Indian Journal of Community Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Erratum: Engagement and Preparedness of Urban Accredited Social Health Activists (U-ASHAs) for Delivery of Tuberculosis (TB) Care: Findings From Two Cities in Maharashtra, India.","authors":"","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_199_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_199_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article on p. 225 in vol. 50, PMID: 40124825.].</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"399"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends and Patterns of Road Traffic Accidents in Maharashtra: A Comparative Examination of NCRB and MEMS Databases.","authors":"Biranchi Narayan Jena, Dnyaneshwar Shelke, Shoma Shrivastava","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_773_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_773_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The emergence of high incidence of Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) has contributed to the burden of Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) both in terms of mortality and morbidity. It is very important to have a structured and accurate database for strategizing road safety and associated public health benefits. There are multiple sources of data available for the research of road traffic accidents and road safety. It is utmost necessary to identify the most appropriate data source for RTA research.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The current study is based on five years' time series data (2017 to 2021) from two data sources namely National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) and Maharashtra Emergency Medical Services (MEMS). Injury rate and death rate was used along with the trend analysis to define the trend of RTA. Corelation coefficient was used for establishing the patterns of reporting of RTA in the state of Maharashtra. The data is analysed by using MS Excel and SPSS16.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both the databases exhibit a declining trend in the reporting of RTA in the state of Maharashtra with a CAGR of -1.99% in NCRB and -13.77% in MEMS. Although the number of incidents reported in NCRB is around 40% less than MEMS, both the sources have almost the same number of victims per accident (r= 84%). Injury rate reported in NCRB is around 40% less than the MEMS data and the variation in injury rate in cities is high as per NCRB data than in MEMS data. MEMS data provides a number of information including the severity of injury which may be useful for the analysis and insight generation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both the databases are important in providing crucial information for generating insight and strategies for road safety. A central database in combining both the database would be ideal for the researchers in the areas of injury and road safety. MEMS was the better source in terms of amount of information for epidemiological research in road safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"300-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and Practices Regarding e-waste and its Management among Adults Living in Siliguri: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Alapan Bandyopadhyay, Abhijit Mukherjee","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_686_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_686_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>India is projected to be one of the largest consumers of electronics and producers of e-waste in the world. There is a dearth of literature regarding the knowledge and practices of the general Indian population regarding e-waste. The present study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practices of the general populace of Siliguri regarding electronic waste.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among the households of Siliguri, West Bengal. Consenting adults were interviewed using the questionnaire. A multi-stage sampling strategy was employed for the study to obtain a sample of 375. A researcher-administered questionnaire was used to collect data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the head of the household was 50.2 ± 13.6 years. Most of the households were nuclear families (56.5%), and 34.4% of them belonged to the upper middle socioeconomic class. The households possessed a median of five devices. It was seen that 93.4% knew that e-waste was harmful to their health. The commonest practice regarding the disposal of e-waste was selling these items to recyclers (47.5%). However, 29.3% of the households reported that due to them not knowing what to do with broken electronics, they stored them at home. A majority (84.8%) of the households reported that they did not use any personal protective equipment while handling e-waste.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While the households assessed knew about the harm of e-waste, their knowledge about e-waste disposal was varied. Furthermore, there was a knowledge-practice gap, leading to them either storing e-waste at home or having other improper handling and disposal practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"307-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Access to Disability-related Healthcare among People with Visual Disability in India: Evidence from a National Sample Survey.","authors":"Ashok Kumar, Praveena Tandon, Gaurav Meratwal","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_440_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_440_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite progress, there are still gaps and inequalities in achieving universal health coverage (UHC), particularly among marginalized populations such as people with visual disability (VD). This study aimed to evaluate access to disability-related healthcare among people with VD in India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the Survey of Persons with Disabilities in India, the 76^th round of the National Sample Survey (NSS), which was conducted between July 2018 and December 2018, were used in this study. Binomial logistic regression was used to find the association between access to disability-related healthcare and sociodemographic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of VD in the general population was 0.23%. About 15% of people with VD did not have access to healthcare for disability. Access was lower in the older age group (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =0.68) than in the younger age group, females (AOR = 0.89), persons with low literacy (AOR = 0.72), low consumption expenditure (AOR = 0.60), and people belonging to the scheduled tribes (STs) (AOR = 0.57). Affordability was the leading reason for poor accessibility. About 55% of people with VD had zero out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), 35.8% had monthly OOPE below INR 1000, and 1.3% had monthly OOPE INR >5000.