Pneumonia最新文献

{"title":"Mixed pulmonary infection with four isolates of nontuberculous mycobacteria: a case report of mycobacterium bacteremicum infection.","authors":"Morteza Masoumi,&nbsp;Fatemeh Sakhaee,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Zolfaghari,&nbsp;Samira Tarashi,&nbsp;Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani,&nbsp;Farzam Vaziri,&nbsp;Seyed Davar Siadat,&nbsp;Abolfazl Fateh","doi":"10.1186/s41479-022-00100-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-022-00100-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A mixed pulmonary infection of Mycobacterium bacteremicum and three different isolates of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is an unusual clinical manifestation and have not yet been indicated. In this case report, we reported four isolates of NTM using phenotypic and genotypic test of pulmonary sample in Tehran, Iran.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We report a case of severe pulmonary disease in a 19-year-old male patient with productive cough, shortness of breath, and low-grade fever for several weeks. The C-reactive protein (CRP) level (80.2 mg/L) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (95 mm/h) were high. The computed tomographic scan indicated bronchiectasis, nodular opacities, consolidation, and cavitary lesions on both sides. The result of purified protein derivative (PPD) test was equal to 15 mm. The sequences of hsp65, rpoB, and 16S rDNA genes indicated more than 99% homology to four isolates of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), including Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. mucogenicum, and M. bacteremicum. We found that all four strains were susceptible to amikacin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, imipenem, and linezolid. The patient was treated with ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, and amikacin, along with Montelukast, for five months.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We report a case of severe pulmonary infection by four isolates of NTM. After treatment, the patient reported complete resolution of the signs and a weight gain of 5 kg; also, the CRP and ESR were normal. Nine months after the infection diagnosis, a new CT scan revealed further improvements.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":" ","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9636635/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40466954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The remarkable history of pneumococcal vaccination: an ongoing challenge.","authors":"Daniel M Musher,&nbsp;Ronald Anderson,&nbsp;Charles Feldman","doi":"10.1186/s41479-022-00097-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-022-00097-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although it varies with age and geographical distribution, the global burden of infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains considerable. The elderly, and younger adults with comorbid conditions, are at particularly high risk of pneumococcal infection, and this risk will increase as the population ages. Vaccination should be the backbone of our current strategies to deal with this infection.Main body: This manuscript reviews the history of the development of pneumococcal vaccines, and the impact of different vaccines and vaccination strategies over the past 111 years. It documents the early years of vaccine development in the gold mines of South Africa, when vaccination with killed pneumococci was shown to be effective, even before the recognition that different pneumococci were antigenically distinct. The development of type-specific vaccines, still with whole killed pneumococci, showed a high degree of efficacy. The identification of the importance of the pneumococcal capsule heralded the era of vaccination with capsular polysaccharides, although with the advent of penicillin, interest in pneumococcal vaccine development waned. The efforts of Austrian and his colleagues, who documented that despite penicillin therapy, patients still died from pneumococcal infection in the first 96 h, ultimately led to the licensing first of a 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide in 1977 followed by the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide in 1983. The principal problem with these, as with other polysaccharide vaccines, was that that they failed to immunize infants and toddlers, who were at highest risk for pneumococcal disease. This was overcome by chemical linking or conjugation of the polysaccharide molecules to an immunogenic carrier protein. Thus began the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), starting with PCV7, progressing to PCV10 and PCV13, and, most recently, PCV15 and PCV20. However, these vaccines remain serotype specific, posing the challenge of new serotypes replacing vaccine types. Current research addresses serotype-independent vaccines which, so far, has been a challenging and elusive endeavor.Conclusion: While there has been enormous progress in the development of pneumococcal vaccines during the past century, attempts to develop a vaccine that will retain its efficacy for most pneumococcal serotypes are ongoing.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":" ","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9509586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33480520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additional effect of azithromycin over β-lactam alone for severe community-acquired pneumonia-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Jun Suzuki,&nbsp;Yusuke Sasabuchi,&nbsp;Shuji Hatakeyama,&nbsp;Hiroki Matsui,&nbsp;Teppei Sasahara,&nbsp;Yuji Morisawa,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Yamada,&nbsp;Kiyohide Fushimi,&nbsp;Hideo Yasunaga","doi":"10.1186/s41479-021-00093-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-021-00093-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although previous studies have suggested that macrolide therapy is beneficial for ARDS, its benefit for severe CAP-associated ARDS remains uncertain. Previous studies were limited in that they had a small sample size and included patients with non-pulmonary ARDS and those with pulmonary ARDS. This study aimed to investigate the additional effect of azithromycin when used with β-lactam compared with the effect of β-lactam alone in mechanically ventilated patients with CAP-associated ARDS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We identified mechanically ventilated patients with CAP-associated ARDS between July 2010 and March 2015 using data in the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, a Japanese nationwide inpatient database. We performed propensity score matching analysis to assess 28-day mortality and in-hospital mortality in mechanically ventilated patients with CAP-associated ARDS who received β-lactam with and without azithromycin within hospital 2 days after admission. The inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis was also conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eligible patients (n = 1257) were divided into the azithromycin group (n = 226) and the control group (n = 1031). The one-to-four propensity score matching analysis included 139 azithromycin users and 556 non-users. No significant difference was observed between the groups with respect to 28-day mortality (34.5% vs. 37.6%, p = 0.556) or in-hospital mortality (46.0% vs. 49.1%, p = 0.569). The inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis showed similar results.