adjacent relatively stable zones. The analysis enabled the determination of key dynamic parameters, including the fundamental resonance frequency (<i>f</i>₀), the <i>H</i>/<i>V</i> spectral ratio amplitude (<i>A</i>₀), and the seismic vulnerability index (<i>K</i>_<i>g</i>), followed by a comparative evaluation of their spatial distribution. The results reveal a pronounced heterogeneity of dynamic soil properties within the landslide body, which is primarily associated with the presence of loosened, highly deformable materials and increased sensitivity to dynamic loading. Furthermore, the obtained microseismic results were compared with geodetic and satellite-based monitoring data, showing a strong consistency between independent observation methods. Such geotechnical conditions indicate a significant reduction in soil structural stability under seismic loading and an increased susceptibility to liquefaction processes. Based on the obtained results, dynamically weak and potentially hazardous zones were identified within the landslide mass, and a preliminary seismodynamic zoning of the study area was performed. The findings demonstrate that microseismic methods, particularly the HVSR technique, represent an effective tool for evaluating the dynamic behavior of soils, identifying zones of increased seismic hazard in landslide-prone areas, and assessing the likelihood of earthquake-induced liquefaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":45174,"journal":{"name":"Seismic Instruments","volume":"62 3","pages":"199 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the Macroanisotropy of the Electrical Resistivity of a Reservoir with a Direct-Action Sensor in a Well","authors":"Yu. A. Dashevsky,&nbsp;I. N. Yeltsov","doi":"10.3103/S074792392660013X","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S074792392660013X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A new method for direct measurement of a reservoir’s macroanisotropy coefficient, exposed by a well, using a direct current probe, has been developed. The measuring device consists of pairs of current and measuring point electrodes arranged on a nonconductive housing. A mathematical model of the device has been developed and implemented for scenario calculations and determining the probe’s design parameters. Key research methods employed include asymptotic analysis of boundary problem solutions and numerical modeling. The investigation has revealed the functional relationship between measured signals and the parameters of the geoelectric section. It has been found that the signals of tools with length ~0.8 m are uniquely related to the coefficient of macroanisotropy of the medium and are practically independent of the longitudinal conductivity of the reservoir. Specific probe lengths have been established at which the device functions as a direct-action sensor detecting the presence of an electrical macro-anisotropy when passing the tool along a well. It has been demonstrated that the measured signal is linked to the macro-anisotropy coefficient through a simple function and can be calibrated to represent the values of this parameter. The possibility of the tool calibration inside the well at passage of a known interval of isotropic reservoir has been identified. The results of experimental testing of the design solutions on the physical model, confirmed by the data of numerical modeling, are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":45174,"journal":{"name":"Seismic Instruments","volume":"62 3","pages":"234 - 240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specifics of Seismic Intensity Changes When Applying the DSM Method to Strengthen Construction Site Foundations","authors":"V. A. Ismailov,&nbsp;J. Sh. Bozorov,&nbsp;A. S. Khusomiddinov,&nbsp;E. M. Yadigarov,&nbsp;A. R. Rakhmatov,&nbsp;X. B. Isroilov,&nbsp;A. F. Mansurov,&nbsp;N. M. Muhammadqulov,&nbsp;M. M. Qodirov","doi":"10.3103/S0747923926600116","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S0747923926600116","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents the results of engineering–geological and geophysical investigations aimed at improving the seismic resistance of construction sites on collapsible loess-like soils. These soils, common in arid and semi-arid regions, are highly porous, structurally unstable, and prone to subsidence, especially under seismic loading. The study evaluates the effectiveness of Deep Soil Mixing (DSM), which strengthens soil by forming in-situ soil–cement columns. The research was conducted at a construction site in the Almazar district of Tashkent, where weak loess-like loams dominate. A total of 218 columns (1 m diameter, 21 m depth) were installed, forming a reinforced ground mass with improved stiffness and bearing capacity. As a result, soil density increased from 1.75 to 2.10 g/cm³, porosity decreased from 43% to 36%, and the deformation modulus rose from 5.5 to 35 MPa. Seismometric analysis using the H/V (Nakamura) method showed that the initial seismic intensity increment (+0.5) was reduced to zero after treatment. The site was classified as seismic category II with a design intensity of 8. The results confirm that DSM is an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective method for improving weak soils under seismic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":45174,"journal":{"name":"Seismic Instruments","volume":"62 3","pages":"213 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary Results of Measurements with a Laser Extensometer at Obninsk Obseravatory","authors":"V. Yu. Timofeev,&nbsp;Yu. N. Fomin,&nbsp;S. V. Panov,&nbsp;Yu. A. Vinogradov,&nbsp;A. V. Timofeev,&nbsp;D. G. Ardyukov,&nbsp;V. M. Semibalamut,&nbsp;P. G. Butyrin,&nbsp;A. Yu. Rybushkin","doi":"10.3103/S0747923926600165","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S0747923926600165","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Current strain analysis for Obninsk observatory are presented. An extension rate of 5 × 10^-9/y was recorded for the central part of European Russia using satellite geodesy. Preliminary results for a new laser extensometer installed in the Obninsk underground gallery (55.12° N, 36.59° E) are presented. The instrument with a 36 m base was an installed at depth of 30 m, along latitude and longitude. In this case, both seismic waves from earthquakes, tidal strain, and long-period signals associated with tectonic processes are recorded. Original strain data presented for July–September 2024 year period. Analysis of record noise is developed. Microseismic waves with periods from 10 to 50 s are presented. The long-period part with periods from 18 to 38 and 291 h connected with meteorological effects. Noise influence was excepted and for tidal analysis of difference strain a 70-day record are used. The Shida tidal parameter is studied. As a result of the study, it is shown that old results by measurements with gravimeters, tube-extensometers, and tiltmeters are related to old elastic tidal models. Our new results show accordance with DDW99 Earth tidal model with viscosity-elastic mantle.</p>","PeriodicalId":45174,"journal":{"name":"Seismic Instruments","volume":"62 3","pages":"268 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}