Indian Journal of Community Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence, Determinants, and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Urinary Tract Infections in Antenatal Women in an Urban Resettlement Colony and Slum in Delhi, India: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Divya Gupta, Mongjam M Singh, Saurav Basu, Suneela Garg, C P Baveja, Y M Mala","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_689_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_689_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection occurring in pregnant women with untreated, recurrent, and inadequately treated bacteriuria accentuating the risk of multiple adverse fetal and maternal health outcomes. The study objective was to determine the proportion of UTIs and their predictors along with antibiotic resistance patterns of causative organisms in pregnant women.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted among 348 pregnant women in an urban resettlement and slum colony. Urine samples were examined through semi-quantitative culture on plated Mac Conkey and blood agar. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done on Muller Hinton agar using the modified Stokes' disc diffusion method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At least one symptom related to UTI was reported by 35.7% (95% CI: 30.7-41.1) of the participants. The proportion of pregnant women detected having UTI on urine culture was 7.4% (<i>n</i> = 24, 95% CI: 5.1-10.8) with 13 (54.2%) asymptomatic and 11 (45.8%) symptomatic cases. Overcrowding was a significant predictor of UTI. The most common organisms detected were <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>n</i> = 12), <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (<i>n</i> = 7), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>n =</i> 3), and <i>Acinetobacter</i> species (<i>n</i> = 2).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The use of individual toilets and active screening for UTI through culture and sensitivity testing in pregnant women should be promoted in low-resource settings irrespective of symptoms. The initiation of presumptive antibiotic therapy for UTI cases in pregnant women should be restricted to painful micturition due to high false positivity of other symptoms with Nitrofurantoin being a likely preferred drug for empirical administration due to its low resistance pattern among isolated organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"81-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927829/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of Life and Healthcare Seeking Behavior among Internal Migrant Laborers in Coimbatore, India: A Community-based Analytical Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"P Aparnavi, M Malarkodi, Sivagami Ramanathan, Madhavi Sambandan, Jeevithan Shanmugam, Mohan Kumar, Shanmuga Priya, Seetharaman Narayanan, Ramesh Rathinamoorthy","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_821_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_821_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Globalization and urbanization have increased international and internal migration. However, migrants are still not absorbed into the local communities and remain vulnerable groups. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the quality of life (QoL) and healthcare-seeking behavior (HCSB) of internal migrant laborers in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in the year 2023 among 321 migrant laborers residing for a minimum duration of 6 months in Coimbatore. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demography, QoL (using the WHO BREF scale), HCSB, and healthcare expenses. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional ethical committee. Informed written consent was obtained from the participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare QoL across socio-demographics and HCSB.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall QoL score was 61, and those in social and environmental domains were also above 60. The QoL was higher in the environmental and social domains than in the physical and psychological domains. Females, married people, those currently living with their family, those working in the organized sector, and those in higher socio-economic status had better QoL than their counterparts. Per capita income had a positive correlation with physical, psychological, and environmental aspects of life. About 68% of those who used private sector healthcare services had catastrophic health expenditures (CHEs).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The overall QoL among migrant laborers was moderate. Migrants preferring formal healthcare enjoyed better QoL. Major CHE was for delivery, and hence, the barriers to accessing free government services are to be explored.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"136-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927828/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Proposed Classification System for Occupational Hazards to Dental Professionals.","authors":"Sayem A Mulla","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_602_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_602_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"261-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Quality of Sensitization Programs of State-Wide Youth Mental Health Promotion Program - An Indian Example.","authors":"Upashana Medhi, Pradeep S Banandur, B A Arvind, Gautham M Sukumar, Rajeshwari, Sathya Velu, Vani Naik, Sonia Therat, Azad Devyani","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_719_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_719_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sensitization plays a pivotal role in raising awareness about critical youth issues and encouraging them to access support services, contributing to the success of programs like Yuva Spandana, a youth-centric mental health promotion initiative in Karnataka, India. For youth to access support within YSKs, the quality and effectiveness of sensitization programs (SPs) are crucial. A standard quality assessment through indicators for SPs is required to provide recommendations for improvement. To enlist quality indicators and assess the quality of SP conducted under Yuva Spandana (YS) program across Karnataka.