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Compared with treatment with β-lactam alone, treatment with azithromycin plus β-lactam had no significant additional effect on 28-day mortality or in-hospital mortality in mechanically ventilated patients with CAP-associated ARDS. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to determine the effect of azithromycin in mechanically ventilated patients with CAP-associated ARDS.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8744237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39808572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19: possible mechanisms and therapeutic management.","authors":"Anolin Aslan,&nbsp;Cynthia Aslan,&nbsp;Naime Majidi Zolbanin,&nbsp;Reza Jafari","doi":"10.1186/s41479-021-00092-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-021-00092-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COVID-19 pandemic is a serious concern in the new era. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and lung failure are the main lung diseases in COVID-19 patients. Even though COVID-19 vaccinations are available now, there is still an urgent need to find potential treatments to ease the effects of COVID-19 on already sick patients. Multiple experimental drugs have been approved by the FDA with unknown efficacy and possible adverse effects. Probably the increasing number of studies worldwide examining the potential COVID-19 related therapies will help to identification of effective ARDS treatment. In this review article, we first provide a summary on immunopathology of ARDS next we will give an overview of management of patients with COVID-19 requiring intensive care unit (ICU), while focusing on the current treatment strategies being evaluated in the clinical trials in COVID-19-induced ARDS patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"13 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8647516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39951479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Candida species in community-acquired pneumonia in patients with chronic aspiration.","authors":"Benjamin J Moss,&nbsp;Daniel M Musher","doi":"10.1186/s41479-021-00090-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-021-00090-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>When Candida species is found in a sputum culture, clinicians generally dismiss it as a contaminant. We sought to identify cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in which Candida might play a contributory etiologic role.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a convenience sample of patients hospitalized for CAP, we screened for \"high-quality sputum\" by Gram stain (> 20 WBC/epithelial cell) and performed quantitative sputum cultures. Criteria for a potential etiologic role for Candida included the observation of large numbers of yeast forms on Gram stain, intracellular organisms and > 10⁶ CFU/ml Candida in sputum. We gathered clinical information on cases that met these criteria for possible Candida infection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sputum from 6 of 154 consecutive CAP patients had large numbers of extra- and intracellular yeast forms on Gram stain, with > 10⁶ CFU/ml Candida albicans, glabrata, or tropicalis on quantitative culture. In all 6 patients, the clinical diagnoses at admission included chronic aspiration. Greater than 10⁵ CFU/ml of a recognized bacterial pathogen (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, or Pseudomonas) or > 10⁶ CFU/ml of other 'normal respiratory flora' (Lactobacillus species) were present together with Candida spp. in every case. Blood cultures yielded Candida in 2 cases, and 1,3-beta-D glucan was > 500 ng/mL in 3 of 3 cases in which it was assayed. Since all patients were treated with anti-bacterial and anti-fungal drugs, no inference about etiology can be derived from therapeutic response.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Candida spp. together with a recognized bacterial pathogen or normal respiratory flora may contribute to the cause of CAP in patients who chronically aspirate.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"13 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-021-00090-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39148605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherence to oral amoxicillin dispersible tablets in children with community-acquired pneumonia enrolled in clinical trials in Malawi.","authors":"Amy Sarah Ginsburg,&nbsp;Susanne May","doi":"10.1186/s41479-021-00089-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-021-00089-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"13 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-021-00089-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39024073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic prescription rationality and associated in-patient treatment outcomes in children under-five with severe pneumonia at Bwizibwera health center IV, Mbarara District, South-Western Uganda","authors":"Christine Joy Abeja, Valence Niozima, John Paul Byagamy, C. Obua","doi":"10.1186/s41479-022-00095-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-022-00095-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43536961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surfactant protein D: a useful marker for differentiation of drug-induced pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia.","authors":"Yuko Waseda,&nbsp;Masahide Yasui,&nbsp;Kousuke Kurokawa,&nbsp;Ryo Chikazawa,&nbsp;Toshihiro Takeda,&nbsp;Miho Mitsui,&nbsp;Tomoaki Sonoda,&nbsp;Makiko Yamaguchi,&nbsp;Satoshi Watanabe,&nbsp;Hazuki Takato,&nbsp;Yukari Ichikawa,&nbsp;Yukihiro Umeda,&nbsp;Masaki Anzai,&nbsp;Hiroshi Ueda,&nbsp;Kazuo Kasahara,&nbsp;Tamotsu Ishizuka","doi":"10.1186/s41479-021-00087-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-021-00087-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Drug-induced pneumonia (d-pneumonia) and bacterial pneumonia (b-pneumonia) are often difficult to differentiate; therefore, this study examined the possibility of differentiating them using serum biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 22 and 16 patients diagnosed