Perspectives on Behavior Science最新文献

{"title":"Needed independent and dependent variables in multi-element behavior support plans addressing severe behavior problems.","authors":"Gary W LaVigna,&nbsp;Elizabeth C Hughes,&nbsp;Geoff Potter,&nbsp;Matthew Spicer,&nbsp;Linda Hume,&nbsp;Thomas J Willis,&nbsp;Elena Huerta","doi":"10.1007/s40614-022-00331-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-022-00331-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ethically , behavior analysts are required to use the least aversive and restrictive procedures capable of managing behaviors of concern. This article introduces and discusses a multi-element paradigm for devising support plans that include ecological, positive programming, and focused-support proactive strategies for reducing the frequency of problem behavior occurrence. It also includes reactive strategies, i.e., separate independent variables. In this paradigm, reactive strategies are aimed solely at getting rapid, safe control over the incident, thereby reducing measured and quantified episodic severity. Behavior analysts who publish in mainstream behavioral journals do not always make it explicit how they, in fact, successfully employed non-aversive reactive procedures to achieve rapid/safe control over the severity of a behavioral incident. Three examples of published studies in the behavioral literature which successfully, though only implicitly, used non-aversive reactive strategies (NARS) to reduce the severity of the behaviors of concern are described. The multi-element paradigm discussed in the present article is illustrated by the support plans that address the challenging behavior of three children in a pre-school setting, using both proactive and reactive strategies. Reactive strategies were used for the purpose of reducing episodic severity (ES) and proactive strategies were aimed at reducing the frequency of occurrence. Following a comprehensive functional analysis and assessment (CFA) and the implementation of a multi-element behavior support (MEBS) plan, results show successful outcomes without the need for any aversive or restrictive procedures. When addressing severe behaviors of concern, in addition to reducing behavioral occurrence, safety should also be improved by reducing ES as a measured outcome and as a function of the reactive strategies employed, including in many cases, the use of strategic capitulation, i.e., providing the identified reinforcer for the target behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9163225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40013458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the Special Section: Translating Advanced Quantitative Techniques for Single-Case Experimental Design Data.","authors":"Lucy Barnard-Brak,&nbsp;David M Richman,&nbsp;Laci Watkins","doi":"10.1007/s40614-022-00327-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-022-00327-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The articles in this special section offer strategies to single-case experimental design (SCED) researchers to interpret their outcomes, communicate their results, and compare the results using common, quantitative results. Advancing quantitative methods applied to SCED data will facilitate communication with scientists and other professionals that do not typically interpret graphed data of the dependent variable. Horner and Ferron aptly note that innovative statistical procedures are improving the precision and credibility of SCED research as disseminate our findings to an increasingly diverse audience. This special section promotes the translation of these quantitative methods to encourage their adoption in research using single case experimental designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8894512/pdf/40614_2022_Article_327.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9239797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissemination of Contingency Management for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder.","authors":"Anthony DeFulio","doi":"10.1007/s40614-022-00328-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-022-00328-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contingency management is an intervention for substance use disorders based on operant principles. The evidence base in support of contingency management is massive. It is effective in treating substance use disorder in general and opioid use disorder in particular. Dissemination has remained slow despite the urgency created by the opioid epidemic. Key barriers include a lack of expertise, time, and money. Implementing contingency management with smartphones eliminates the need for special training. It also solves logistical issues and requires little time on the part of clinicians. Thus, remaining barriers relate to cost. Federal anti-kickback regulations complicate solutions to the cost barrier. Other important regulatory challenges related to cost include the lack of billing codes and the difficulty of obtaining FDA approval for digital therapeutics. Even after the cost barrier is overcome, provider adoption is not guaranteed. Incentivizing providers for collaborative care may increase adoption and generate referrals. Recently proposed legislation and governmental policy statements provide optimism regarding the near-term large-scale adoption of contingency management in the treatment of opioid use disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10050478/pdf/40614_2022_Article_328.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9240363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Threats to Internal Validity in Multiple-Baseline Design Variations.","authors":"Timothy A Slocum,&nbsp;Sarah E Pinkelman,&nbsp;P Raymond Joslyn,&nbsp;Beverly Nichols","doi":"10.1007/s40614-022-00326-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-022-00326-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple baseline designs-both concurrent and nonconcurrent-are the predominant experimental design in modern applied behavior analytic research and are increasingly employed in other disciplines. In the past, there was significant controversy regarding the relative rigor of concurrent and nonconcurrent multiple baseline designs. The consensus in recent textbooks and methodological papers is that nonconcurrent designs are less rigorous than concurrent designs because of their presumed limited ability to address the threat of coincidental events (i.e., history). This skepticism of nonconcurrent designs stems from an emphasis on the importance of across-tier comparisons and relatively low importance placed on replicated within-tier comparisons for addressing threats to internal validity and establishing experimental control. In this article, we argue that the primary reliance on across-tier comparisons and the resulting deprecation of nonconcurrent designs are not well-justified. In this article, we first define multiple baseline designs, describe common threats to internal validity, and delineate the two bases for controlling these threats. Second, we briefly summarize historical methodological writing and current textbook treatment of these designs. Third, we explore how concurrent and nonconcurrent multiple baselines address each of the main threats to internal validity. Finally, we make recommendations for more rigorous use, reporting, and evaluation of multiple baseline designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9458807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33518031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Juvenile Justice Settings by Decreasing Coercion: One Lab's Perspectives from Behind the Fence.","authors":"Odessa Luna, John T Rapp, Kristen M Brogan","doi":"10.1007/s40614-022-00325-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-022-00325-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article, we outline an emerging role for applied behavior analysis in juvenile justice by summarizing recent publications from our lab and discussing our procedures through the lens of coercion proposed by Goltz (2020). In particular, we focus on individual and group interventions that target