Indian Journal of Community Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Countries with Fewer Procedures for Cardiovascular Disease Management Face Greater Premature Mortality from Noncommunicable Diseases.","authors":"Manya Prasad, Sunanda Gupta","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_420_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_420_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The rate at which low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are transitioning into high-burden states for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is currently posing a global health security threat. Not only cardiovascular disease (CVD) occurs earlier in these countries but also it is likely that individuals do not have access to adequate management procedures. The present study was undertaken to find the effect of availability of procedures for CVD management on premature mortality in NCDs and to juxtapose this with the prevalence of two main risk factors, hypertension and diabetes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The World Health Organization's Global Health Observatory data were used, which include health-related data on its 194 member states. The correlation matrix was constructed for risk factors, income classification, availability of CVD management procedures, and premature NCD mortality. Multiple linear regression was done to find the association between availability of management procedures, income classification, and premature NCD mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A negative correlation was observed between premature NCD mortality and income group and between premature NCD mortality and availability of CVD management procedures. Countries possessing fewer procedures for CVD management suffered a greater burden of premature NCD mortality, and this was in the form of a strong linear association. Income class and availability of CVD management procedures both independently affected premature NCD mortality. Each unit increase in income class and number of CVD management procedures reduced the premature NCD mortality by 7.9 and 2.8 units, respectively. The impact of both these factors on premature NCD mortality was statistically significant. Countries with higher prevalence of hypertension were seen to be possessing fewer CVD management procedures. Income groups also demonstrated disparities, with high-income countries bearing less burden of hypertension and having more ubiquitous CVD management resources.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study found that availability of CVD management procedures, such as thrombolysis, coronary bypass/stenting, and acute stroke care and rehabilitation, significantly reduce premature NCD mortality across the world. Countries that face higher burden of premature NCD mortality are not only the ones that are least prepared to manage them but also the ones that bear the greatest prevalence of risk factors like hypertension and diabetes. Making procedures for NCD management available in LMICs must be put on high priority on the global health agenda.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"318-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological Profile of the Victims Involved in Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) and ICD-10 Classification Attending an Emergency Department: A Descriptive Study.","authors":"Surendra Babu Darivemula, Sayeda Misbah Jabeen, Sai Revanth A Surapaneni, Sakshi Piyush Rastogi, Harika Salodi, S Lakshmi Srujana, Nikhila Seelam, Sasidharan Shiga, S Karthik","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_282_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_282_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death for children and young adults aged 5-29 years. They cause approximately 1.3 million deaths every year, with 20 to 50 million more people suffering nonfatal injuries and many incurring a disability as a result of their injury. A retrospective record-based descriptive study was performed to analyze the epidemiological profile of the patients attending with road traffic accidents (RTA) to emergency/casualty department in a tertiary care hospital. The purposive sample from the last 7 months with those affected from RTA cases came to casualty and undergone treatment during the study duration and the exclusion criteria were brought dead patients. Out of 397 victims, 309 (77.8%) were male and 88 (22.2%) were female and mean age with SD 37.19 ± 13.9 years. Majority 143 (36.0%) had self-fall, 64 (16.1%) 2-wheeler vs pedestrian, 63 (15.9%) 2-wheelers vs 4-wheeler, 55 (13.9%) under 2-wheelers vs 2-wheeler. Majority were happened on Saturday 60 (15.1%), Sundays 71 (17.9%) and the rest on an average of 50 incidents in a day; out of them, the incident happened at evening 98 (24.7%) night 136 (34.2%) morning 109 (27.5%), and in the afternoon time 54 (13.6%), respectively. Accidents have male predominance, with more victims from adults and middle age 21-40 years. Most common category of the victim was motorcycle rider, followed by pedestrians, and as per ICD-10 classification, the common mechanism of incident happened was motorcycle rider noncollision transport accident (Code: V28).</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"356-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peer Observation in Medical Education: Identified Challenges and Potential Solutions.","authors":"Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava, Prateek Sudhakar Bobhate, Prithvi Brahmanand Petkar, Harshal Gajanan Mendhe, Ankit Badge","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_763_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_763_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"392-394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out-of-pocket Expenditure on Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications among Residents of Slum Areas of Agra City-A Community-based Study.","authors":"Lingareddy Prathyusha, Renu Agrawal, Geetu Singh, Sarvesh Kumar, Tanya Agarwal","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_392_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_392_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>India ranks second in the world after China with 74.2 million living with diabetes currently and is projected to see 124.9 million living with diabetes by 2045. Diabetics need extensive self-management support, medications, regular screening for management of complications and comorbidities, which can increase out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure for patients and their families. The aim of this article is to estimate the OOP expenditure for the management of diabetes mellitus and its complications among residents of slum areas of Agra city and to find out the association of OOP expenditure with sociodemographic and diabetic profile and compliance to treatment among the study participants. A cross-sectional study through face-to-face interviews using predesigned, pretested, and semistructured questionnaires were conducted from October 2020 to September 2022. A sample of 360 known diabetics was included. