Perspectives on Behavior Science最新文献_第4页

Contingent Electric Skin Shock: An Empirical or Ideological Issue? 偶发触电:经验问题还是意识形态问题?

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00380-3

Nathan Blenkush, Dawn A O'Neill, John O'Neill

{"title":"Contingent Electric Skin Shock: An Empirical or Ideological Issue?","authors":"Nathan Blenkush, Dawn A O'Neill, John O'Neill","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00380-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-023-00380-3","url":null,"abstract":"Intractable self-injury, aggressive, and other destructive behaviors are real human conditions. Contingent electric skin shock (CESS) is a technology, based on behavior-analytic principles, used to ameliorate such behaviors. However, CESS has always been extraordinarily controversial. The Association for Behavior Analysis (ABAI), commissioned an independent Task Force to examine the issue. After a comprehensive review, the Task Force suggested the treatment should be available for use in select cases through a largely accurate report. Yet, ABAI adopted a position indicating CESS is never appropriate. On the issue of CESS, we are extremely concerned behavior analysis departed from the fundamental epistemology of positivism and is misleading nascent behavior analysts and consumers of behavioral technology. Destructive behaviors are extremely difficult to treat. In our commentary, we outline clarifications regarding aspects of the Task Force Report, proliferation of falsehoods by leaders in our field, and limitations to the standard of care in behavior analysis. We recommend using science to answer important questions instead of propagating false information at the expense of current and future clients with treatment refractory behaviors.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 2","pages":"329-337"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10322794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10186968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Acquisition of Children's Relational Responding: The Role of the Intradimensional and Interdimensional Abstract Tact and the Autoclitic Frame. 儿童关系反应的习得:维度内、维度间抽象机智与自噬框架的作用

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-05-15 eCollection Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00375-0

T V Joe Layng, Anna M Linnehan

{"title":"Acquisition of Children's Relational Responding: The Role of the Intradimensional and Interdimensional Abstract Tact and the Autoclitic Frame.","authors":"T V Joe Layng, Anna M Linnehan","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00375-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00375-0","url":null,"abstract":"The acquisition of verbal behavior is complex and requires the analysis of myriad variables. Ernst Moerk estimated that by the time a child has reached 4 years of age they have experienced nearly 9 million language learning trials with mothers using at least 14 categories of maternal teaching interactions. The interactions provide a foundation for children learning the tact, mand, echoic, intraverbal, autoclitic, and other relations, described by Skinner in Verbal Behavior. Here we examine two relations that have been overlooked to some extent and arguably account for many of the generative features of verbal behavior and shared meaning: the abstract tact, or more precisely the interdimensional abstract tact, and the autoclitic frame. We describe Goldiamond's treatment of stimulus control in its many forms; dimensional, abstractional, and instructional, and how it can be used to understand the acquisition of both intradimensional and interdimensional abstract tacts and autoclitic frames that guide seemingly complex relational responding and meet consequential contingency requirements. We argue the development of complex relational responding in children can be explained parsimoniously without mediating variables or hypothetical constructs.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"539-559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10733232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43809321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing Growth of BACB Certificants (1999-2019). 评估学士学位证书的增长(1999-2019)

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-04-20 eCollection Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00370-5

Neil Deochand, Marc J Lanovaz, Mack S Costello

引用次数: 0

A Tale of Two Rats: The Backstory of a Clever Cartoon. 两只老鼠的故事：一个聪明卡通的背景故事。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-04-20 eCollection Date: 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00372-3

