Perspectives on Behavior Science最新文献_第10页

C-3s and Model Ts: The Machines behind Two Lovely Farewells. c -3型和t型:两个可爱的告别背后的机器。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-06-30 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00300-3

Kennon A Lattal

{"title":"C-3s and Model Ts: The Machines behind Two Lovely Farewells.","authors":"Kennon A Lattal","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00300-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00300-3","url":null,"abstract":"B. F. Skinner's 1976 editorial \"Farewell my LOVELY,\" eulogizing the passing of the cumulative record as a primary form of data analysis, borrowed its title from a 1936 E. B. White essay of the same name. In it, White, a well-known 20th century essayist and children's book author, eulogized the Model T Ford. This article considers the parallels between the machine behind the cumulative record-the cumulative recorder-and White's Model T. The cumulative recorder considered for comparison is the Ralph Gerbrands Company Model C-3, widely considered by scientists of the time to be the best of the cumulative recorders that proliferated between the 1950s and the 1990s. On a much more modest scale, the C-3 became as popular, visible, distinct, and important in research laboratories devoted, but not limited, to the experimental analysis of behavior as was the Model T on the roads of early 20th century America. Not only were there parallels in manufacture and marketing, but, more importantly, in reliability, durability and ease of function of these two machines that changed the respective practices and culture of behavioral psychology and the world.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"44 2-3","pages":"473-481"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40614-021-00300-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39504428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On Response Strength and the Concept of Response Classes. 论反应强度和反应类的概念。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-06-29 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00305-y

David C Palmer

{"title":"On Response Strength and the Concept of Response Classes.","authors":"David C Palmer","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00305-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00305-y","url":null,"abstract":"Simon et al. (2020) argue that the concept of response strength is unnecessary and potentially harmful in that it misdirects behavior analysts away from more fruitful molar analyses. I defend the term as a useful summary of the effects of reinforcement and point particularly to its utility as an interpretive tool in making sense of complex human behavior under multiple control. Physiological data suggest that the concept is not an explanatory fiction, but strength cannot be simply equated with neural conductivity; interaction with competing behaviors must be considered as well. Decisions about appropriate scales of analysis require a clarification of terms. I suggest defining behavior solely in terms of its sensitivity to behavioral principles, irrespective of locus, magnitude, or observability. Furthermore, I suggest that the term response class be restricted to units that vary together in probability in part because of overlapping topography. In contrast, functional classes are united by common consequences; they vary together with respect to motivational variables but need not share formal properties and need not covary with acquisition and extinction contingencies.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"44 2-3","pages":"483-499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40614-021-00305-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39504429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Measuring Explicit Instruction Using Classroom Observations of Student-Teacher Interactions (COSTI). 利用课堂师生互动观察（COSTI）衡量显性教学。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-06-21 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00291-1

Barbara Gunn, Keith Smolkowski, Lisa A Strycker, Caroline Dennis

引用次数: 0

Behavioral Economic Approaches to Childhood Obesity Prevention Nutrition Policies: A Social Ecological Perspective. 儿童肥胖预防营养政策的行为经济学方法:社会生态学视角。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-06-04 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00294-y

Molly Cory, Bernardo Loiacono, Margaret Clark Withington, Annie Herman, Anjana Jagpal, Joanna Buscemi

{"title":"Behavioral Economic Approaches to Childhood Obesity Prevention Nutrition Policies: A Social Ecological Perspective.","authors":"Molly Cory, Bernardo Loiacono, Margaret Clark Withington, Annie Herman, Anjana Jagpal, Joanna Buscemi","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00294-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-021-00294-y","url":null,"abstract":"Childhood obesity is a significant public health concern associated with the development of the leading causes of death. Dietary factors largely contribute to childhood obesity, but prevention interventions targeting these factors have reported relatively small effect sizes. One potential explanation for the ineffectiveness of prevention efforts is lack of theoretical grounding. Behavioral economic (BE) theory describes how people choose to allocate their resources and posits that some children place higher value on palatable foods (relative reinforcing value of food) and have difficulty delaying food rewards (delay discounting). These seemingly individual-level decision making processes are influenced by higher-level variables (e.g., environment/policy) as described by the social ecological model. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a theoretical review of policy-level childhood obesity prevention nutrition initiatives informed by BE. We reviewed two policy-level approaches: (1) incentives-/price manipulation-based policies (e.g., sugary drink tax, SNAP pilot) and (2) healthful choices as defaults (Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act/National School Lunch Program, advertising regulations, default items). We review current literature as well as its limitations and future directions. Exploration of BE theory applications for nutrition policies may help to inform future theoretically grounded policy-level public health interventions.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"44 2-3","pages":"317-332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40614-021-00294-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39504032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Just How Effective is Direct Instruction? 直接教学的效果如何？

