Indian Journal of Community Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Levels in Women with Uterine Fibroids: A Healthcare Setting Perspective from Coastal Karnataka.","authors":"K K Vineetha, Bhamini Krishna Rao, P R Archana, Shashikala K Bhat, R Vani Lakshmi, Rajeshwari G Bhat","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_66_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_66_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thyroid problems and uterine fibroids (UFs) are common in women. Prior research has also documented the prevalence of thyroid abnormalities, particularly goiter and thyroid nodules, in women with UF. However, there is a lack of definitive baseline information regarding thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in women with UF, especially in the Indian population. The present study aimed to analyze the TSH levels among women with and without UFs. A hospital-based retrospective pilot study of 50 premenopausal women aged 15-55 years with and without fibroids. Their TSH reports were analyzed. 100 patients who visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Secondary Care Hospital in Coastal Karnataka, from October to December 2019 (50 each with and without UF) were screened for eligibility criteria. After all the exclusions, 38 women with UF and 26 women without UF were included. High TSH levels were found in 15 (40%) of the 38 women with UF and 8 (31%) of the 26 women without UF. However, the result was not statistically significant. This study shows an increased percentage of high TSH levels among women with UFs (40%) compared to those without UFs (31%), though statistically insignificant. Further observational studies among a large sample population are needed to evaluate the thyroid function among UF patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 Suppl 1","pages":"S114-S119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12430842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Acute Diarrheal Diseases among Children aged 1-5 years Residing in the Amritsar District.","authors":"Lokesh Kumar Meena, Sanjeev Mahajan, Preeti Padda, Jasleen Kaur","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_720_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_720_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Worldwide, diarrheal diseases claim approximately 1.3 million lives annually among children under 5, making them the second leading cause of childhood mortality globally. According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5), diarrhea affects 7.3% of children under 5 years of age in India, while in Punjab, this figure stands at 4.9%.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The present cross-sectional study was conducted in rural and urban areas of the Amritsar district from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023 among children aged 1-5 years. A total of 430 study participants, aged between 1 and 5 years, were included in the sample, with equal urban-rural representation (215 each). The sample was selected from the most populous village and urban slum.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of acute diarrheal disease (ADD) over the past 3 months was found to be 23%. ADD was associated with the age of the study participants, the education level of the mother, fast food consumption, immunization status, and water storage practices.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Urban participants experienced a higher prevalence (35%) compared to rural participants (11%). The prevalence of ADD was approximately 3 times higher in the urban slum population in comparison to the rural population.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 Suppl 1","pages":"S98-S102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12430847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Qualitative Study to Assess Challenges Faced During AEFI Surveillance.","authors":"Sophie Simon, Shalini Rawat, Rohan Sangam, Gajanan D Velhal","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_42_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_42_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>India has a functional and mature National Regulatory Authority which ensures that vaccines manufactured and used in the country are safe. Monitoring adverse events post-licensure is equally critical to identify infrequent adverse events due to the vaccine product.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional observational qualitative study done in a Metropolitan city in Maharashtra from January 2017 to June 2018. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with healthcare workers and stakeholders involved in adverse event following immunization (AEFI) surveillance in the city. The data obtained were transcribed and analyzed using the inductive method. Thematic analysis was done using the grounded theory. Data were analyzed using ATLAS ti 5.7.1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found that both active and passive surveillance were being followed in the study area helped in improving reporting rates and in early detection and management of adverse events. It was noted that there was no proper training provided to doctors in the private sector. Reporting of adverse events depended upon a number of factors such as clinical seriousness, temporal proximity to vaccination and health care workers' awareness of and obligation to report particular adverse events, fear of blame, time pressures in completing a report, and confusion in whose responsibility it was to report.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Mandatory training of all private practitioners conducting immunizations, CHVs to work in collaboration with private doctors for active surveillance of AEFI, and online reporting to be made available for easy reporting. Proper counseling of mothers regarding giving paracetamol to the vaccine beneficiaries. Greater convergence is required between national regulators, and vaccine pharmacovigilance stakeholders including Central drugs standard control organisation (CDSCO), Pharmacovigilance programme of India (PvPI), and AEFI surveillance program, especially at the city and state level is required to handle vaccine safety issues at various levels in a faster and more effective manner.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 Suppl 1","pages":"S90-S97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12430844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Maternal Healthcare Access: A Mixed Method Study on Dual Utilization of Public and Private Antenatal Care Services in Puducherry, India.","authors":"L Swathy Madhusoodanan, Mahalakshmy Thulasingam, Sathish Rajaa, Sai Meenu, Debajyoti Bhattacharya, Kalaiselvy Arikrishnan, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_785_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_785_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Access to antenatal care (ANC) services has improved. However, it is also noted that some antenatal women seek multiple healthcare services. Exploring this practice will identify gaps in service provision and pave the path toward improving the quality of services.