Perspectives on Behavior Science最新文献

{"title":"Radical Behaviorism as a Defining Feature of Behavior Analysis: Introduction to the Special Section.","authors":"James M Johnston, Henry D Schlinger","doi":"10.1007/s40614-026-00519-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-026-00519-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"49 3","pages":"417-419"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13562449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Functional-Pragmatic Approach to the Analysis of Group Behavior.","authors":"Alejandro Macías, Jan De Houwer","doi":"10.1007/s40614-026-00509-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-026-00509-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Group behavior cannot always be understood solely by examining the actions of individual members. Some approaches have focused on how group behavior emerges from the interactions and learning processes of individuals-that is, on the mechanisms that produce collective outcomes from individual contingencies. In this article, we take a complementary perspective: rather than analyzing how groups emerge from individuals, we examine how the behavior of groups themselves, treated as systems, can be shaped by reinforcement contingencies at the level of the group. In other words, we ask how groups can learn through consequences. To address this question, we summarize and extend core principles of behavior analysis-particularly operant conditioning-and apply them directly to group behavior. Although related ideas have appeared in the literature on metacontingencies and group contingencies, our framework differs in that it shows how the analytic tools traditionally used to study individual behavior can be systematically extended to groups, offering a coherent and testable foundation for the experimental analysis of group behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"49 3","pages":"483-502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13562467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148957029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teaching Graduate Courses on Radical Behaviorism: Goals, Strategies, and Resources.","authors":"Sarah A Lechago, Cynthia J Pietras","doi":"10.1007/s40614-026-00510-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-026-00510-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coursework in radical behaviorism prepares behavior analysis students to be effective practitioners and scientists, and thus instructors of these courses have an important role in ensuring the future success of the field. The aim of this article is to support instructors who are developing courses in radical behaviorism by sharing some ideas for course design and teaching strategies. We first briefly review reasons for including radical behaviorism courses in behavior analysis graduate training programs and describe some of the skills that we hope students acquire in these classes. We then offer some ideas for course goals and objectives, readings, web-based resources, assignments, and activities, and discuss some curriculum considerations. We suggest possible pedagogical strategies for shaping verbal behavior on conceptual issues, promoting engagement with the material, encouraging discussions, and navigating challenging topics, such as determinism versus free will, with cultural sensitivity. We conclude by describing some of the reinforcers for instructors who teach these courses, and by describing potential benefits for graduate programs and the field for continuing to ensure that future generations of behavior analysts receive in-depth training in radical behaviorism.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-026-00510-7.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"49 3","pages":"457-482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13562481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing Core Outcome Sets to Advance Evidence Synthesis in Behavior Analysis.","authors":"Alan Tennyson, Richard May, Aoife Mc Tiernan","doi":"10.1007/s40614-026-00507-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-026-00507-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Applied behavior analysis is grounded in data-based decision-making and evidence-based practice (EBP). EBP is increasingly reliant on evidence syntheses (i.e., the combining of findings from multiple research studies to inform on a particular topic). Within this context, outcome heterogeneity is defined as variability in the outcome measures employed across research studies evaluating a particular intervention, including what is measured, how, and when. Outcome heterogeneity has been identified as a substantive barrier to evidence synthesis across health and social care, with direct consequences for clinical guideline development and policy. This article draws on examples from behavior-analytic and adjacent research to argue that outcome heterogeneity represents a methodological challenge for behavior analysis. A Core Outcome Set (COS) is a consensus-based, standardized set of outcomes that should be measured and reported as a minimum when evaluating a particular intervention. COS have been developed across a range of health behavior change interventions (e.g., for sedentary behavior, behavioral weight management, self-management of diabetes) as a structured response to the challenge of outcome heterogeneity. This article proposes increased engagement with the broader movement toward COS and argues that behavior analysis offers methodological resources not currently included in COS frameworks. Engagement with COS infrastructure should be approached with critical consideration, incorporating reflection on both its potential risks and benefits, as well as its alignment with the principles and practices of the field of behavior analysis. Risks of engagement, including the potential marginalization of idiographic measurement and inductive experiment techniques, are identified and mitigations proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"49 3","pages":"503-522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13562490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of Empirical Data from Behavior Analysis on Anti-Black Bias.","authors":"Denise Aparecida Passarelli, Táhcita Medrado Mizael, Júlio C de Rose","doi":"10.1007/s40614-026-00506-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-026-00506-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite growing attention to diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI), empirical research on anti-Black bias within behavior analysis remains scarce. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and adopted a methodological and conceptual framework grounded in behavior analysis to identify and examine 23 empirical studies published in 27 behavior-analytic journals between 1964 and 2026. The selected studies were categorized into three methodological domains: (1) cross-sectional and correlational surveys; (2) validity of implicit and explicit measures for detecting anti-Black bias; and (3) experimental interventions on anti-Black bias. Cross-sectional and correlational studies examined associations between values, psychological flexibility, mental health, and racial attitudes, highlighting contextual influences on bias. Measurement studies primarily used relational frame theory-based tools, including the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) and the Function Acquisition Speed Test (FAST), demonstrating sensitivity to implicit anti-Black biases not captured by self-report measures. Intervention studies included equivalence-based training, particularly with children, showing promising but preliminary effects in modifying biased relational networks. Interventions with adults also yielded favorable outcomes, especially those involving values clarification and exposure to relationally inconsistent stimuli. Across cross-sectional studies, common limitations included reliance on convenience samples, incomplete reporting of sampling procedures, and inadequate control of confounding variables. Experimental studies frequently lacked control groups or baseline comparability included limited follow-up assessments, and relied on self-report or emerging measures with limited validation. Overall, findings highlight the need for a more cumulative, conceptually precise, and functionally grounded research agenda to advance antiracist efforts within behavior analysis.