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-06-02 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00295-x

Lee Mason, Maria Otero

引用次数: 0

A Systematic Review and Quality Appraisal of Applications of Direct Instruction with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. 自闭症谱系障碍儿童直接教学应用的系统回顾和质量评估。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-06-01 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00292-0

Sarah E Frampton, Greg T Munk, Laura A Shillingsburg, M Alice Shillingsburg

引用次数: 0

Science in the Service of Humanity: The Astonishing Contributions of Siegfried Engelmann. 为人类服务的科学:齐格弗里德·恩格尔曼的惊人贡献。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-05-28 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00293-z

Shepard Barbash

引用次数: 3

Relations between Description and Experimentation in the Metacontingency Enterprise: An Interbehavioral Analysis. 元权变企业中描述与实验的关系:一个交互行为分析。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-05-19 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00286-y

Will Fleming, Linda J Hayes

{"title":"Relations between Description and Experimentation in the Metacontingency Enterprise: An Interbehavioral Analysis.","authors":"Will Fleming, Linda J Hayes","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00286-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-021-00286-y","url":null,"abstract":"Despite extensive theoretical development, there is a lack of consensus in the metacontingency enterprise on the extent to which current metacontingency constructs describe experimental happenings. The purpose of this article is to provide an interbehavioral analysis of the metacontingency enterprise that examines relations between description and experimentation in order to facilitate research on cultural selection occurring through metacontingencies. In particular, this article considers how stimulus functions of descriptions of metacontingency constructs participate in metacontingency experiments in terms of specificity, types of analysis, levels of analysis, and procedures. The extent to which experimental findings are able to be described in terms of metacontingency constructs is assessed. Prominent events and relations demonstrated by metacontingency experiments are summarized and discussed, as well as inconsistencies between relations described and relations constructed based on events observed. Recommendations for experimental and descriptive adjustments are offered. Although this analysis may or may not have any bearing on the metacontingency enterprise, it may serve as a template for conducting interbehavioral analyses of activities in other enterprises, if not more analyses of the metacontingency enterprise.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"44 2-3","pages":"417-472"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40614-021-00286-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39504427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Building a More Effective, Equitable, and Compassionate Educational System: The Role of Direct Instruction. 建立一个更有效、公平和富有同情心的教育体系:直接教学的作用。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-05-10 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00287-x

Jean Stockard

{"title":"Building a More Effective, Equitable, and Compassionate Educational System: The Role of Direct Instruction.","authors":"Jean Stockard","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00287-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00287-x","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent book, Anthony Biglan describes how strong social research can be used to build a compassionate and more caring society that promotes the well-being of all. This article asserts that a strong educational system needs to be part of this transformation and that widespread use of Direct Instruction (DI) could be key in the process. Analysis of the underlying theory, development, and use of DI describes the way it is based on careful developmental research. It promotes effective and efficient learning while embodying respect for students and teachers. The results of a recent large meta-analysis of research on DI's effectiveness show it is more effective than other educational approaches, with effect sizes that surpass the effect associated with the difference in achievement of students from lower income and other homes. Alternative approaches to educational change are reviewed and it is suggested that DI is a more effective and efficient method of improving student success. Powerful actors within the educational establishment have expressed opposition to DI and have worked to hide evidence of its effectiveness. This paper identifies other social actors who could work together to counter the resistance to DI and build an educational system that promotes the well-being of all.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"44 2-3","pages":"147-167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40614-021-00287-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39505537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Validity and Reliability Analysis of the PlotDigitizer Software Program for Data Extraction from Single-Case Graphs Plot数字化仪软件从单例图中提取数据的有效性和可靠性分析

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00284-0

O. Aydin, Muhammed Yasin Yassikaya

引用次数: 24