Perspectives on Behavior Science最新文献_第10页

On the Appropriate Measure to Estimate Hyperbolic Discounting Rate (K) using the Method of Least Squares. 用最小二乘法估计双曲折现率(K)的适当方法。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-08-12 eCollection Date: 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00306-x

Harli R Berk, Tanya A Gupta, Federico Sanabria

{"title":"On the Appropriate Measure to Estimate Hyperbolic Discounting Rate (K) using the Method of Least Squares.","authors":"Harli R Berk, Tanya A Gupta, Federico Sanabria","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00306-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00306-x","url":null,"abstract":"The estimation of the rate at which value declines with delay requires identifying the correct discounting model, applying the appropriate parameter estimation method, and choosing the dependent measure from which parameters are estimated. The simplest adequate discounting model is the hyperbolic model; the simplest method to estimate its sole free parameter, K, is the method of least squares. Estimates of K based on relative subjective values (RSV), although typical, are not necessarily more reliable than those obtained through other measures. We consider an alternative measure termed immediacy premium (IP): the ratio of value lost over value preserved due to outcome delay. According to hyperbolic discounting, IP is a linear function of delay. As a result, estimates of K obtained from IP circumvent the divergence between individual and aggregate estimates obtained with the RSV method. Moreover, published data suggests that estimates of K based on RSV and IP differ systematically in humans and in pigeons. Regardless of the dependent measure adopted, estimates of K obtained from nonhuman animals, but not from humans, yield residuals that conform with error-distribution assumptions of the method of least squares. Although residuals obtained using the IP method in human data diverged more from normality than those obtained using the RSV method, the sequential dependence over delays of the former was weaker than that of the latter. We therefore recommend adopting both RSV and IP when estimating hyperbolic K using the method of least squares, resorting to more elaborate estimation methods when inferences drawn from these estimates are inconsistent.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":" ","pages":"667-682"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40614-021-00306-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39750445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

How to Be RAD: Repeated Acquisition Design Features that Enhance Internal and External Validity. 如何成为RAD:重复获取设计特征，提高内部和外部有效性。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-08-02 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00301-2

Megan S Kirby, Trina D Spencer, John Ferron

{"title":"How to Be RAD: Repeated Acquisition Design Features that Enhance Internal and External Validity.","authors":"Megan S Kirby, Trina D Spencer, John Ferron","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00301-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00301-2","url":null,"abstract":"The Repeated Acquisition Design (RAD) is a type of single-case research design (SCRD) that involves repeated and rapid measurement of irreversible discrete skills or behaviors through pre-and postintervention probes across different sets of stimuli. Researchers interested in the study of learning in animals and humans have used the RAD because of its sensitivity to detect immediate changes in rate or accuracy. Despite its strengths, critics of the RAD have cautioned against its use due to reasonable threats to internal validity like pretest effects, history, and maturation. Furthermore, many methodologists and researchers have neglected the RAD in their SCRD standards (e.g., What Works Clearinghouse [WWC], 2020; Horner et al., 2005). Unless given guidance to address threats to internal validity, researchers may avoid the design altogether or continue to use a weak version of the RAD. Therefore, we propose a set of 15 quality RAD indicators, comprising foundational elements that should be present in all RAD studies and additional features that enhance causal inference and external validity. We review contemporary RAD use and describe how the additional features strengthen the rigor of RAD studies. We end the article with suggested guidelines for interpreting effects and the strength of the evidence generated by RAD studies. We invite researchers to use these initial guidelines as a jumping off point for a more RAD future.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"44 2-3","pages":"389-416"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40614-021-00301-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39504426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

What Can We Learn by Treating Perspective Taking as Problem Solving? 我们可以从看待问题的角度来解决问题中学到什么?

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-08-02 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00307-w

Tokiko Taylor, Timothy L Edwards

引用次数: 3

A Behavioral Economic Model of Help-Seeking for Depression. 抑郁症寻求帮助的行为经济模型。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-08-02 eCollection Date: 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00308-9

Wilson T Trusty, Joshua K Swift, Erin B Rasmussen

{"title":"A Behavioral Economic Model of Help-Seeking for Depression.","authors":"Wilson T Trusty, Joshua K Swift, Erin B Rasmussen","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00308-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00308-9","url":null,"abstract":"Findings from the clinical psychology literature indicate that many who experience depression do not seek treatment when needed. This may be due to help-seeking models and interventions failing to account for the behavioral characteristics of depression that affect decision making (e.g., altered sensitivity to punishment and reward). Behavioral economics can provide a framework for studying help-seeking among individuals with depression that explicitly considers such characteristics. In particular, the authors propose that depression influences help-seeking by altering sensitivity to treatment-related gains and losses and to the delays, effort, probabilities, and social distance associated with those gains and losses. Additional biases in decision making (e.g., sunk-cost bias, default bias) are also proposed to be relevant to help-seeking decisions among individuals with depression. Strengths, limitations, and future directions for research using this theoretical framework are discussed. Taken together, a behavioral economic model of help-seeking for depression could assist in identifying those who are at greatest risk of going untreated and in creating more effective help-seeking interventions.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":" ","pages":"541-560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8738822/pdf/40614_2021_Article_308.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39735640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Dissemination of Direct Instruction: Ponder These while Pursuing That. 传播直接教学：在追求这些的同时思考那些。

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-08-02 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00285-z

Patrick C Friman

引用次数: 0

Applying Mixed-Effects Modeling to Behavioral Economic Demand: An Introduction. 混合效应模型在行为经济需求中的应用。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-07-21 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00299-7

Brent A Kaplan, Christopher T Franck, Kevin McKee, Shawn P Gilroy, Mikhail N Koffarnus