a range of behaviors emitted by adolescents in a residential treatment facility. In general, individual interventions involve teaching adolescents to (1) respond appropriately to staff, (2) tolerate nonpreferred environmental conditions, and (3) control problematic sexual arousal. Likewise, group interventions involve low-effort manipulations that decrease disruptive behavior and increase appropriate behavior in settings with numerous adolescents. Thereafter, we describe behavioral interventions for staff working in juvenile justice. These staff-focused interventions aim to increase staff-initiated, positive interactions with students in order to change subsequent student behavior. In addition, we review our recent endeavors to assess and conceptualize other service providers' behavioral products (i.e., prescription practices) in a juvenile facility. Lastly, we discuss future directions of behavior-analytic intervention with juvenile-justice involved adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8791426/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39877875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tutorial. A Behavioral Analysis of Rationality, Nudging, and Boosting: Implications for Policymaking.","authors":"Marco Tagliabue","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00324-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-021-00324-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As recent trends in policymaking call for increased contributions from behavioral science, nudging and boosting represent two effective and relatively economic approaches for influencing choice behavior. They utilize concepts from behavioral economics to affect agents' concurrent suboptimal choices: in principle, without applying coercion. However, most choice situations involve some coercive elements. This study features a functional analysis of rationality, nudging, and boosting applied to public policy. The relationship between behavior and environmental variables is termed a \"behavioral contingency,\" and the analysis can include social and cultural phenomena by applying a selectionist perspective. Principles of behavioral control, whether tight or loose, may be exerted by policymakers or regulators who subscribe to paternalistic principles and may be met with demands of libertarianism among their recipients. This warrants discussion of the legitimacy and likelihood of behavioral control and influence on choices. Cases and examples are provided for extending the unit of analysis of choice behavior to achieve outcomes regulated by policies at the individual and group levels, including health, climate, and education. Further research and intervention comprise the study of macrocontingencies and metacontingencies. Advancing the understanding and application of behavioral science to policymaking may, therefore, benefit from moving from the relatively independent contributions of behavioral economics and behavior analysis to an inclusive selectionist approach for addressing choice behavior and cultural practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8791424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9193515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applied Quantitative Analysis of Behavior: What It Is, and Why We Care-Introduction to the Special Section.","authors":"David P Jarmolowicz, Brian D Greer, Peter R Killeen, Sally L Huskinson","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00323-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-021-00323-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Science evolves from prior approximations of its current form. Interest in changes in species over time was not a new concept when Darwin made his famous voyage to the Galapagos Islands; concern with speciation stretches back throughout the history of modern thought. Behavioral science also does and must evolve. Such change can be difficult, but it can also yield great dividends. The focus of the current special section is on a common mutation that appears to have emerged across these areas and the critical features that define an emerging research area-applied quantitative analysis of behavior (AQAB). In this introduction to the \"Special Issue on Applications of Quantitative Methods,\" we will outline some of the common characteristics of research in this area, an exercise that will surely be outdated as the research area continues to progress. In doing so, we also describe how AQAB is relevant to theory, behavioral pharmacology, applied behavior analysis, and health behaviors. Finally, we provide a summary for the articles that appear in this special issue. The authors of these papers are all thinking outside the Skinner box, creating new tools and approaches, and testing them against relevant data. If we can keep up this evolution of methods and ideas, behavior analysis will regain its place at the head of the table!</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8738785/pdf/40614_2021_Article_323.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10471971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing the Application and Use of Single-Case Research Designs: Reflections on Articles from the Special Issue.","authors":"Robert H Horner, John Ferron","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00322-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-021-00322-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This special issue of <i>Perspective on Behavior Science</i> is a productive contribution to current advances in the use and documentation of single-case research designs. We focus in this article on major themes emphasized by the articles in this issue and suggest directions for improving professional standards focused on the design, analysis, and dissemination of single-case research.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8894521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48630986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monte Carlo Analyses for Single-Case Experimental Designs: An Untapped Resource for Applied Behavioral Researchers and Practitioners","authors":"Jonathan E. Friedel, Alison D. Cox, Ann Galizio, Melissa J. Swisher, Megan L. Small, Sofia Perez","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00318-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00318-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52671540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Student Procrastination on an E-learning Platform: From Individual Discounting to Group Behavior.","authors":"Michel B C Sokolowski,&nbsp;François Tonneau","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00321-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00321-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most applied research on delay discounting has focused on substance use disorders, eating, or gambling. In comparison, the issue of procrastination has received little interest from quantitative behavior analysts. In the present study, conducted on an e-learning platform, a group of 295 psychology students completed a series of four tests. The students could choose the day and hour on which they completed the tests, the deadline for each test being separated from the previous one by a period of 30 days. Most students completed the test in the last days before the deadline. The group response profile across days, reminiscent of fixed-interval scalloping, was well described formally by a hyperbola, replicating previous results by Howell et al. (2006). Also, the students' individual degree of procrastination showed stability across tests, in accordance with the notion of discounting as a persistent behavioral trait, and was negatively correlated with the students' grades. Finally, the shape of the scallop observed at the group level was consistent with a lognormal density of individual degrees of impulsivity, as measured by people's delay-discounting parameter.</p>","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8739410/pdf/40614_2021_Article_321.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39735644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}