Indian Journal of Community Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Opportunistic Screening for Enhanced TB Case Detection among Inpatients in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Bengaluru.","authors":"B N Sharath, M D Sangeetha, P K Sreenath Menon, Gokul Santhosh, H S Darshan, R Manukrishnan, R Nandhini, Susheelkumar S Katakdhond, Aparna S Nair, M Indu, Sushma M Spuriti, Rakesh Mudhol","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_498_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_498_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge, causing substantial illness and death. In India, the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) has been working to combat TB, but eliminating the disease remains difficult. To improve TB case detection, a feasibility study took place at a tertiary care hospital in Bengaluru, India. The study's objective was to assess the occurrence of four TB symptom complexes among admitted patients in medicine, emergency medicine, and pediatrics wards and estimate the screening needed to identify one TB patient among these admissions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>From April to June 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted at a 750-bed tertiary care hospital in Bengaluru, which had an established NTEP cell. The study encompassed all patients admitted to the medicine, emergency medicine, and pediatrics wards, with a calculated sample size of 1473 patients. Data collection was done using a validated questionnaire, and inpatients were screened for four TB symptom complexes: cough lasting over 14 days, fever or evening rise of temperature, night sweats, and significant weight loss. Positive cases were referred to a designated microscopy center (DMC) for sputum examination and further diagnosis and treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 1497 patients screened, 272 (18%) showed symptoms related to tuberculosis (TB). Out of these, 31 (11.3%) were confirmed to have TB through sputum examination and chest X-ray. The calculated number needed to screen (NNS) to identify one TB case among inpatients was 48. PTB cases were most prevalent in the 56-65 age group, whereas diagnosed TB patients were mainly in the 36-45 age group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, the daily screening of admitted patients in the Departments of Medicine, Emergency Medicine, and Pediatrics has yielded positive results and is deemed feasible for implementation within the medical college setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 4","pages":"636-640"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364258/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Open Path to DAG: Navigating Causal Inference in Epidemiological Research.","authors":"Navaneeth S Krishna, Madhanraj Kalyanasundaram, Tarun Bhatnagar","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_735_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_735_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are a valuable tool in epidemiology for illustrating causal relationships between variables in epidemiological research. DAGs enhance the transparency and robustness of the causal inference by delineating causal paths and identifying confounders, mediators, and colliders. It helps the researcher to identify the minimal number of variables that need to be adjusted to eliminate the effect of confounders on the causal relationships. However, this is not being widely used in epidemiological research, and when used, there is considerable variation in the way it is utilized and reported. One reason is the researchers' lack of practical knowledge on using and reporting DAGs in their studies. This article will introduce the basic concepts of DAGs to help public health researchers familiarize themselves with the various terms used in DAGs. In addition, the illustrative example provided in the article will help researchers to draw, interpret, and report DAGs in their epidemiological studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 4","pages":"713-718"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Going through it Alone: A Cross-sectional Study on the Prevalence of Loneliness among Medical, Nursing, and Paramedical Students in a Health Science Academy in Bangalore, India.","authors":"Navya P Mangali, Bobby Joseph, Merlyn Joseph, Vilas M Tellis","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_201_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_201_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Life of students enrolled in a medical academy is stressful and often demanding in various aspects. Frequently, such students tend to be lonely. The prevalence of this problem has not been assessed and has been given little attention in medical schools. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of loneliness among medical, nursing, and paramedical undergraduate students in a Health Science Academy in Bangalore and to assess the factors associated with loneliness among the study population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 400 students of a Health Science Academy and the selection of the subjects was performed by stratified random sampling. Each student was given a self-administered questionnaire which comprised of two sections. Section 1 which included the sociodemographic details and Section 2 was the revised UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) scale (Version 3).