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We Still Have a Lot to Learn. 我们还有很多东西要学。
IF 2 3区 心理学
Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-06-09 eCollection Date: 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00383-0
Michael Perone
{"title":"We Still Have a Lot to Learn.","authors":"Michael Perone","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00383-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00383-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Use of contingent electric skin shock in the treatment of severe problem behavior has been criticized on the grounds that (a) it is not necessary because function-based procedures using positive reinforcement are just as effective; (b) it violates contemporary ethical standards; and (c) it lacks social validity. There are good reasons to challenge these claims. The meaning of \"severe problem behavior\" is imprecise and we should be cautious in our claims about how to treat it. It is not clear that reinforcement-only procedures are sufficient because they are commonly paired with psychotropic medication, and there is evidence that some instances of severe behavior may be refractory to reinforcement-only procedures. Ethical standards, as expressed by the Behavior Analysis Certification Board and the Association for Behavior Analysis International, do not prohibit punishment procedures. Social validity is a complex concept that can be understood and measured in multiple, potentially conflicting ways. Because we still have a lot to learn about these matters, we should be more skeptical of sweeping claims such as the three enumerated above.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 2","pages":"305-311"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10322802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10186973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Tangle of Autonomy, Beneficence, Liberty, and Consent in the CESS Debate. CESS辩论中的自主、利益、自由和同意之争。
IF 2 3区 心理学
Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-06-06 eCollection Date: 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00378-x
Stephanie M Peterson
{"title":"The Tangle of Autonomy, Beneficence, Liberty, and Consent in the CESS Debate.","authors":"Stephanie M Peterson","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00378-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00378-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This commentary on the task force report addresses the complex issues involved in autonomy, beneficence, liberty, and consent, which are often in competition in this and many other treatment issues for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, especially those with limited vocal/verbal repertoires. The issues at hand are multifaceted, and behavior analysts should be aware there is much we do not know enough about. As good scientists, it is important to maintain an attitude of philosophic doubt and endeavor to deepen understanding.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 2","pages":"321-328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10322809/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10168238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Response to ABAI Task Force on the Use of Contingent Electric Skin Shock. 对ABAI特遣队使用皮肤电击的回应。
IF 2 3区 心理学
Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-06-06 eCollection Date: 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00381-2
Jennifer R Zarcone, Ivan Brown, Peter E Langdon, Michael Mullane, Mindy Scheithauer
{"title":"Response to ABAI Task Force on the Use of Contingent Electric Skin Shock.","authors":"Jennifer R Zarcone, Ivan Brown, Peter E Langdon, Michael Mullane, Mindy Scheithauer","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00381-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00381-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article, the authors provide their response to the Association for Behavior Analysis International (2022) position statement on the use of contingent electric skin shock (CESS). In this response, we address concerns raised by the task force regarding limitations of the Zarcone et al. (2020) review article in which both methodological and ethical concerns were raised about the quality of research in the use of CESS with people with disabilities in the treatment of challenging behavior. We note that with the exception of the Judge Rotenberg Center in Massachusetts, no state or country currently supports the use of CESS as it is not recognized as the standard of care in any other program, school, or facility.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 2","pages":"349-354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10323054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10168237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Additional Comments on the Use of Contingent Electric Skin Shock. 关于使用突发性皮肤电击的补充意见。
IF 2 3区 心理学
Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-06-06 eCollection Date: 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00382-1
Wayne W Fisher, Brian D Greer, Daniel R Mitteer
{"title":"Additional Comments on the Use of Contingent Electric Skin Shock.","authors":"Wayne W Fisher, Brian D Greer, Daniel R Mitteer","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00382-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00382-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prior to the ABAI member vote to decide between two alternative position statements on contingent electric skin shock (CESS), the current authors helped draft a consensus statement supporting the abolition of CESS. In this commentary, we provide additional, supporting information for that consensus statement by (1) showing that the extant literature does not support the supposition that CESS is more efficacious than less-intrusive interventions; (2) providing data showing that implementing interventions that are less intrusive than CESS does not lead to overreliance on the use of physical or mechanical restraint to control destructive behavior; and (3) discussing the ethical and public relations issues that arise when behavior analysts use painful skin shock to reduce destructive behavior in persons with autism or intellectual disability.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 2","pages":"339-348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10323055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10186970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