{"title":"Applying Mixed-Effects Modeling to Behavioral Economic Demand: An Introduction.","authors":"Brent A Kaplan, Christopher T Franck, Kevin McKee, Shawn P Gilroy, Mikhail N Koffarnus","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00299-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00299-7","url":null,"abstract":"Behavioral economic demand methodology is increasingly being used in various fields such as substance use and consumer behavior analysis. Traditional analytical techniques to fitting demand data have proven useful yet some of these approaches require preprocessing of data, ignore dependence in the data, and present statistical limitations. We term these approaches \"fit to group\" and \"two stage\" with the former interested in group or population level estimates and the latter interested in individual subject estimates. As an extension to these regression techniques, mixed-effect (or multilevel) modeling can serve as an improvement over these traditional methods. Notable benefits include providing simultaneous group (i.e., population) level estimates (with more accurate standard errors) and individual level predictions while accommodating the inclusion of \"nonsystematic\" response sets and covariates. These models can also accommodate complex experimental designs including repeated measures. The goal of this article is to introduce and provide a high-level overview of mixed-effects modeling techniques applied to behavioral economic demand data. We compare and contrast results from traditional techniques to that of the mixed-effects models across two datasets differing in species and experimental design. We discuss the relative benefits and drawbacks of these approaches and provide access to statistical code and data to support the analytical replicability of the comparisons.Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40614-021-00299-7.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"44 2-3","pages":"333-358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40614-021-00299-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39504033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 19

Meta-Analytic Methods to Detect Publication Bias in Behavior Science Research. 检测行为科学研究中出版偏差的元分析方法》（Meta-Analytic Methods to Detect Publication Bias in Behavior Science Research）。

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-07-21 eCollection Date: 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00303-0

Art Dowdy, Donald A Hantula, Jason C Travers, Matt Tincani

{"title":"Meta-Analytic Methods to Detect Publication Bias in Behavior Science Research.","authors":"Art Dowdy, Donald A Hantula, Jason C Travers, Matt Tincani","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00303-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-021-00303-0","url":null,"abstract":"Publication bias is an issue of great concern across a range of scientific fields. Although less documented in the behavior science fields, there is a need to explore viable methods for evaluating publication bias, in particular for studies based on single-case experimental design logic. Although publication bias is often detected by examining differences between meta-analytic effect sizes for published and grey studies, difficulties identifying the extent of grey studies within a particular research corpus present several challenges. We describe in this article several meta-analytic techniques for examining publication bias when published and grey literature are available as well as alternative meta-analytic techniques when grey literature is inaccessible. Although the majority of these methods have primarily been applied to meta-analyses of group design studies, our aim is to provide preliminary guidance for behavior scientists who might use or adapt these techniques for evaluating publication bias. We provide sample data sets and R scripts to follow along with the statistical analysis in hope that an increased understanding of publication bias and respective techniques will help researchers understand the extent to which it is a problem in behavior science research.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"45 1","pages":"37-52"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8894526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52671258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ode to Zig (and the Bard): In Support of an Incomplete Logical-Empirical Model of Direct Instruction. 齐格颂歌（和吟游诗人）：支持不完整的直接教学逻辑-经验模型。

IF 2.5 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-07-20 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00302-1

Edward J Kame'enui

引用次数: 0

C-3s and Model Ts: The Machines behind Two Lovely Farewells. c -3型和t型:两个可爱的告别背后的机器。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-06-30 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00300-3

Kennon A Lattal

{"title":"C-3s and Model Ts: The Machines behind Two Lovely Farewells.","authors":"Kennon A Lattal","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00300-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00300-3","url":null,"abstract":"B. F. Skinner's 1976 editorial \"Farewell my LOVELY,\" eulogizing the passing of the cumulative record as a primary form of data analysis, borrowed its title from a 1936 E. B. White essay of the same name. In it, White, a well-known 20th century essayist and children's book author, eulogized the Model T Ford. This article considers the parallels between the machine behind the cumulative record-the cumulative recorder-and White's Model T. The cumulative recorder considered for comparison is the Ralph Gerbrands Company Model C-3, widely considered by scientists of the time to be the best of the cumulative recorders that proliferated between the 1950s and the 1990s. On a much more modest scale, the C-3 became as popular, visible, distinct, and important in research laboratories devoted, but not limited, to the experimental analysis of behavior as was the Model T on the roads of early 20th century America. Not only were there parallels in manufacture and marketing, but, more importantly, in reliability, durability and ease of function of these two machines that changed the respective practices and culture of behavioral psychology and the world.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"44 2-3","pages":"473-481"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40614-021-00300-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39504428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On Response Strength and the Concept of Response Classes. 论反应强度和反应类的概念。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-06-29 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00305-y

David C Palmer

{"title":"On Response Strength and the Concept of Response Classes.","authors":"David C Palmer","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00305-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00305-y","url":null,"abstract":"Simon et al. (2020) argue that the concept of response strength is unnecessary and potentially harmful in that it misdirects behavior analysts away from more fruitful molar analyses. I defend the term as a useful summary of the effects of reinforcement and point particularly to its utility as an interpretive tool in making sense of complex human behavior under multiple control. Physiological data suggest that the concept is not an explanatory fiction, but strength cannot be simply equated with neural conductivity; interaction with competing behaviors must be considered as well. Decisions about appropriate scales of analysis require a clarification of terms. I suggest defining behavior solely in terms of its sensitivity to behavioral principles, irrespective of locus, magnitude, or observability. Furthermore, I suggest that the term response class be restricted to units that vary together in probability in part because of overlapping topography. In contrast, functional classes are united by common consequences; they vary together with respect to motivational variables but need not share formal properties and need not covary with acquisition and extinction contingencies.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"44 2-3","pages":"483-499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40614-021-00305-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39504429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3