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-026-00506-3.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"49 3","pages":"523-568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13562460/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What John B. Watson Meant to B. F. Skinner: The 1979 Symposium.","authors":"Bruno Angelo Strapasson, Edward K Morris","doi":"10.1007/s40614-026-00498-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-026-00498-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article introduces a 1979 symposium held at Furman University in honor of the centennial of John B. Watson's birth and reproduces B. F. Skinner's unpublished contribution to it. Watson was commemorated in presentations by James V. McConnell, Fred S. Keller, and Skinner. The introduction describes the symposium's structure, the presenters' professional records, and their views on Watson's behaviorism, situating the speech within its historical context. McConnell offered a critical yet admiring view of Watson, whereas Keller emphasized Watson's influence on behaviorism's application, particularly in education. Skinner's presentation, titled \"What John B. Watson Meant to Me,\" reflected on both his intellectual debt to Watson and their philosophical differences. This is likely the lengthiest and most in-depth of Skinner's appreciations and analysis of Watson's work. In publishing the presentation, the article contributes to the historiography of behavior analysis and clarifies the relationship between two of the most influential figures in the history of behaviorism.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"49 3","pages":"613-632"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13562451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skinner's First Publication?","authors":"Benjamin N Witts","doi":"10.1007/s40614-026-00505-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-026-00505-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article examines publication as a product of verbal behavior selected by audience control and applies this analysis to reconsider the chronology of B. F. Skinner's earliest published works. I identify Skinner's 1919 poem in the <i>Lone Scout</i> as his first publicly disseminated output, highlighting how different audiences alter what counts as a \"first publication.\" This historical reframing underscores the functional role of an audience in defining scholarly products across Skinner's early contributions.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"49 3","pages":"633-635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13562452/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Behavioral Economic Characterization of the Impact of the COVID-19 Quarantine on Reinforcer Diversity, Behavior, and Health.","authors":"Erin B Rasmussen, Alam Y Alvarado","doi":"10.1007/s40614-026-00502-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-026-00502-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2020, the U.S. government, like other countries, instated a nationwide quarantine to reduce the spread of COVID-19, which had reached pandemic status. Though challenging on a number of levels, the quarantine also provided a unique opportunity to examine the effects of a cultural phenomenon that reduced access to many sources of reinforcement and the potential impact on behavior and health. From a behavioral economic standpoint, the quarantine likely resulted in greater consumption of reinforcers that were highly available in the home, such as social media, sleep, substances, and food, while lowering consumption of reinforcers that were restricted by quarantine policies. These two trends likely combined into a net reduction in the diversity of reinforcers that were available to individuals during the quarantine. For some individuals, these shifts in consumption also predicted changes in health and mental health status, especially those involving consumption of social media, sleep, substances, and food. We discuss the implications for health and mental health associated with these trends and end by offering suggestions on how a more careful programming of available reinforcers during times of low reinforcer diversity may prevent excessive consumption of reinforcers that may affect health or mental health risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"49 3","pages":"569-611"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13562494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148957061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"It is Time to Retire \"Noncontingent Reinforcement\".","authors":"Mary Max Llinás, Thomas R Freeman, Elbert Blakely","doi":"10.1007/s40614-026-00503-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-026-00503-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The term \"noncontingent reinforcement (NCR)\" has long been used in both research and clinical practice. However, several authors have recognized it as a conceptually flawed term in the scholarly literature (e.g., Poling & Normand, 1999). Nonetheless, behavior analysts have continued to use this term, and there are several concerns surrounding its usage in addition to the conceptual reasons previously reported. At present, \"NCR\" is serving as an umbrella term for several response-independent (e.g., time-based schedules, continuous access), response-dependent (e.g., change in dependency), and other procedures with preexisting labels (e.g., mand training, pairing). With \"NCR\" being used to describe a wide array of distinct procedures, it can lead to confusion and imprecise communication. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide a brief history of \"NCR,\" describe procedures commonly labelled as \"NCR,\" explore some of the attendant terminological issues in relation to the mechanisms of action, and summarize arguments from the literature for keeping or removing \"NCR\" from our lexicon. We will then propose an umbrella term (i.e., response-independent schedules) for these common procedures and suggest a series of actions to resolve this ongoing problem in our terminology.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"49 2","pages":"249-265"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13230398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148164474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radical Behaviorism: A Primer for the Profession and the Person.","authors":"Henry D Schlinger, Matthew P Normand","doi":"10.1007/s40614-026-00504-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-026-00504-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article presents radical behaviorism as the philosophical foundation of behavior analysis and argues for its practical relevance to contemporary applied behavior analysis. Written primarily for students and instructors, it is motivated by upcoming credentialing and accreditation standards that will require substantial coursework in behaviorism and philosophical foundations. The article focuses especially on explaining behavior from a radical behaviorist perspective and clarifying the assumptions that underlie the science of behavior analysis. After briefly distinguishing among the conceptual, experimental, applied, and service-delivery aspects of the field, the article traces the historical development of behaviorism from Watson and Thorndike to Skinner's experimental work and his formulation of radical behaviorism. The article emphasizes that radical behaviorism treats behavior-public and private-as physical events subject to lawful relations, rejects mentalistic and dualistic explanations, and interprets verbal behavior and private events (e.g., thinking, consciousness) as environment behavior relations. The core assumptions of radical behaviorism-monism, empiricism, determinism, parsimony, selectionism, and pragmatism-are outlined, and their implications for theory, explanation, and practice are explained. Finally, radical behaviorism is framed as both a professional guide for behavior-analytic activity and a broader worldview that can foster compassion, improve practice, and support cultural and personal change.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"49 3","pages":"421-439"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13562474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}