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study found gaps in access to healthcare in people with VD in India. This population is falling behind in the core elements of UHC, i.e. affordability and inequality. India should adopt a comprehensive strategy that includes age-specific interventions, improved rural access, measures for socioeconomic equity, gender sensitivity, and expanded public health insurance coverage and social security schemes for people with VD.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"337-343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer Awareness and its Predictors among the Rural Population of Eastern India: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Dinesh Prasad Sahu, Sonu H Subba, Prajna Paramita Giri","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_195_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_195_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The global burden of cancer is increasing rapidly. In India, particularly, there is a low level of health awareness and significant information asymmetry. Improving awareness among the general population will bring about better health-seeking behavior and acceptance of screening methods. The study aims to assess the different aspects of cancer awareness and its determinants among the rural population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2017 to August 2018. Data was collected from 1116 participants using a semistructured questionnaire. Information was collected on awareness about different cancers, sources of information, treatability, preventability, and risk factors of cancer. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 (Armonk, NY, IBM Corp.). The level of awareness was presented as a percentage and the Odds ratio was calculated to find out the association between level of awareness and different sociodemographic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>73.5% of the study participants had heard of cancer. Oral cancer was the most common cancer known to the study participants. Television was the most common source of cancer information. Knowledge about the preventability, treatability, and risk factors of cancer was very low. Tobacco was the most common risk factor identified. Awareness of cancer was found to be significantly associated with educational status.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Awareness about general cancers was high, but awareness about specific cancers was low. There is a need to re-look at the health education campaigns about cancer to improve awareness of the rural population. Television and the Internet should be used as an effective medium to generate awareness about cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"324-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Countries with Fewer Procedures for Cardiovascular Disease Management Face Greater Premature Mortality from Noncommunicable Diseases.","authors":"Manya Prasad, Sunanda Gupta","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_420_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_420_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The rate at which low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are transitioning into high-burden states for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is currently posing a global health security threat. Not only cardiovascular disease (CVD) occurs earlier in these countries but also it is likely that individuals do not have access to adequate management procedures. The present study was undertaken to find the effect of availability of procedures for CVD management on premature mortality in NCDs and to juxtapose this with the prevalence of two main risk factors, hypertension and diabetes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The World Health Organization's Global Health Observatory data were used, which include health-related data on its 194 member states. The correlation matrix was constructed for risk factors, income classification, availability of CVD management procedures, and premature NCD mortality. Multiple linear regression was done to find the association between availability of management procedures, income classification, and premature NCD mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A negative correlation was observed between premature NCD mortality and income group and between premature NCD mortality and availability of CVD management procedures. Countries possessing fewer procedures for CVD management suffered a greater burden of premature NCD mortality, and this was in the form of a strong linear association. Income class and availability of CVD management procedures both independently affected premature NCD mortality. Each unit increase in income class and number of CVD management procedures reduced the premature NCD mortality by 7.9 and 2.8 units, respectively. The impact of both these factors on premature NCD mortality was statistically significant. Countries with higher prevalence of hypertension were seen to be possessing fewer CVD management procedures. Income groups also demonstrated disparities, with high-income countries bearing less burden of hypertension and having more ubiquitous CVD management resources.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study found that availability of CVD management procedures, such as thrombolysis, coronary bypass/stenting, and acute stroke care and rehabilitation, significantly reduce premature NCD mortality across the world. Countries that face higher burden of premature NCD mortality are not only the ones that are least prepared to manage them but also the ones that bear the greatest prevalence of risk factors like hypertension and diabetes. Making procedures for NCD management available in LMICs must be put on high priority on the global health agenda.