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prevalence of loneliness among the students in the academy was found to be 52%. Factors associated with loneliness and possibly contributing to it were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Pearson Chi-square test. The factors that impacted loneliness significantly were language familiarity, academics, relationships with friends, and family, health problems, and involvement in physical activities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of loneliness among the students was found to be 52%. There were various factors, but despite such worrisome scores, the health science academy still ranks high in surveys that assess personality development as part of college rankings in the country. Further research would be needed to know the exact direction of association between loneliness and the associated factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 4","pages":"607-614"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Qualitative Study of the Medical Student's Perception on Sexual Violence and its Determinants in the Society.","authors":"V Veena, Lekhana Dayanand, M N Shruthi, Guruckeeran Nakkeeran, Jayashree S Seeri","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_491_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_491_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sexual violence against women is a major concern. Perceptions from current medical students could help draw better solutions to alleviate this growing menace in the community. Hence, this study was planned to explore the perceptions of medical college students on sexual violence and its determinants in society.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This exploratory qualitative study was conducted among 39 medical college students in Bangalore for a period of two months from September to October 2021 after obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee approval. Four focus group discussions were conducted using a focus group discussion guide and all the discussions were audiotaped. Using Microsoft Word, an inductive thematic approach was used for data analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The majority of the participants perceived Sexual violence as \"which harms both physically and mentally\". Among the various causes quoted, the patriarchal mindset of society was the most common, followed by ignorance and lack of education among women. Students perceived that changing mindset of people and taking personal precautions at the individual level, enforcing women work staff, family and societal changes, changes in the judiciary system, improvement of city infrastructure, and changes in the education system as a solution to overcome it.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To improve women's safety, prevention of sexual violence against women is of utmost importance. A multifactorial approach at the individual level and the level of policymaking is needed to target all the causative factors and ensure a safer society for women.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 4","pages":"629-635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Deworming Strategy in Reducing Anemia in Children: An Overview of Reviews.","authors":"Anil Chauhan, Kulbir Kaur, Vivek Malik, Pranita Pradhan, Meenu Singh","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_628_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_628_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The most common infections transmitted through soil in humans are caused by roundworms, whipworms, and hookworms. The overview of reviews aimed to determine the effectiveness of deworming interventions on anemia in children.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The studies included in this review were systematic reviews and meta-analyses that included randomized controlled trials/cluster trials comparing deworming drugs recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) with placebo or no treatment in children 1-19 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The electronic and manual searches have identified 137 titles and abstracts. Full-text screening yielded nine systematic reviews, which finally yielded the inclusion of six published systematic reviews and one previous report of the ICMR Advanced Centre for Evidence-Based Child Health. Overall, the results from seven systematic reviews suggested that there was no significant change in the hemoglobin levels after single- or double-dose deworming in children. The significant heterogeneity was reported by only two systematic reviews by Ghogomu <i>et al.</i> and the ICMR EBM report. The quality of this overview of reviews was assessed through the ROBIS tool, which reported a moderate to low risk of bias for the phase 1 and phase 2 domains.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, we suggest no significant change in hemoglobin levels and status of anemia after deworming by single or double dose in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 4","pages":"567-573"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364256/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning from the Best: How Sweden's Road Safety Model can Guide India.","authors":"Sapna Negi, Snehasish Tripathy, Mirza A Beig","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_221_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_221_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 4","pages":"709-710"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364259/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress and Stressor of Women: A Cross-sectional Study from Rural Population in Central India.","authors":"Ranjan Solanki, Mubashshera F Khan, Sneha A Wangaskar, Pradeep R Deshmukh","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_569_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_569_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A meta-analysis of gender differences in depression using nationally representative samples in the USA found that twice as many women as men are depressed. Mental distress is a leading cause of health-related burden for the Indian population, which is aggravated by a high prevalence of socioeconomic adversity such as physical and sexual abuse, poverty, low education, and gender inequality. The index study was conducted to assess the prevalence and determinants of psychological distress among women in central rural India.