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to measure the concurrent use of public and private healthcare services for various components of ANC and understand the reasons for the dual utilization.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This explanatory mixed-method study enrolled 177 mothers residing in Puducherry, who had given birth in the last three years. A pretested, semi-structured questionnaire was administered, and six key informant interviews were conducted. Integration was performed in the interpretation stage, and a joint display was used to depict the results. We adopted the Donabedian model during the analysis and organized the codes under these major themes[1] Access;[2] Delivery of the Services;[3] and Quality of Care.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Most pregnant women (81.9%, 95% CI = 75.2%-86.8%) sought care from both public and private healthcare facilities, however, they preferred public facilities for delivery (74.6%, 95% CI = 67.6%-80.4%). The qualitative analysis revealed three major themes[1] Access;[2] Delivery of the Services;[3] and Quality of Care. Primary reasons for opting for private facilities included perceived superior ANC quality, organized care evident in scheduled appointments, reduced waiting time, frequent ultrasounds, personalized medication, and enhanced rapport with family. Women also believed that visits to government facilities are essential to avail the monetary benefits and have a seamless admission during delivery. They felt that government hospitals perform fewer cesarean sections.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Strengthening public-private partnerships could enhance antenatal care utilization, benefiting pregnant women and streamlining healthcare delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 Suppl 1","pages":"S76-S82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12430846/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of Neurodevelopmental Tools for Preterm Infants During Infancy: Mapping the Components Across Infant Age Quarters.","authors":"Vadivelan Kanniappan, Manikumar Muthiah, J R Abishek, S Shrisruthi, Balaji Chinnasami, Subramanian Sethuraman, Prakash Muthuperumal, Manju Bashini Manoharan, Devendhiran Raja, Saranraj Selavaraj","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_549_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_549_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With an increasing rate of preterm birth (PTB) and survival rates, PTB-related impairments have become a critical concern that requires early screening and intervention. Though there are multiple neurodevelopmental tools available, their complexity in administration, limits their usage. This research intends to systematic review the available neurodevelopmental assessment tools to map their components in relevant domains in each age quarter of a preterm infant's life to give a quick reference guide for clinical practice in India. A systematic review was undertaken using key keywords linked to preterm newborns and neurodevelopmental assessment in PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and gray literature published from 2000 to 2023. The initial search identified 30 neurodevelopmental tools, but only 10 were included in the analysis due to accessibility constraints. The first quarter concentrated on a great deal on primitive reflexes, which might serve as early warnings of a red flag. Although these tools are used in research, most lack extensive psychometric evaluations specific to preterm populations, raising concern validity and geographical sensitivity, especially in India. There is critical need to establish the psychometrics of the identified tools in preterm population. The components plotted over infant age quarters may be used by health care professionals for a quick reference. Inaccessibility of tools being the major hinderance in pediatric evaluation, these charted components may serve a practical reference frame work for establishing a comprehensive tool that might require less or minimal training suitable for low- and middle-income countries like India.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 Suppl 1","pages":"S13-S21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12430843/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transactional Sex and its Drivers among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Plateau State North Central Nigeria.","authors":"Tolulope O Afolaranmi, Joy M Dogo, Philip A Adeoye, Raluchukwu A Ugwu, Oluseyi A Omokore, Solomon Wekpe, Olabanjo O Ogunshola, Ayuba I Zoakah, Phyillis Kanki","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_110_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_110_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Involvement in transactional sex encompasses a spectrum of activities ranging from casual sex to continual professional exchange of sex for benefits. Transactional sex is driven by economic, structural, social, legal, and psychological vulnerability factors that are common among men who have sex with men (MSM) and could negatively impact the gains and mileage achieved in HIV/AIDS epidemic control. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence and drivers of transactional sex among the MSM population in Plateau State Northern Central Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study conducted among the MSM population between October 2021 and June 2022 using a quantitative data collection method. Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was used to recruit participants into the study. SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis with crude and adjusted odds ratios as well as 95% confidence interval used as point and interval estimates with a <i>P</i> ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the study participants was 26.7 ± 5.4 years with 203 (42.6%) being strictly homosexual and 273 (57.4%) bisexuals. The prevalence of self-reported engagement in transactional sex was 89.9%, which was found to be driven by lack of employment in jobs (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3), bisexual orientation (AOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1-6.4), positive family history of same-sex engagement (AOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.8-11.6), and being married (AOR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1-8.1).