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We performed secondary data analysis (utilizing data available within the computerized management information system over 5 years; 2017-2022) and direct/in-person observation of SPs (by the researcher and the core team of YS between June and July 2022 using a specifically developed checklist). Quality indicators were developed using a process of consensus building. Each attribute within the checklist was scored, and a composite mean score and mean percentage scores for quality were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 33257 SP reports and 31 in-person SPs were assessed. A total of 36 quality indicators (10 quality indicators based on SP reports and 26 based on in-person observation) were developed. The average quality score of report-based SPs was 10.93 (±2.59; range 1-20) and in-person assessment was 63.06 (±6.61; range 50-73).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study emphasizes the importance of addressing all youth issues, including sensitive topics like gender, sex, and sexuality, to ensure a holistic approach to youth mental health. Challenges faced during program execution and the distribution of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) materials also contribute to program quality. This research offers valuable insights for improving the conduct of SPs, enhancing youth access to services, and guiding future community-based health promotion initiatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"34-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Socio-personal Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Symptoms of Reproductive Tract Infections among Sexually Active Married Women in Ernakulam District of Kerala, India.","authors":"Ann Merrin George, Leena Kunnath Chacko","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_36_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_36_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs)/Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are the main cause of maternal mortality and morbidity in India. The prevalence of the symptoms of RTIs was found to be very high in community-based studies. However only a few studies have explored the factors associated with it. This study aims to determine the socio-personal factors associated with the prevalence of symptoms of RTIs among sexually active married women in Ernakulam district of Kerala.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study adopted a cross-sectional approach and was conducted among 640 married women in the reproductive age group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of the symptoms of RTIs was found to be 56.9% and about 60.16% of them had experienced multiple symptoms. Multivariate analysis showed that those women living in the urban areas (OR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.334, 0.719), having no previous history of obstetric/gynecological risk factors (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.119, 3.19) and using both clothes and sanitary pads interchangeably during menstruation (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.282, 0.734) were found to be at less risk of contracting RTIs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of sanitary pads along with cloth pads can be enhanced rather than only using reusable cloths during menstruation. Also, efforts to improve the reproductive health of the women and reduce the obstetric/gynaecological risk factors should be devised to curtail the peak of RTIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"114-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indigenous Medical Practitioners to Curb Coronavirus Disease-2019 Crisis in India: A Pragmatic Proposal?","authors":"Ritwik Ghosh, Dipayan Roy, Julián Benito-León","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_997_21","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_997_21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"255-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Objective Structured Practical Examination a Better Option than Conventional Practical Examination in Assessing Students' Competency? An Analytical Research.","authors":"Arup J Rout, Pallabi Dasgupta, Tushar K Saha, Daliya Biswas","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_519_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_519_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There was always a need for some innovative assessment method like an objective structured practical examination (OSPE) which is objective, reliable, and valid over conventional practical examinations (CPEs), which lack objectivity and reliability and carries risk of teachers' bias as learning is assessment-driven. The aim of this study was to find out the effectiveness of OSPE over CPE among seventh-semester medical students and to assess the objectivity of structured questions among different OSPE stations.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 207 students appeared in the seventh-semester examination in community medicine, and they were divided into three groups depending on their total marks. Each student had to face both OSPE stations and conventional viva voce tables and their scores were recorded. A paired T-test was done to assess differences in mean marks between OSPE and CPE. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to compare the OSPE station-wise mean among different series of examinations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The high-scorer students secured significantly higher mean marks of 30.30 ± 3.94 in OSPE than in CPE (26.93 ± 3.85). The mean marks obtained by high-scorer students showed no significant difference except in one station. Among the low-scorer group, statistically significant differences in mean marks were found among various stations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>OSPE is an effective tool of assessment than CPE. Still, meticulous care is to be taken in designing respective OSPEs, and proper training of assessors is also needed, to avoid biases.