Kennon A Lattal

{"title":"A Tale of Two Rats: The Backstory of a Clever Cartoon.","authors":"Kennon A Lattal","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00372-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00372-3","url":null,"abstract":"A well-known cartoon among psychologists and behavior analysts depicts two rats in a Skinner box, leaning over a response lever as one says to the other, \"Boy, do we have this guy conditioned, every time I press the bar down he drops a pellet in.\" Anyone who has ever conducted an experiment, worked with a client, or taught someone can relate to the cartoon's message of reciprocal control between subject and experimenter, client and therapist, and teacher and student. This is the tale of that cartoon and its impact. It begins mid-20th-century at Columbia University, then a hotbed of behavioral psychology, which bears an intimate connection to the cartoon's appearance. The tale expands from Columbia to follow the lives of its creators from their undergraduate days there to their deaths decades later. The infusion of the cartoon into American psychology begins with B. F. Skinner, but, over the years, it also has appeared in introductory psychology textbooks and in iterative form in mass media outlets such as the World Wide Web and magazines like The New Yorker. The heart of the tale, however, was stated in the second sentence of this abstract. The tale ends with a review of how reciprocal relations like those depicted by the cartoon's creators have influenced research and practice in behavioral psychology.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 2","pages":"377-398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10323056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10186969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recommendations Regarding Use of the Term "Ignore" in Applied Behavior Analysis. 关于在应用行为分析中使用“忽略”一词的建议。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-04-20 eCollection Date: 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00373-2

Lindsay A Lloveras, Ciobha A McKeown, Sarah N Lichtenberger, Tyra P Sellers, Timothy R Vollmer

引用次数: 0

Contrasting Accounts of Early Speech Perception and Production. 早期言语感知与产生的对比研究

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-04-18 eCollection Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00371-4

Henry D Schlinger

{"title":"Contrasting Accounts of Early Speech Perception and Production.","authors":"Henry D Schlinger","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00371-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00371-4","url":null,"abstract":"Language researchers have historically either dismissed or ignored completely behavioral accounts of language acquisition while at the same time acknowledging the important role of experience in language learning. Many language researchers have also moved away from theories based on an innate generative universal grammar and promoted experience-dependent and usage-based theories of language. These theories suggest that hearing and using language in its context is critical for learning language. However, rather than appealing to empirically derived principles to explain the learning, these theories appeal to inferred cognitive mechanisms. In this article, I describe a usage-based theory of language acquisition as a recent example of a more general cognitive linguistic theory and note both logical and methodological problems. I then present a behavior-analytic theory of speech perception and production and contrast it with cognitive theories. Even though some researchers acknowledge the role of social feedback (they rarely call it reinforcement) in vocal learning, they omit the important role played by automatic reinforcement. I conclude by describing automatic reinforcement as the missing link in a parsimonious account of vocal development in human infants and making comparisons to vocal development in songbirds.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"561-583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10733268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42727742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The PORTL Laboratory. PORTL实验室。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-04-12 eCollection Date: 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00369-y

Mary E Hunter, Jesús Rosales-Ruiz

{"title":"The PORTL Laboratory.","authors":"Mary E Hunter, Jesús Rosales-Ruiz","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00369-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00369-y","url":null,"abstract":"In the history of the field, behavior analysts have used the operant chamber as an apparatus for both teaching and experimental investigations. In the early days of the field, students spent significant time in the animal laboratory, using operant chambers to conduct hands-on experiments. These experiences allowed students to see behavior change as an orderly process and drew many students toward careers in behavior analysis. Today, most students no longer have access to animal laboratories. However, the Portable Operant Research and Teaching Lab (PORTL) can fill this void. PORTL is a table-top game that creates a free-operant environment for studying the principles of behavior and their application. This article will describe how PORTL works and the parallels between PORTL and the operant chamber. Examples will illustrate how PORTL can be used to teach concepts such as differential reinforcement, extinction, shaping, and other basic principles. In addition to its use as a teaching tool, PORTL provides a convenient and inexpensive way for students to replicate research studies and even conduct their own research projects. As students use PORTL to identify and manipulate variables, they gain a deeper understanding for how behavior works.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 2","pages":"355-376"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10323058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10168243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Toward a Behavioral Interpretation of English Grammar. 英语语法的行为解读

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-03-28 eCollection Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00368-z

