Indian Journal of Community Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) with Some Associated Risk Factors among Children Aged 1 to 5 Years in Rural Maharashtra - A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"R N Raghavendra Swamy, Priyanka N Akahade, P Abhinaya, Arvindkumar Waghmare, Satish V Gujalwar","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_923_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_923_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nutrition is an indispensable part of human life. Vitamin A deficiency(VAD) is the most important cause of preventable blindness in young children. It has long been a nutritional problem of public health significance in India and continues to be so. It is estimated that 50,000 preschool children become blind every year owing to VAD, and many of them will eventually die because of increased susceptibility to infections. To estimate the prevalence of clinical forms of vitamin A deficiency among the preschool children aged 1 to 5 years in the community and to determine the risk factors associated with vitamin A deficiency among the children aged 1-5 years.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This community based cross-sectional study was conducted among the pre-school children of RHTC area of a medical college between March 2019 to June 2019, IEC 24/2019. The data obtained was entered in MS-EXCEL 2010 and statistical software Epi info version 7.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in our study was found to be 5.59%. On bi-variate analysis, the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was more among the children belonging to class 4 and class 5 BG Prasad scale and was significant (p<0.05). According to our study grade 2 and grade 3 PEM, Diarrhoeal diseases, measles infection and lack of vitamin A prophylaxis has emerged as independent risk factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Strengthening of immunization is very important to avoid VAD. Tailor made dietary modifications is very much essential among children, to combat PEM and in turn infections. Sources of vitamin A rich foods and its importance in a daily diet must be emphasized.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"20-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial Burden in Parents Having Intellectually Disabled Children: A Hospital-based Study.","authors":"Reena Kumari, Tapas Kumar Ray, Ananya Ray Laskar, Ritu Majumdar","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_358_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_358_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Intellectual disability is a non-communicable health disorder that has become a public health concern worldwide, with a marked impairment in communication, academic, and social skills. It is important to identify the level of psychological stress among parents of these children. Hence, this study was designed to assess the level of psychological stress among parents having intellectually disabled children.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study was conducted in the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient department (OPD) at Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi. Data were collected to analyze the psychological stress in families. Parental Stress Scale (PSS) was used as the tool to measure stress in parents.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 170 mothers were enrolled in the study. In total, 14 different variables were considered plausible contributing factors to the mother's stress. Four variables demonstrated a clear linear association between variable values and PSS. These variables were a) per-capita monthly family income, b) socioeconomic status, c) study subjects' occupation, and d) duration of disability. The overall mean PSS for the entire cohort was found to be 47.14 ± 2.93. The reference criteria for low stress was 19-45, and it was 45-90 for high stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study suggests that mothers of children with intellectual disability experience high stress. Raising a child with special care needs is overwhelming for mothers. Appropriate clinical services should be provided to support parents of children with disabilities and offer resources to educate and enable mothers to manage their children's disabilities and needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"90-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Family Adoption Program: An NMC-mandated Initiative.","authors":"","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_49_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_49_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article on p. S170 in vol. 49.].</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compendium of Invited Papers on Public Health Issues.","authors":"Pankaj Bhardwaj","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_940_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_940_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"49 Suppl 2","pages":"S123-S124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927806/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI Horizons in Indian Healthcare: A Vision for Transformation and Equity.","authors":"Neelesh Kapoor, S N Sanjana, Shubha B Davalagi, P S Balu, Soumitra Sethia","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_806_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_806_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to revolutionize healthcare delivery in India, offering solutions to address the nation's unique healthcare challenges. This position paper, presented by the Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine, examines