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The data presented in the index article are a baseline assessment done as part of the community-based pragmatic cluster trial. The study was conducted in the catchment area of three primary health centers, Bela, Borkhedi, and Panchgaon, in the district of Nagpur, Maharashtra. Furthermore, 1050 women members of self-help groups in the district of Nagpur comprised the study population.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The mean age of the women was 38.2 years (standard deviation [SD]: 9.8). Around 987 (94%) women have attained primary education, and 52% of the participants were engaged in some occupation. Around half of the men and 10% of the women had the habit of daily tobacco chewing. Around 58.6% of participants' husbands had the habit of drinking alcohol. 62.5% of the female participants were experiencing very high psychological distress. Lower socioeconomic status (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-4.0]), comorbid condition (AOR = 2.0 [95% CI: 1.2-3.3]), marital status of women (single, widowed, divorced) (AOR = 3.4 [95% CI: 1.2-9.4]), and experiencing domestic violence (AOR = 4.7 [95% CI: 1.9-11.2]) were significantly associated with high psychological distress in multivariable logistic regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The high prevalence of psychological distress among women and its significant association with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and thyroid disorder hints us to incorporate the mechanism to screen for stress routinely at the health and wellness center under Ayushman Bharat, along with other risk factors for non-communicable disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 4","pages":"581-586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144972925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Framework for Creating Successful Multidisciplinary Translational Research Teams.","authors":"S Supriya, Shanthanu Patil, M Bagavandas","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_733_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_733_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Translational research teams are the need of the hour to address society's complex problems. Researchers from various disciplines coordinate and collaborate to form research teams. The translation of their work from inception to social impact is integral to the team's function. In this essay, the basic-fit translational model and design delivery framework are developed to assist researchers from all disciplines in self-analyzing their social impact to augment collaboration.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 4","pages":"550-555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the Gap: Navigating the Nexus of Tuberculosis and Mental Well-being.","authors":"Raja Danasekaran","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_795_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_795_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article explores the intricate relationship between tuberculosis (TB) and mental health, emphasizing the bidirectional impact and implications for healthcare strategies. The global burden of TB, coupled with psychosocial challenges, necessitates integrated care. Challenges like stigma and fragmented healthcare demand innovative solutions. The review highlights the interconnected nature of mental health and TB treatment outcomes, showcasing promising interventions from psychosocial support to evidence-based approaches. Persistent challenges require ongoing advocacy. Future research should delve into specific mental health conditions and TB outcomes. Recent reviews stress interdisciplinary collaboration, policy changes, and technology for accessible and patient-centric care. This review contributes insights to address TB and mental health globally, promoting a unified, patient-centered approach for sustainable healthcare.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 4","pages":"556-559"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compliance to Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Ban in Four Regions of a Southern Indian State - A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Praveen Kumar, Asha Kamath, Radhika Nayak, Ashwath K Naik, Veena G Kamath, Muralidhar M Kulkarni","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_829_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_829_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tobacco advertising and promotion influences youth smoking initiation and regular use. India's Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act, 2003, bans tobacco advertising and promotion but allows Point of Sale (PoS) advertisements under specific conditions. This study aimed to assess compliance with the ban on tobacco advertising at the PoS in the Karnataka state of Southern India. A cross-sectional observational survey was conducted in 529 PoS across Karnataka's four administrative regions between January to March 2020 using a checklist. The research assistants visited shops selling tobacco products, observed each store during business hours for 10 minutes, and completed the checklist. Proportions and percentages were calculated for each domain of the checklist. The study showed that 127 (24%) shops out of 529 had direct PoS advertisements. Among the total violations, product showcases (94.5%), Stickers (76%), and Posters (75.6%) were prominently used for the promotion of tobacco products. Advertisements were seen more commonly in petty shops (92%) and urban areas (59.8%). Product displays, stickers, and posters were used most often to violate advertising laws. Compliance should be improved in urban and petty shops, to decrease tobacco product exposure and accessibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 4","pages":"700-704"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}