David C Palmer

{"title":"Toward a Behavioral Interpretation of English Grammar.","authors":"David C Palmer","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00368-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00368-z","url":null,"abstract":"Behavior analysis is virtually alone among disciplines in assuming that the orderly arrangement of words in sentences, or grammar, arises from exposure to contingencies of reinforcement. In the face of the novelty, subtlety, complexity, and speed of acquisition of verbal behavior, this position will remain difficult to defend until the field can show that a representative range of grammatical phenomena is within reach of its interpretive tools. Using modern English as a case in point, this article points to the important role of automatic reinforcement in language acquisition and suggests that Skinner's concept of autoclitic frames (e.g., X is taller than Y) is central to a behavioral interpretation of grammatical phenomena. An enduring puzzle facing this interpretation is how stimulus control can shift from word to word in such frames as one speaks, for such permutations of verbal forms are often novel and rapidly emitted. A possible solution to the puzzle is offered by a consideration of contextual cues, prosodic cues, and the stimulus properties of the roles played by the content words that complete the frames. That these roles have discriminable stimulus properties is supported by considering that in Old English such roles directly controlled case inflections that correspond to positions in autoclitic frames. Continuing to develop behavioral interpretations of grammar is an important pursuit in its own right, whether or not it is sufficient to build bridges to other paradigms.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"521-538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10733252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48694017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Creating and Studying the Behavior of Artificial Organisms Animated by an Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics. 用行为动力学进化理论创造和研究人工生物的行为。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-03-03 eCollection Date: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00366-1

J J McDowell

{"title":"Creating and Studying the Behavior of Artificial Organisms Animated by an Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics.","authors":"J J McDowell","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00366-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40614-023-00366-1","url":null,"abstract":"The evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics (ETBD) is a complexity theory, which means that it is stated in the form of simple low-level rules, the repeated operation of which generates high-level outcomes that can be compared to data. The low-level rules of the theory implement Darwinian processes of selection, reproduction, and mutation. This tutorial is an introduction to the ETBD for a general audience, and illustrates how the theory is used to animate artificial organisms that can behave continuously in any experimental environment. Extensive research has shown that the theory generates behavior in artificial organisms that is indistinguishable in qualitative and quantitative detail from the behavior of live organisms in a wide variety of experimental environments. An overview and summary of this supporting evidence is provided. The theory may be understood to be computationally equivalent to the biological nervous system, which means that the algorithmic operation of the theory and the material operation of the nervous system give the same answers. The applied relevance of the theory is also discussed, including the creation of artificial organisms with various forms of psychopathology that can be used to study clinical problems and their treatment. Finally, possible future directions are discussed, such as the extension of the theory to behavior in a two-dimensional grid world.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 1","pages":"119-136"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10050662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9240366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rethinking the Place of Qualitative Methods in Behavior Analysis. 重新思考定性方法在行为分析中的地位。

IF 2 3区心理学

Perspectives on Behavior Science Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-022-00362-x

Victoria Burney, Angela Arnold-Saritepe, Clare M McCann

{"title":"Rethinking the Place of Qualitative Methods in Behavior Analysis.","authors":"Victoria Burney, Angela Arnold-Saritepe, Clare M McCann","doi":"10.1007/s40614-022-00362-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-022-00362-x","url":null,"abstract":"Single-case design research is pervasive and dominant in the field of behavior analysis (BA). It allows for effective application of behavior change technologies in a wide variety of real-world settings. However, as the field has grown, behavioral scholars have suggested incorporating other methods into the investigator's toolbox to supplement single-case design. To date, the call to expand beyond using only variations of single-case design as the standard for behavior analytic research has gone largely unheard. Given the need for behavior analytic work to be more closely aligned with consumer and stakeholder needs and priorities, along with a proliferation of practitioners and researchers in the field, now is the time to consider the benefits of qualitative research methods for behavior analysts. In particular, in areas of social validity and in exploring diverse applied topics, qualitative methods may help the field of behavior analysis to achieve greater success with documenting the outcomes from behavior change interventions. The present article explores areas where behavior analysis may benefit from utilizing qualitative methods, namely social validity and breadth of topics for study, and provides examples of the value of qualitative research from other fields. A brief outline of qualitative research is provided alongside consideration of the seven dimensions of applied behavior analysis. In situations where single-case design does not offer behavior analysts sufficient methodological opportunity, qualitative research methods could form a powerful addition to the field of behavior analysis.","PeriodicalId":44993,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","volume":"46 1","pages":"185-200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10050534/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9240361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1