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 24 and descriptive statistics were reported wherever applicable. Male, female ratio was 3:2, 66% of participants were between 35 and 60 years, 28% were illiterates, 54% were unemployed and 44% were from upper lower socioeconomic class. Nearly 96% were type 2 diabetics and 74% were on oral hypoglycemic agents. Monthly median direct and indirect OOP expenses were INR 1,500 and INR 505, respectively. OOP expenses were borne by 98% of the study participants.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"373-378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mainstreaming Millets: Reviving the Miracle Grain for Addressing Rising Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases.","authors":"Arunjeet Singh, Jarnail Singh Thakur","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_284_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_284_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Millets have been known and grown in India since the Vedic times and have been part of traditional Indian diets ever since. Production and consumption of millets saw a considerable decline after the Green Revolution. The opportunity cost of substituting wheat and rice with millets is evident now with an incremental increase in the incidence and mortality of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) over successive decades. Food security, climate crisis, and the inherent resilience of the crop to grow in semi-arid climates have been some of the key factors that have been instrumental in reviving the millet story. Millets being rich in micronutrients, fibers, and a low glycemic index are ideally suited to address the rising burden of NCDs. Stewardship by the government in the form of policy inputs and creating a favorable ecosystem with the involvement of farmers, industry, and even consumers to mainstream the grain has seen a paradigm shift in the past decade. 2023 will be observed as the International Year of Millets by the United Nations which will provide the platform to not only advocate the health benefits attributed to the grain but also mainstream millets in the international arena.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"278-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080906/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Household Food Security, Feeding Practices, and Anthropometric Failure Among Children Aged 6-23 Months: A Hospital-Based Study.","authors":"Rohan Chatterjee, Soumalya Ray, Dipta Kanti Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_323_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_323_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Household food security (HHFS) and age-appropriate complementary feeding (CF) conceptually play an important role in growth of a child. This study aims to assess the status of HHFS, age-appropriate CF, and undernutrition among children of 6-23 months and their association (if any).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among children attending Pediatric OPD of College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital. Children were assessed regarding age-appropriate complementary feeding using infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices indicator, nutritional status using composite index of anthropometric failure indicators, and HHFS using standardized and validated HHFS short Bengali version questionnaire. Mothers/primary caregivers were the respondents. Categorical variables were expressed in frequency and percentages. Statistical analysis was done in Jamovi (v2.2.5).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>430 mother-child dyads participated in the study with 83.26% of them having low or very low food security. Minimum acceptable diet (MAD) was absent in 74.65% of children and 42.09% of children had single/multiple anthropometric failure(s). Children aged 6-8 months had higher odds of not having MAD (AOR = 3.6, 1.5-8.3). Male gender (AOR = 2.7, 1.7-4.2) and lack of MAD (AOR = 2.7, 1.6-4.7) were associated with anthropometric failure. However, HHFS was not found to be associated with either lack of MAD or anthropometric failure in this study population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Improper transition from exclusive breast feeding to CF may be responsible for higher odds of having lack of MAD in 6-8 months age group, which require strengthening of IEC activity related to IYCF practices on or before initiation of complementary feeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"331-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Lifestyle-related Determinants among Employees Working in the IT Sector of Pune City.","authors":"Anu Mahajan, Ishwa Prerak Desai, Arti Muley","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_653_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_653_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Indian IT professionals is concerning due to prolonged sitting, sedentary work hours, irregular sleep, limited diet variety, excessive consumption of ultra-processed foods, and heightened stress. This study aimed to assess lifestyle determinants in the IT population to predict future NCD risks.