with b- and d-pneumonia, respectively, at our institution or affiliated institutions. For d-pneumonia, the causative drug was minocycline hydrochloride in four patients, gefitinib in two patients, nivolumab in two patients, pembrolizumab in two patients, sulfasalazine in two patients, loxoprofen in one patient, Bouiougitou in one patient, edoxaban tosilate hydrate in one patient, and abemaciclib in one patient. White blood cell (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), surfactant protein (SP)-D, and SP-A levels were measured in each patient and compared between the groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences were noted in the WBC and SP-D levels between the two groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.001), but not in the CRP, KL-6, or SP-A levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study results suggest that SP-D is a useful marker for differentiating b-pneumonia and d-pneumonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"13 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-021-00087-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39062593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serotype distribution of invasive, non-invasive and carried Streptococcus pneumoniae in Malaysia: a meta-analysis.","authors":"Alex J J Lister,&nbsp;Cheng Foh Le,&nbsp;Eddy Seong Guan Cheah,&nbsp;Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa,&nbsp;David W Cleary,&nbsp;Stuart C Clarke","doi":"10.1186/s41479-021-00086-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-021-00086-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pneumococcal pneumonia is the leading cause of under-five mortality globally. The surveillance of pneumococcal serotypes is therefore vital for informing pneumococcal vaccination policy and programmes. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have been available as an option in the private healthcare setting and beginning December 2020, PCV10 was incorporated as part of routine national immunisation programme (NIP) in Malaysia. We searched existing literature on pneumococcal serotype distribution across Malaysia to provide an overall view of this distribution before the implementation of PCV10.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Online databases (PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE and Scopus), reference lists of articles identified, and grey literature (Malaysian Ministry of Health website, WHO website) were systematically searched for relevant literature on pneumococcal serotype distribution across Malaysia up to 10th November 2020. No lower date limit was set to maximise the number of target reports returned. Results of serotypes were split by age categories, including ≤5 years, > 5 years and unreported for those that did not specify.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search returned 18 relevant results, with a total of 2040 isolates. The most common serotypes across all disease types were 19F (n = 313, 15.3% [95%CI: 13.8-17.0]), 23F (n = 166, 8.1% [95%CI: 7.0-9.4]), 14 (n = 166, 8.1% [95%CI: 7.0-9.4]), 6B (n = 163, 8.0% [95%CI: 6.9-9.2]) and 19A (n = 138, 6.8% [95%CI: 5.8-7.9]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Four of the most common serotypes across all isolate sources in Malaysia are covered by PCV10, while PCV13 provides greater serotype coverage in comparison to PCV10. There is still a need for surveillance studies, particularly those investigating serotypes in children under 5 years of age, to monitor vaccine effectiveness and pneumococcal population dynamic following implementation of PCV10 into routine immunisation.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"13 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-021-00086-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38933403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carriage of upper respiratory tract pathogens in rural communities of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo.","authors":"Denise E Morris,&nbsp;Hannah McNeil,&nbsp;Rebecca E Hocknell,&nbsp;Rebecca Anderson,&nbsp;Andrew C Tuck,&nbsp;Serena Tricarico,&nbsp;Mohd Nor Norazmi,&nbsp;Victor Lim,&nbsp;Tan Cheng Siang,&nbsp;Patricia Kim Chooi Lim,&nbsp;Chong Chun Wie,&nbsp;David W Cleary,&nbsp;Ivan Kok Seng Yap,&nbsp;Stuart C Clarke","doi":"10.1186/s41479-021-00084-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-021-00084-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in Malaysia. Whilst many studies have reported the aetiology of pneumonia in Western countries, the epidemiology of pneumonia in Malaysia remains poorly understood. As carriage is a prerequisite for disease, we sought to improve our understanding of the carriage and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of respiratory tract pathogens in Malaysia. The rural communities of Sarawak are an understudied part of the Malaysian population and were the focus of this study, allowing us to gain a better understanding of bacterial epidemiology in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A population-based survey of bacterial carriage was undertaken in participants of all ages from rural communities in Sarawak, Malaysia. Nasopharyngeal, nasal, mouth and oropharyngeal swabs were taken. Bacteria were isolated from each swab and identified by culture-based methods and antimicrobial susceptibility testing conducted by disk diffusion or E test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>140 participants were recruited from five rural communities. Klebsiella pneumoniae was most commonly isolated from participants (30.0%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20.7%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.7%), Haemophilus influenzae (9.3%), Moraxella catarrhalis (6.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.4%) and Neisseria meningitidis (5.0%). Of the 21 S. pneumoniae isolated, 33.3 and 14.3% were serotypes included in the 13 valent PCV (PCV13) and 10 valent PCV (PCV10) respectively. 33.8% of all species were resistant to at least one antibiotic, however all bacterial species except S. pneumoniae were susceptible to at least one type of antibiotic.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To our knowledge, this is the first bacterial carriage study undertaken in East Malaysia. We provide valuable and timely data regarding the epidemiology and AMR of respiratory pathogens commonly associated with pneumonia. Further surveillance in Malaysia is necessary to monitor changes in the carriage prevalence of upper respiratory tract pathogens and the emergence of AMR, particularly as PCV is added to the National Immunisation Programme (NIP).</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"13 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-021-00084-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38904877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}