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study found a higher prevalence of engagement in self-reported transactional sex being driven by lack of employment, bisexual orientation, and positive family history of same-sex engagement.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 Suppl 1","pages":"S48-S53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12430831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive Modelling of Low Birth Weight in Pregnancies: A Comparative Analysis of Logistic Regression and Decision Tree Approaches.","authors":"Ravi Kumar, Abhinav Bahuguna, Palak Goyal, Richa Mishra, Huma Khan, Amit Kumar","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_247_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_247_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Birth weight plays a vital role in an infant's comprehensive development. Low birth weight (LBW) infants may go through several kinds of health complications in the early stages of their lives. This paper is an attempt to identify the predictors that significantly influence the likelihood of LBW through a model-based approach.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Data for this hospital based cross sectional study includes 130 pregnant women during the years 2022-2023. We have applied logistic regression and the decision tree method for predicting LBW in pregnancies. The performance of these predictive models has been assessed through receiving operating characteristic curve (ROC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings revealed 38.5% prevalence of LBW in pregnancies. Factors such as age of mother, abortion, presence of co-morbidities, pregnancy complications, and gestational age have been identified as significant predictors (<i>P</i> < 0.05) of LBW through logistic regression. The area under the ROC curve (AUC=0.881) for logistic regression and decision tree (AUC=0.814) indicates that the fitted models have better discrimination ability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Logistic have better accuracy than decision tree model. Decision tree excels at capturing patterns but may overfit and hence should be used with caution. This study highlighted the need of targeted policy implementation on maternal and childhood care to reduce the risk of LBW.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 Suppl 1","pages":"S134-S139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12430836/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scoping the Scope for Scoping Reviews in Public Health in India.","authors":"Deepak Saxena, Shalu R Chaudhary, Pankaj Bharadwaj","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_497_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_497_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 Suppl 1","pages":"S1-S5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12430849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145066049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Service Gap Assessment of Village Health and Nutrition Day Services in a Rural Block of Eastern Odisha: A Mixed-method Study.","authors":"Dinesh Prasad Sahu, P S Preeti, Arvind Kumar Singh, Vikas Bhatia","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_293_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_293_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Village Health and Nutrition Day (VHND) services is an initiative taken by the Government of India for improvement of maternal and child health care in the rural areas. This study aimed to assess the gap in services and also the current implementation status of the VHND services.</p><p><strong>Methodolgy: </strong>A mixed-method study (cross-sectional and qualitative study) was conducted in a rural block of Odisha. A total of 46 VHND sessions were assessed during the study period. The study was conducted to assess the service gaps. Manpower, beneficiaries, basic amenities, basic equipment, medicines, and services were assessed. A structured checklist was prepared and validated. Stakeholder interview and exit interview of the beneficiaries were conducted to assess the constratints in providing services.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VHND sessions were conducted at 91.3% of the sites. Basic amenities like weighing scales and blood pressure apparatuses were available at 100% of the sessions. However, hemoglobinometers, glucometers, stethoscopes, and stadiometers were not available at all sites. Essential drugs like iron and folic acid and calcium were also not available at 73.8% and 42.9% of the sites, respectively. Lack of participation of PRI members, interrupted drugs and logistic supply, and overlapping activities of health workers were the major challenges.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Supportive supervision, proper infrastructure, equipment, uninterrupted supply, and proper coordination can improve the uptake of VHND services. Proper planning and management are the key to provide optimum services in rural areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 Suppl 1","pages":"S35-S40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12430925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145066007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life of the Geriatric Population in Tribal Setting in Jharkhand-A Pilot Study.","authors":"Sumit Mohan, Gaurav Kumar, Harsh Priyank, Butta Viswanath","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_219_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_219_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this descriptive cross-sectional household pilot study is to assess the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) using General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) in the geriatric tribal population of Jharkhand, India. This analysis comprised 200 study participants of which 89 were males, while 111 were females. The subjects were interviewed on a 12-point GOHAI questionnaire to assess the physical functions, psychological aspects, and presence or absence of dental diseases and assessed on a 6-point Likert scale. The study results showed that the majority of the participants seldom faced problems in swallowing and speaking. On assessing OHRQoL, the male population was found to have better GOHAI score (34.991) as compared to females (10.200). This study revealed the presence of increased severity of dental disease and poor perception of oral health among the tribal population due to lack of knowledge and poor availability of dental healthcare facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 Suppl 1","pages":"S125-S128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12430835/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}