Pneumonia最新文献

{"title":"Development of PCRSeqTyping-a novel molecular assay for typing of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>.","authors":"Geetha Nagaraj,&nbsp;Feroze Ganaie,&nbsp;Vandana Govindan,&nbsp;Kadahalli Lingegowda Ravikumar","doi":"10.1186/s41479-017-0032-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-017-0032-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Precise serotyping of pneumococci is essential for vaccine development, to better understand the pathogenicity and trends of drug resistance. Currently used conventional and molecular methods of serotyping are expensive and time-consuming, with limited coverage of serotypes. An accurate and rapid serotyping method with complete coverage of serotypes is an urgent necessity. This study describes the development and application of a novel technology that addresses this need.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed, targeting 1061 bp cpsB region, and the amplicon was subjected to sequencing. The sequence data was analyzed using the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database. For homologous strains, a second round of PCR, sequencing, and data analysis was performed targeting 10 group-specific genes located in the capsular polysaccharide region. Ninety-one pneumococcal reference strains were analyzed with PCRSeqTyping and compared with Quellung reaction using Pneumotest Kit (SSI, Denmark).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 100% correlation of PCRSeqTyping results was observed with Pneumotest results. Fifty-nine reference strains were uniquely identified in the first step of PCRSeqTyping. The remaining 32 homologous strains out of 91 were also uniquely identified in the second step.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study describes a PCRSeqTyping assay that is accurate and rapid, with high reproducibility. This assay is amenable for clinical testing and does not require culturing of the samples. It is a significant improvement over other methods because it covers all pneumococcal serotypes, and it has the potential for use in diagnostic laboratories and surveillance studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"9 ","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2017-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-017-0032-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35166320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation in middle-income countries.","authors":"Serena Tricarico,&nbsp;Hannah C McNeil,&nbsp;David W Cleary,&nbsp;Michael G Head,&nbsp;Victor Lim,&nbsp;Ivan Kok Seng Yap,&nbsp;Chong Chun Wie,&nbsp;Cheng Siang Tan,&nbsp;Mohd Nor Norazmi,&nbsp;Ismail Aziah,&nbsp;Eddy Seong Guan Cheah,&nbsp;Saul N Faust,&nbsp;Johanna M C Jefferies,&nbsp;Paul J Roderick,&nbsp;Michael Moore,&nbsp;Ho Ming Yuen,&nbsp;Marie-Louise Newell,&nbsp;Nuala McGrath,&nbsp;C Patrick Doncaster,&nbsp;Alex R Kraaijeveld,&nbsp;Jeremy S Webb,&nbsp;Stuart C Clarke","doi":"10.1186/s41479-017-0030-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-017-0030-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Since 2000, the widespread adoption of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has had a major impact in the prevention of pneumonia. Limited access to international financial support means some middle-income countries (MICs) are trailing in the widespread use of PCVs. We review the status of PCV implementation, and discuss any needs and gaps related to low levels of PCV implementation in MICs, with analysis of possible solutions to strengthen the PCV implementation process in MICs.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>We searched PubMed, PubMed Central, Ovid MEDLINE, and SCOPUS databases using search terms related to pneumococcal immunization, governmental health policy or programmes, and MICs. Two authors independently reviewed the full text of the references, which were assessed for eligibility using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search terms identified 1,165 articles and the full texts of 21 were assessed for suitability, with eight articles included in the systematic review. MICs are implementing PCVs at a slower rate than donor-funded low-income countries and wealthier developed countries. A significant difference in the uptake of PCV in lower middle-income countries (LMICs) (71%) and upper middle-income countries (UMICs) (48%) is largely due to an unsuccessful process of \"graduation\" of MICs from GAVI assistance, an issue that arises as countries cross the income eligibility threshold and are no longer eligible to receive the same levels of financial assistance. A lack of country-specific data on disease burden, a lack of local expertise in economic evaluation, and the cost of PCV were identified as the leading causes of the slow uptake of PCVs in MICs. Potential solutions mentioned in the reviewed papers include the use of vaccine cost-effectiveness analysis and the provision of economic evidence to strengthen decision-making, the evaluation of the burden of disease, and post-introduction surveillance to monitor vaccine impact.