When Science Cannot Guide us: A Call to Action for Applied Behavior Analysts. 当科学无法指导我们时：应用行为分析师的行动呼吁。
IF 2 3区 心理学
Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-06-06 eCollection Date: 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00377-y
Dorothea C Lerman
{"title":"When Science Cannot Guide us: A Call to Action for Applied Behavior Analysts.","authors":"Dorothea C Lerman","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00377-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00377-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence presented in the ABAI Task Force Report on Contingent Electric Skin Shock (CESS) revealed serious ethical, clinical, and practical problems with the contemporary use of CESS. As a member of the task force, I ultimately concluded that our recommended position statement (\"Position A\") was a misguided attempt to uphold the field's commitment to client choice. Furthermore, information gathered by the task force supports an urgent call to find solutions to two additional troubling issues: a severe shortage of treatment services for severe problem behavior and the near-absence of research on treatment-resistant behavior. In this commentary, I discuss reasons Position A was not a tenable stance and why we must do better to help our most vulnerable clients.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 2","pages":"313-320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10322805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9810649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Contingent Electric Skin Shock: An Empirical or Ideological Issue? 偶发触电:经验问题还是意识形态问题?
IF 2 3区 心理学
Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00380-3
Nathan Blenkush, Dawn A O'Neill, John O'Neill
{"title":"Contingent Electric Skin Shock: An Empirical or Ideological Issue?","authors":"Nathan Blenkush,&nbsp;Dawn A O'Neill,&nbsp;John O'Neill","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00380-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-023-00380-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intractable self-injury, aggressive, and other destructive behaviors are real human conditions. Contingent electric skin shock (CESS) is a technology, based on behavior-analytic principles, used to ameliorate such behaviors. However, CESS has always been extraordinarily controversial. The Association for Behavior Analysis (ABAI), commissioned an independent Task Force to examine the issue. After a comprehensive review, the Task Force suggested the treatment should be available for use in select cases through a largely accurate report. Yet, ABAI adopted a position indicating CESS is never appropriate. On the issue of CESS, we are extremely concerned behavior analysis departed from the fundamental epistemology of positivism and is misleading nascent behavior analysts and consumers of behavioral technology. Destructive behaviors are extremely difficult to treat. In our commentary, we outline clarifications regarding aspects of the Task Force Report, proliferation of falsehoods by leaders in our field, and limitations to the standard of care in behavior analysis. We recommend using science to answer important questions instead of propagating false information at the expense of current and future clients with treatment refractory behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 2","pages":"329-337"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10322794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10186968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Acquisition of Children's Relational Responding: The Role of the Intradimensional and Interdimensional Abstract Tact and the Autoclitic Frame. 儿童关系反应的习得:维度内、维度间抽象机智与自噬框架的作用
IF 2 3区 心理学
Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-05-15 eCollection Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00375-0
T V Joe Layng, Anna M Linnehan
{"title":"Acquisition of Children's Relational Responding: The Role of the Intradimensional and Interdimensional Abstract Tact and the Autoclitic Frame.","authors":"T V Joe Layng, Anna M Linnehan","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00375-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00375-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The acquisition of verbal behavior is complex and requires the analysis of myriad variables. Ernst Moerk estimated that by the time a child has reached 4 years of age they have experienced nearly 9 million language learning trials with mothers using at least 14 categories of maternal teaching interactions. The interactions provide a foundation for children learning the tact, mand, echoic, intraverbal, autoclitic, and other relations, described by Skinner in <i>Verbal Behavior</i>. Here we examine two relations that have been overlooked to some extent and arguably account for many of the generative features of verbal behavior and shared meaning: the abstract tact, or more precisely the interdimensional abstract tact, and the autoclitic frame. We describe Goldiamond's treatment of stimulus control in its many forms; dimensional, abstractional, and instructional, and how it can be used to understand the acquisition of both intradimensional and interdimensional abstract tacts and autoclitic frames that guide seemingly complex relational responding and meet consequential contingency requirements. We argue the development of complex relational responding in children can be explained parsimoniously without mediating variables or hypothetical constructs.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"539-559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10733232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43809321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessing Growth of BACB Certificants (1999-2019). 评估学士学位证书的增长(1999-2019)