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"143-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ivermectin as a Treatment Modality in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Up-To-Date RCTs.","authors":"Raghava Kalyan Maddukuri, Madhavi Latha Desimalla, Reshma Banavathu, Sai Pavan Kumar Arepalli","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_117_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_117_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the efficacy and safety of Ivermectin compared to placebo or standard of care for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 disease. Literature search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, and google scholar. Clinical trial registries (clinical trail.gov) and preprint servers (Medrxiv) were also searched for registered and preprint data respectively. Mortality, Clinical recovery, Clinical worsening, duration of hospital stay, and adverse events were considered as primary outcomes while viral clearance is considered as a secondary outcome. Revised Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Random effect meta-analysis was carried out for all the outcomes. GRADE was used to rate the certainty of evidence. A total of 19 RCTs with 1111 patients were included in the analysis. Ivermectin use did was not associated with a reduction in the incidence of mortality, duration of hospitalization, clinical worsening, and incidence of adverse events nor it was associated with an increase in clinical improvement compared to either placebo or standard of care. Ivermectin also did not show any reduction in viral clearance compared to both placebo or standard of care and this was associated with substantial inconsistency. The overall certainty of the evidence was very low to low. Based on the very low to low certainty of the evidence, we consider Ivermectin ineffective in the management of COVID-19 disease, both as treatment and prophylaxis.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"9-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study of Abortions in a Rural Area of Delhi.","authors":"Priyanka Yadav, Gajendra S Meena, Rajesh Kumar, Nandini Sharma","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_558_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_558_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Abortions in India are increasing despite the laws to legalize them. Many abortions are conducted through unsafe practices and are underreported. To determine the prevalence of abortions in women of a reproductive age group in a rural area of Delhi and to determine associated factors.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among married women in the reproductive age group residing in Barwala village, Delhi/NCR. An interview schedule was used to interview 315 women, and information was obtained for socio-demography, use of contraceptives, medical history, and history of abortions. Chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used for analyzing the association of abortions with other variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of all 315 women, 47% had a history of one or more abortions. Of all pregnancies (n = 953), 25.6% ended in abortions (n = 244). Of the total number of abortions reported, 60.7% (n = 148) were induced, while 39.3% (n = 96) were spontaneous. Of induced abortions, only 35% were safe, while 65% were unsafe abortions. Age of mother, age at marriage, history of contraception use, and gender of first child were significantly associated with abortions. However, no significant association was found with socio-economic status, education, and occupation of women and their spouses. Only 1.3% women knew that abortions are legal in India.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A high proportion of women are going for induced abortions, of which a greater proportion is that of unsafe abortions. There is also lack of knowledge about the legalisation of abortions in India.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"147-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-Sectional Study on Side Effects of \"Corbevax\" Covid-19 Vaccine among 12- to 14-Year Age Group in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.","authors":"Chhaya Mittal, Harimu Bargayary, Mohit Saini","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_681_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_681_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The first mass vaccination program for COVID-19 in India started on January 16, 2021. Initially, Covaxin and Covishield were used. Later, the Government of India has approved the usage of Corbevax, a Hyderabad-based biological E SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccine among 12- to 14-year age group from March 16, 2022. Corbevax vaccination was started in our hospital setting on March 19, 2022, for 12- to 14-year age group. Monitoring safety of any vaccine is of importance in a real-world setting. Limited study has been performed till date on side effects of Corbevax vaccine. Therefore, this study has been planned to assess the side effects after Corbevax vaccination among 12- to 14-year age group in a tertiary care hospital setting in Meerut district. To assess the side effects after Corbevax vaccination among 12- to 14-year age group in a tertiary care hospital setting in Meerut district. Tertiary care hospital setting and cross-sectional study design.</p><p><strong>Methods and material: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 270 study participants. Sample size was calculated assuming 50% prevalence of side effects after vaccination. Study subjects were selected by using simple random sampling among the beneficiaries of a tertiary care center. Data were collected using a pretested semistructured questionnaire. Proportions, Chi-square test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of all the participants, 41.48% had developed side-effects with pain at site of injection being the most commonly reported symptom (64.29%), and about half among those affected had resolved spontaneously.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The vaccine causes only mild symptoms and is safe for use in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"230-233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}