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The global community needs to recognise the impediments to vaccine introduction into MICs. Improving PCV access could help decrease the incidence of pneumonia and reduce the selection pressure for pneumococcal antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"9 ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2017-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-017-0030-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35166318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood pneumonia and meningitis in the Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea in the era of conjugate vaccines: study methods and challenges.","authors":"Christopher C Blyth,&nbsp;Rebecca Ford,&nbsp;Joycelyn Sapura,&nbsp;Tonny Kumani,&nbsp;Geraldine Masiria,&nbsp;John Kave,&nbsp;Lapule Yuasi,&nbsp;Andrew Greenhill,&nbsp;Ilomo Hwaihwanje,&nbsp;Amanda Lang,&nbsp;Deborah Lehmann,&nbsp;William Pomat","doi":"10.1186/s41479-017-0029-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-017-0029-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pneumonia and meningitis are common causes of severe childhood illness in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The etiology of both clinical conditions in PNG has not been recently assessed. Changes in lifestyle, provision and access to healthcare, antimicrobial utilization and resistance, and the national childhood vaccination schedule necessitate reassessment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective case-control study was undertaken, enrolling children <5 years of age to determine the contemporary etiology of clinically defined moderate or severe pneumonia or suspected meningitis. Cases were identified following presentation for inpatient or outpatient care in Goroka town, the major population centre in the Eastern Highlands Province. Following enrolment, routine diagnostic specimens including blood, nasopharyngeal swabs, urine and (if required) cerebrospinal fluid, were obtained. Cases residing within one hour's drive of Goroka were followed up, and recruitment of healthy contemporaneous controls was undertaken in the cases' communities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>998 cases and 978 controls were enrolled over 3 years. This included 784 cases (78.6%) with moderate pneumonia, 187 (18.7%) with severe pneumonia and 75 (7.5%) with suspected meningitis, of whom 48 (4.8%) had concurrent pneumonia. The median age of cases was 7.8 months (Interquartile range [IQR] 3.9-14.3), significantly lower than community controls, which was 20.8 months (IQR 8.2-36.4). Half the cases were admitted to hospital (500/998; 50.1%). Recruitment of cases and controls and successful collection of diagnostic specimens improved throughout the study, with blood volume increasing and rates of blood culture contamination decreasing. The overall case fatality rate was 18/998 (1.8%). Of cases eligible for follow-up, outcome data was available from 76.7%. Low but increasing coverage of Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccines on the national schedule was observed during the study period: three dose DTPw-HepB-Hib coverage in children >3 months increased from 14.9 to 43.0% and 29.0 to 47.7% in cases and controls (both <i>p</i> < 0.001). Despite inclusion in the national immunization program in 2014, 2015 PCV13 three-dose coverage in cases and controls >3 months was only 4.0 and 6.5%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Recruitment of large numbers of pediatric pneumonia and meningitis cases and community controls in a third-world setting presents unique challenges. Successful enrolment of 998 cases and 978 controls with comprehensive clinical data, biological specimens and follow up was achieved. Increased vaccine coverage remains an ongoing health priority.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"9 ","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2017-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-017-0029-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35166317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on management of respiratory tract infection: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Lena M Mayer,&nbsp;Christian Kahlert,&nbsp;Frank Rassouli,&nbsp;Pietro Vernazza,&nbsp;Werner C Albrich","doi":"10.1186/s41479-017-0028-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-017-0028-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Significance and clinical utility of multiple virus detection by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) in respiratory tract infection remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study analyzed how virus detection affected clinical management. During a 27-month period, clinical and laboratory information was collected from all children and adults in two Swiss tertiary centres whose respiratory samples were tested for respiratory viruses with a 16-plex rtPCR test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pathogens were identified in 140 of 254 patients (55%); of those patients, there was ≥1 virus in 91 (65%), ≥ 1 bacterium in 53 (38%), and ≥1 virus and bacterium in 11 (8%). Of 80 patients with viral infection, 59 (74%) received antibiotics. Virus detection was associated with discontinuation of antibiotics in 2 of 20 adults (10%) and 6 of 14 children (43%). Overall 12 adults (34%) and 18 children (67%) were managed correctly without antibiotics after virus detection (<i>p</i> = 0.01). When taking biomarkers, radiologic presentations, and antibiotic pre-treatment into account, the impact of rtPCR and appropriateness of therapy for clinically viral infections increased to 100% in children and 62% in adults.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A substantial reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions seems possible. Appropriate application of rtPCR results in respiratory tract infections should be encouraged.