</p><p><strong>Methods and materials: </strong>A cross-sectional study with 208 participants aged 21-60 years was conducted in Pune. Ethical approval and consent were obtained. Data from various IT sectors used a modified questionnaire incorporating Perceived Stress and IPAQ scales and inquiries on sleep patterns, BMI, ultra-processed food consumption, and substance use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The participants had a mean age of 31.30 ± 6.26 years with a gender ratio of 1.63:1. The mean BMI was 24.41 ± 3.87 kg/m², 31.3% were overweight, and 9.6% were obese. Before sleep, 89.5% engaged with electronic devices. The majority of participants experience stress, with 63.5% reported moderate stress and 3.4% high stress. Only 6.7% were physically active, and 56.3% were inactive. Gender showed no significant correlation with stress levels, consumption of ultra-processed foods, and Body Mass Index (BMI) study components. Participants were found to be actively engaged in substance abuse, with 15.4% smoking 6-10 cigarettes daily and about 20.2% consuming alcohol twice a week.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Because of their lifestyle, this population will be at a high risk of major chronic NCDs and should be targeted for an early intervention program. It's essential to prioritize preventive actions like adopting a more active lifestyle, implementing stress management techniques, and embracing healthier dietary choices to safeguard the well-being of individuals in this demographic.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"379-384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Low Bone Mineral Density among Narikuravar Women of 18-45 Years of Age in Sakkimangalam Village, Madurai, 2021.","authors":"S Priya, P N Sridevi, R Thirukumaran, J Robinson, A Kannan Muthuraman","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_711_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_711_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Low bone mineral density comprising of both osteopenia and osteoporosis is a major health problem affecting 81% of elderly women. It is a silent disease causing bone fractures, thereby decreasing the quality of life. However, the real basis lies in the failure to achieve adequate bone mass at a young age due to nutritional and other factors. Women, especially tribes, lack a healthy diet. Studies on bone mineral density (BMD) among tribes were scarce. Hence, the need for the present study is observed.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>1. To estimate the prevalence of low BMD among Narikuravar women of 18-45 years. 2. To determine the association of BMD with sociodemographic factors and dietary calcium intake. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Narikuravar colony, Sakkimangalam village, Madurai. Out of 210 women aged 18-45 (obtained from Family Register), 146 eligible participants were interviewed using a validated semi-structured questionnaire. BMD was measured using calcaneal USG and WHO T score calculated. Analysis was done by SPSS 21.0. Simple proportions were calculated. The Chi-square test and correlation were used to find an association.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the WHO T score, the prevalence of low BMD was 55.5% (<i>n</i> = 81). One hundred percent of study participants had a calcium intake less than the daily requirement. Low BMD was significantly associated (<i>P</i> < 0.05) with lower educational status, alcohol, increasing age (r = -0.750), and low calcium intake (r = 0.188).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A high prevalence of low BMD warrants early screening at the primary care level itself to improve quality of life in the future. Health education on nutrition, physical activity, and alcohol cessation can be given in multiple sessions.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"289-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction: Prevalence and Complications of Subclinical and Overt Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy at North Indian Tertiary Care Center.","authors":"","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_198_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_198_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article on p. 285 in vol. 48, PMID: 37323740.].</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Awareness, Ever Use of E-cigarettes and Effect of a Health Education Intervention among Adolescent School Students of Hyderabad.","authors":"Saba Yahoo Syed, Harika Maddisetty, Snigdha Pattnaik","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_781_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_781_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of e cigarettes among high school adolescent students has steadily increased in the last decade globally including India. The present study aimed to assess awareness, ever use of cigarettes in adolescent school students. It also assessed the effect of a health education intervention on their knowledge and attitude towards vaping. The present study was pre post quasi experimental study conducted in randomly selected four schools in Greater Hyderabad. The study group was middle and high school students from 11 to 16 years of age. The study commenced with each group of 30 students by baseline data collection, an icebreaker session, followed by video based health education session. It concluded with group discussion, an interactive feedback session, pledge writing, and post intervention data collection. The study was conducted with 216 participants. Mean age of participants was 14.26 (±1.11) years, and median was 14 years. Females comprised 129 (59.7%) of participants. Awareness of e cigarettes/vaping among participants was 85.18% and 15.74% of them responded affirmatively to ever use of e cigarettes. Knowledge regarding contents and hazards of use of e cigarette was adequate in 8.33% participants at baseline which significantly improved post intervention where 99.07% participants had adequate knowledge. Attitudes regarding \"cool quotient\" of vaping, safety of e cigarettes, etc., also improved significantly post intervention. School based group health education intervention among middle adolescents was effective in improving awareness, knowledge, and attitude toward vaping among middle adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"352-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}