the integration of AI in Indian healthcare, exploring its applications across diagnostic imaging, patient care, medical research, rehabilitation, and administrative processes. Notable implementations include AI-driven disease detection systems, telemedicine platforms, and public health surveillance tools, with successful applications in tuberculosis screening, breast cancer detection, and ophthalmological care. While these advancements show promise, significant challenges persist, related to data privacy concerns and interoperability issues, including the need for robust ethical frameworks. The paper highlights key stakeholder collaborations, including government initiatives and international partnerships, which are driving innovation in this space. Based on this analysis, we propose policy recommendations emphasizing research investment, professional training, and regulatory frameworks to ensure responsible AI adoption. Our vision advocates for an approach that balances technological advancement with accessibility and equity in healthcare delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"49 Suppl 2","pages":"S210-S216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927818/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IAPSM's Position Paper on Pneumococcal Vaccine (PCV) for Adult Immunization in India.","authors":"Chythra R Rao, Veena G Kamath, Anuradha Nadda, Swayam P Parida, Nikita Sharma, Kapil Goel, Ranjitha S Shetty, Madhur Verma, Arvind Kumar Singh, Abhisek Mishra, Swosti Kiran, Lalit Sankhe, Madhu Gupta","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_739_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_739_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pneumococcal infection among adults is associated with invasive disease and poor outcomes. Pneumococcal vaccine (PCV) introduction has significantly reduced disease burden, invasive disease and reduced the rates of antimicrobial resistance. Of the various vaccines licensed, PCV 13 and PPSV 23 are available for use in India. Pneumococcal vaccination is suggested for people aged 19-64 years with immunosuppression, chronic cardiac, lung and hepatic disease, impaired splenic function, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, current smokers, and those abusing alcohol. It is recommended that people >65 years of age are vaccinated with PPSV23. The suggested regimen is to administer PCV13 followed by PPSV23 after one year. The vaccines have minimal side effects and tolerated well. Data on vaccine effectiveness from Indian studies is limited. Hence, documenting population demographics with surveillance on serotype specific pneumococcal disease burden in adults is needed. Following this, studies on safety, immunogenicity, and cost-effectiveness of the available vaccines need to be designed and implemented. It is suggested that in the initial phase, PCV needs to be made available for high-risk population followed by vaccination roll-out for adult population of India.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"49 Suppl 2","pages":"S132-S138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IAPSM's Position Paper on the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Vaccine for Adult Immunization in India.","authors":"Ranjitha S Shetty, Anuradha Nadda, Muralidhar Tambe, Abhishek Raut, Kapil Goel, Chythra R Rao, Aprajita Mehta, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Madhu Gupta, Veena G Kamath","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_738_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_738_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cervical cancer ranks as the second most common cancer in women in India, primarily caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Given its long latent period, secondary prevention through screening and early detection is essential. However, fear and stigma associated with cancers and the costs involved in disease management are the prominent barriers to its uptake. HPV vaccination is one of the vital components of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Strategy to speed up the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. In India, four prophylactic HPV vaccines are currently available. These vaccines are non-infective and highly immunogenic, safe, and effective when administered before HPV exposure. According to WHO recommendations, the primary target group for HPV vaccination consists of girls between the ages of 9 and 14 years. Further, studies have confirmed that both single-dose and two-dose schedules of the HPV vaccine offer comparable efficacy and protection. HPV vaccines are administered intramuscularly in the deltoid region, with 0.5 ml as the standard dose. These vaccines may cause local reactions, as well as mild systemic reactions, such as headache and myalgia, but they are transient. Implementing catch-up vaccination for adolescent girls aged between 9 and 14 years at the time of HPV vaccine introduction would be a cost-effective and sustainable strategy. This would serve as a crucial component of public health efforts to manage HPV infections and eliminate cervical cancer in India.