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"9 ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2017-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-017-0028-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35166316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral versus intravenous clarithromycin in moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia: an observational study.","authors":"Nikolas Rae,&nbsp;Aran Singanayagam,&nbsp;Stuart Schembri,&nbsp;James D Chalmers","doi":"10.1186/s41479-017-0025-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-017-0025-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>British Thoracic Society guidelines recommend clarithromycin in addition to beta-lactam antibiotics for patients with community-acquired pneumonia and CURB-65 score 2-5. Intravenous therapy is commonly used but there are few data on whether oral therapy is equally effective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This observational study used propensity matching to compare two groups of patients with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia (CURB-65 score 2-5) treated with oral (<i>n</i> = 226) or intravenous (<i>n</i> = 226) clarithromycin on admission. Outcomes were 30-day mortality, intensive care unit admission, time to clinical stability, and length of hospital stay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference in 30-day mortality (16.8% for intravenous [IV] group vs. 14.6% for oral group, hazard ratio for IV group 1.11 95% CI 0.70-1.78), ICU admission (10.6% in both groups) or complications (10.6% for IV group and 9.3% for oral group) between the groups. The time to clinical stability in both cohorts was a median of 5 days (interquartile range 3-7 days, <i>p</i> = 0.3). The median length of hospital stay was 8 days in the IV group (interquartile range 4-14 days) and 7 days in the oral group (interquartile range 4-13 days), <i>p</i> = 0.5. No other differences were observed between oral and IV groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Where the oral route is not compromised, oral macrolides appear to be equivalent to IV in treating moderate to severe CAP.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"9 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2017-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-017-0025-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35166314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis and pneumonia in HIV-infected children: an overview.","authors":"Helena Rabie,&nbsp;Pierre Goussard","doi":"10.1186/s41479-016-0021-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-016-0021-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pneumonia remains the most common cause of hospitalization and the most important cause of death in young children. In high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-burden settings, HIV-infected children carry a high burden of lower respiratory tract infection from common respiratory viruses, bacteria and <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. In addition, <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> and cytomegalovirus are important opportunistic pathogens. As the vertical transmission risk of HIV decreases and access to antiretroviral therapy increases, the epidemiology of these infections is changing, but HIV-infected infants and children still carry a disproportionate burden of these infections. There is also increasing recognition of the impact of <i>in utero</i> exposure to HIV on the general health of exposed but uninfected infants. The reasons for this increased risk are not limited to socioeconomic status or adverse environmental conditions-there is emerging evidence that these HIV-exposed but uninfected infants may have particular immune deficits that could increase their vulnerability to respiratory pathogens. We discuss the impact of tuberculosis and other lower respiratory tract infections on the health of HIV-infected infants and children.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"8 ","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2016-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-016-0021-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35163353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood tuberculosis-out of the shadows.","authors":"Ben J Marais","doi":"10.1186/s41479-016-0022-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-016-0022-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"8 ","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2016-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-016-0022-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35163356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-adherence to community oral-antibiotic treatment in children with fast-breathing pneumonia in Malawi- secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Rebecca Nightingale,&nbsp;Tim Colbourn,&nbsp;David Mukanga,&nbsp;Limangeni Mankhambo,&nbsp;Norman Lufesi,&nbsp;Eric D McCollum,&nbsp;Carina King","doi":"10.1186/s41479-016-0024-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-016-0024-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite significant progress, pneumonia is still the leading cause of infectious deaths in children under five years of age. Poor adherence to antibiotics has been associated with treatment failure in World Health Organisation (WHO) defined clinical pneumonia; therefore, improving adherence could improve outcomes in children with fast-breathing pneumonia. We examined clinical factors that may affect adherence to oral antibiotics in children in the community setting in Malawi.