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"318-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological Profile of the Victims Involved in Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) and ICD-10 Classification Attending an Emergency Department: A Descriptive Study.","authors":"Surendra Babu Darivemula, Sayeda Misbah Jabeen, Sai Revanth A Surapaneni, Sakshi Piyush Rastogi, Harika Salodi, S Lakshmi Srujana, Nikhila Seelam, Sasidharan Shiga, S Karthik","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_282_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_282_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death for children and young adults aged 5-29 years. They cause approximately 1.3 million deaths every year, with 20 to 50 million more people suffering nonfatal injuries and many incurring a disability as a result of their injury. A retrospective record-based descriptive study was performed to analyze the epidemiological profile of the patients attending with road traffic accidents (RTA) to emergency/casualty department in a tertiary care hospital. The purposive sample from the last 7 months with those affected from RTA cases came to casualty and undergone treatment during the study duration and the exclusion criteria were brought dead patients. Out of 397 victims, 309 (77.8%) were male and 88 (22.2%) were female and mean age with SD 37.19 ± 13.9 years. Majority 143 (36.0%) had self-fall, 64 (16.1%) 2-wheeler vs pedestrian, 63 (15.9%) 2-wheelers vs 4-wheeler, 55 (13.9%) under 2-wheelers vs 2-wheeler. Majority were happened on Saturday 60 (15.1%), Sundays 71 (17.9%) and the rest on an average of 50 incidents in a day; out of them, the incident happened at evening 98 (24.7%) night 136 (34.2%) morning 109 (27.5%), and in the afternoon time 54 (13.6%), respectively. Accidents have male predominance, with more victims from adults and middle age 21-40 years. Most common category of the victim was motorcycle rider, followed by pedestrians, and as per ICD-10 classification, the common mechanism of incident happened was motorcycle rider noncollision transport accident (Code: V28).</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"356-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peer Observation in Medical Education: Identified Challenges and Potential Solutions.","authors":"Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava, Prateek Sudhakar Bobhate, Prithvi Brahmanand Petkar, Harshal Gajanan Mendhe, Ankit Badge","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_763_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_763_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"392-394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out-of-pocket Expenditure on Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications among Residents of Slum Areas of Agra City-A Community-based Study.","authors":"Lingareddy Prathyusha, Renu Agrawal, Geetu Singh, Sarvesh Kumar, Tanya Agarwal","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_392_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_392_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>India ranks second in the world after China with 74.2 million living with diabetes currently and is projected to see 124.9 million living with diabetes by 2045. Diabetics need extensive self-management support, medications, regular screening for management of complications and comorbidities, which can increase out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure for patients and their families. The aim of this article is to estimate the OOP expenditure for the management of diabetes mellitus and its complications among residents of slum areas of Agra city and to find out the association of OOP expenditure with sociodemographic and diabetic profile and compliance to treatment among the study participants. A cross-sectional study through face-to-face interviews using predesigned, pretested, and semistructured questionnaires were conducted from October 2020 to September 2022. A sample of 360 known diabetics was included. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 24 and descriptive statistics were reported wherever applicable. Male, female ratio was 3:2, 66% of participants were between 35 and 60 years, 28% were illiterates, 54% were unemployed and 44% were from upper lower socioeconomic class. Nearly 96% were type 2 diabetics and 74% were on oral hypoglycemic agents. Monthly median direct and indirect OOP expenses were INR 1,500 and INR 505, respectively. OOP expenses were borne by 98% of the study participants.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"373-378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mainstreaming Millets: Reviving the Miracle Grain for Addressing Rising Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases.","authors":"Arunjeet Singh, Jarnail Singh Thakur","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_284_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_284_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Millets have been known and grown in India since the Vedic times and have been part of traditional Indian diets ever since. Production and consumption of millets saw a considerable decline after the Green Revolution. The opportunity cost of substituting wheat and rice with millets is evident now with an incremental increase in the incidence and mortality of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) over successive decades. Food security, climate crisis, and the inherent resilience of the crop to grow in semi-arid climates have been some of the key factors that have been instrumental in reviving the millet story. Millets being rich in micronutrients, fibers, and a low glycemic index are ideally suited to address the rising burden of NCDs. Stewardship by the government in the form of policy inputs and creating a favorable ecosystem with the involvement of farmers, industry, and even consumers to mainstream the grain has seen a paradigm shift in the past decade. 2023 will be observed as the International Year of Millets by the United Nations which will provide the platform to not only advocate the health benefits attributed to the grain but also mainstream millets in the international arena.</p>","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":"50 2","pages":"278-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080906/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}