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"49 Suppl 2","pages":"S125-S131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Palliative Care into Primary Care: A Collaborative Effort Between the Indian Association of Palliative Care and the Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine.","authors":"Shrikant Atreya, Savita Butola, Sushma Bhatnagar, Dinesh Kumar, Maryann Muckaden, Jyothsana Kuraikose, Jenifer Jeba, Mayank Gupta, Gayatri Palat, Pankaj Sanghai, Lulu Mathews, Gaurav Kumar, Anjum Joad, Purushottam Giri, Amiruddin Kadri","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_858_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_858_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>India staggers at the 59^th position (out of 81 countries globally) in the quality of death and dying index. A chronic life-threatening illness is often complicated by marginalized living, out-of-pocket health expenditure, illiteracy, and poor social support, and pushes the population further into the vicious spiral of suffering. The Indian Association of Palliative Care and the Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine joined hands in April 2023 to address the gap in the demand and availability of palliative care and proposed to empower Community Medicine physicians to provide primary palliative care. They put forth recommendations for education, service, and research developments in primary palliative care. In April 2023, the Indian Association of Palliative Care and the Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine joined hands to disseminate palliative care services to the community. Subsequently, a task force comprising faculties from Palliative Medicine and Community Medicine was formed. The position paper on primary palliative care jointly published by the Indian Association of Palliative Care and the Association of Family Physicians of India provided the framework for this position paper. The paper focused on education, service development, and research. The task force recommended the following: 1. Empower faculties and residents of the Department of Community Medicine, undergraduate students from medical and allied specialties posted to the department to provide primary palliative care. 2. Integrate palliative care into outpatient clinics (general OPDs in the hospital), community health centers, and home care as a part of the family adoption program. 3. Improve access to essential medications, including opioids, in urban and rural areas 4. Follow the recommendations of the National Health Policy 2017 to develop blended training programs for faculties and students. 5. Engage the community to identify patients with chronic life-threatening illnesses and allocate resources to support patients at home. 6. Collaborate to develop a protocol for regular audits and research for service improvisation.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"49 Suppl 2","pages":"S234-S239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927813/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Need for a Strong FOPL in India-position Statement.","authors":"Nandita Sharma, Yogesh Bahurupi, Suneela Garg, Umesh Kapil, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Om Prakash Bera, Mahendra Singh, Pradeep Aggarwal","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_756_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_756_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to lifestyle changes, urbanization, and the rise of ultra-processed foods (UPF), India is undergoing a rapid nutritional transformation. These dietary shifts have significantly contributed to the rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which now account for a substantial portion of mortality and disease burden in the country. A strong Front-of-Pack Labeling (FOPL) system is recommended in this position statement as a powerful public health tool to address this issue. Through the provision of easily comprehensible nutritional data, FOPL encourages food producers to create healthier goods while empowering customers to make educated dietary decisions. Current labeling practices in India, such as the Indian Nutritional Rating (INR), fall short due to complexity and voluntary implementation. This paper evaluates international best practices, including warning labels and color-coded systems, highlighting their effectiveness in reducing the consumption of high-risk foods. We argue for straightforward, uniform, and globally evidence-based approach to mandatory FOPL implementation. Policymakers, industry stakeholders, and public health advocates must collaborate to develop an FOPL system that addresses India's unique dietary landscape. Such an initiative is crucial to reducing the NCD burden and fostering healthier eating habits nationwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"49 Suppl 2","pages":"S177-S179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operationalization of One Health Approach in India: Still Miles to Go?","authors":"Deepak Saxena, Sandul Yasobant, Pachillu Kalpana, Zahiruddin Quazi Sayed, Pankaj Bhardwaj","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_753_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_753_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One health (OH) has been a buzzword in the political and academic fraternity during the last couple of years in India and globally. While OH is an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals and ecosystems, it recognizes the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the wider environment (including ecosystems) are closely linked and interdependent. OH approach mobilizes multiple sectors, disciplines, and communities at varying levels of society to work together to foster well-being and tackle threats to health and ecosystems while addressing the collective need for clean water, energy, and air, safe and nutritious food, taking action on climate change, and contributing to sustainable development. Here, a comprehensive roadmap for operationalizing the One Health approach in India is proposed as the way forward.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"49 Suppl 2","pages":"S202-S204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927819/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}