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a sub-analysis of a prospective cohort of children aged 2-59 months diagnosed by community health workers (CHW) in rural Malawi with WHO fast-breathing pneumonia. Clinical factors identified during CHW diagnosis were investigated using multivariate logistic regression for association with non-adherence, including concurrent diagnoses and treatments. Adherence was measured at both 80% and 100% completion of prescribed oral antibiotics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight hundred thirty-four children were included in our analysis, of which 9.5% and 20.0% were non-adherent at 80% and 100% of treatment completion, respectively. A concurrent infectious diagnosis (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 0.84-2.96/OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.21-2.71) and an illness duration of >24 h prior to diagnosis (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.27-3.60/OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.29-2.73) had higher odds of non-adherence when measured at both 80% and 100%. Older age was associated with lower odds of non-adherence when measured at 80% (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.21-0.78).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Non-adherence to oral antibiotics was not uncommon in this rural sub-Saharan African setting. As multiple diagnoses by the CHW and longer illness were important factors, this provides an opportunity for further investigation into targeted interventions and refinement of referral guidelines at the community level. Further research into the behavioural drivers of non-adherence within this setting is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"8 ","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2016-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-016-0024-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35163355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug-resistant tuberculosis and advances in the treatment of childhood tuberculosis.","authors":"James A Seddon,&nbsp;H Simon Schaaf","doi":"10.1186/s41479-016-0019-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-016-0019-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the last 10 years, interest in pediatric tuberculosis (TB) has increased dramatically, together with increased funding and research. We have a better understanding of the burden of childhood TB as well as a better idea of how to diagnose it. Our appreciation of pathophysiology is improved and with it investigators are beginning to consider pediatric TB as a heterogeneous entity, with different types and severity of disease being treated in different ways. There have been advances in how to treat both TB infection and TB disease caused by both drug-susceptible as well as drug-resistant organisms. Two completely novel drugs, bedaquiline and delamanid, have been developed, in addition to the use of older drugs that have been re-purposed. New regimens are being evaluated that have the potential to shorten treatment. Many of these drugs and regimens have first been investigated in adults with children an afterthought, but increasingly children are being considered at the outset and, in some instances studies are only conducted in children where pediatric-specific issues exist.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"8 ","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2016-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-016-0019-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35163354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel vaccination approaches to prevent tuberculosis in children.","authors":"James A Triccas,&nbsp;Claudio Counoupas","doi":"10.1186/s41479-016-0020-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-016-0020-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pediatric tuberculosis (TB) is an underappreciated problem and accounts for 10 % of all TB deaths worldwide. Children are highly susceptible to infection with <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and interrupting TB spread would require the development of effective strategies to control TB transmission in pediatric populations. The current vaccine for TB, <i>M. bovis</i> Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), can afford some level of protection against TB meningitis and severe forms of disseminated TB in children; however, its efficacy against pulmonary TB is variable and the vaccine does not afford life-long protective immunity. For these reasons there is considerable interest in the development of new vaccines to control TB in children. Multiple vaccine strategies are being assessed and include recombinant forms of the existing BCG vaccine, protein or viral candidates designed to boost BCG-induced immunity, or live attenuated forms of <i>M. tuberculosis</i>. A number of these candidates have entered clinical trials; however, no vaccine has shown improved protective efficacy compared to BCG in humans. The current challenge is to identify the most suitable candidates to progress from early to late stage clinical trials, in order to deliver a vaccine that can control and hopefully eliminate the global threat of TB.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"8 ","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2016-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s41479-016-0020-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35163352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}