IF 2 3区 心理学
Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-04-20 eCollection Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00370-5
Neil Deochand, Marc J Lanovaz, Mack S Costello
{"title":"Assessing Growth of BACB Certificants (1999-2019).","authors":"Neil Deochand, Marc J Lanovaz, Mack S Costello","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00370-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00370-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geographic distribution patterns of board certified behavior analysts may be useful in analyzing the growth of the field. First, we present an international snapshot of Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) certificants, then analyze relative growth rates between countries from 1999 to 2019. This is followed by an in depth review of certificant distribution patterns in the United States and Canada, as well as the ratios of experienced behavior analysts to new certificants. These data highlight regions with a potential deficit of qualified supervisors. There are factors that influence different dispersal patterns, and without drilling deeper into the data we may be unable to effectively identify or influence them in order meet the specific needs of a geographic region.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40614-023-00370-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"251-282"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11035534/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47839922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Tale of Two Rats: The Backstory of a Clever Cartoon. 两只老鼠的故事：一个聪明卡通的背景故事。
IF 2 3区 心理学
Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-04-20 eCollection Date: 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00372-3
Kennon A Lattal
{"title":"A Tale of Two Rats: The Backstory of a Clever Cartoon.","authors":"Kennon A Lattal","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00372-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00372-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A well-known cartoon among psychologists and behavior analysts depicts two rats in a Skinner box, leaning over a response lever as one says to the other, \"Boy, do we have this guy conditioned, every time I press the bar down he drops a pellet in.\" Anyone who has ever conducted an experiment, worked with a client, or taught someone can relate to the cartoon's message of reciprocal control between subject and experimenter, client and therapist, and teacher and student. This is the tale of that cartoon and its impact. It begins mid-20<sup>th</sup>-century at Columbia University, then a hotbed of behavioral psychology, which bears an intimate connection to the cartoon's appearance. The tale expands from Columbia to follow the lives of its creators from their undergraduate days there to their deaths decades later. The infusion of the cartoon into American psychology begins with B. F. Skinner, but, over the years, it also has appeared in introductory psychology textbooks and in iterative form in mass media outlets such as the World Wide Web and magazines like <i>The New Yorker.</i> The heart of the tale, however, was stated in the second sentence of this abstract. The tale ends with a review of how reciprocal relations like those depicted by the cartoon's creators have influenced research and practice in behavioral psychology.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 2","pages":"377-398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10323056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10186969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recommendations Regarding Use of the Term "Ignore" in Applied Behavior Analysis. 关于在应用行为分析中使用“忽略”一词的建议。
IF 2 3区 心理学
Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-04-20 eCollection Date: 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00373-2
Lindsay A Lloveras, Ciobha A McKeown, Sarah N Lichtenberger, Tyra P Sellers, Timothy R Vollmer
{"title":"Recommendations Regarding Use of the Term \"<i>Ignore\"</i> in Applied Behavior Analysis.","authors":"Lindsay A Lloveras, Ciobha A McKeown, Sarah N Lichtenberger, Tyra P Sellers, Timothy R Vollmer","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00373-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00373-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ignore</i> is a common term used in behavioral assessment, behavior intervention plans, textbooks, and research articles. In the present article, we recommend against the typical usage of the term in most applications of behavior analysis. First, we briefly outline some history of the use of the term in behavior analysis. Then, we describe six main concerns about <i>ignore</i> and the implications for its continued use. Finally, we address each of these concerns with proposed solutions, such as alternatives to the use of ignore.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 2","pages":"399-408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10322799/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10186975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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