Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research最新文献_第3页

The Impact of Listening to Quran Recitation during Pain-Inducing Procedure among Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation Support: An Interventional Study.

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Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research Pub Date : 2025-01-15 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_131_22

Mohammad Rababa, Shatha Al-Sabbah, Audai Hayajneh

{"title":"The Impact of Listening to Quran Recitation during Pain-Inducing Procedure among Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation Support: An Interventional Study.","authors":"Mohammad Rababa, Shatha Al-Sabbah, Audai Hayajneh","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_131_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_131_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pain experienced by intubated patients is caused by several extrinsic sources, including nursing care procedures such as endotracheal suctioning. Several nonpharmacological therapies, including listening to Quran recitation, have never been tested for their pain relief effects among intubated patients, despite these therapies being cost-effective, easy to implement, and free of adverse effects. This study aimed to examine the pain-relieving effect of listening to Quran recitation during pain-inducing procedures in patients receiving mechanical ventilation support.Materials and methods: This pilot study used an experimental design with 32 intubated patients at King Abdullah University Hospital in Irbid, Jordan. The Behavioral Pain Scale and Ramsay Sedation Scale were used to assess pain levels and sedation, and physiologic parameters were monitored before and during endotracheal suctioning.Results: The findings showed significant differences in Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) scores and heart rate measures between the intervention and control groups after controlling for the level of sedation. The patients in the intervention group scored lower pain and HR measures than those in the control group (F5,26 = 11.47, p < 0.001).Conclusions: The findings showed significant improvement in the levels of pain and heart rate measures among intubated patients who are exposed to Quran recitation. Complementary medicine is essential to the healthcare plans of critically ill patients and their families. Holy Quran recitation has been reported to be a useful nonpharmacological intervention for critically ill Muslim patients.","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"34-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Narrative Approach to Exploring Life Changes Among Middle-Aged Women: A Qualitative Study.

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Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research Pub Date : 2025-01-15 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_221_23

Nasrin Rezaee, Mahnaz Ghaljeh

{"title":"A Narrative Approach to Exploring Life Changes Among Middle-Aged Women: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Nasrin Rezaee, Mahnaz Ghaljeh","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_221_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_221_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Middle age serves as a crucial transitional phase between youth and old age in women's health, making it a critical period for women. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore the experiences of life changes among middle-aged women.Materials and methods: This study was conducted using qualitative content analysis from September to December 2022 in Zahedan. The participants included 10 middle-aged women selected via purposive sampling. Data were collected through individual face-to-face interviews, and all interviews were subsequently transcribed and analyzed. Categories representing the beginning, middle, and end of the narratives were extracted. First, thematic similarities were identified, leading to the emergence of subcategories. Then, the related subcategories were reviewed and placed into the same category.Results: At the beginning of the narratives, the identified subcategories included perception of middle age, gaining experience, and behavior change. In the middle of the narratives, understanding the developmental stages and gaining experience in managing life were extracted as the subcategories. At the end of the narratives, maturity was identified as the main category.Conclusions: The findings from this study revealed that development occurs through the accumulation of experience. Although this study did not explore development in contextual terms, addressing and identifying the challenges of middle age in their context may facilitate quicker development. Furthermore, recognizing and investigating physical problems associated with middle age could lead to more timely treatment.","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"87-91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Fatigue and Moral Distress in Emergency Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study. 急诊护士精神智力与疲劳、道德困境关系的横断面研究

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Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research Pub Date : 2024-11-20 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_157_23

Seyed Hossein Shahcheragh, Nazanin Fekri, Mostafa Rad

{"title":"The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Fatigue and Moral Distress in Emergency Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Seyed Hossein Shahcheragh, Nazanin Fekri, Mostafa Rad","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_157_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_157_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Emergency nurses face various challenging conditions and many moral distress that may associated with fatigue from providing care. The spiritual intelligence of nurses has been found to have an impact on the quality of care. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the spiritual intelligence of emergency nurses with fatigue from providing care and moral distress in emergency nurses.Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 nurses working in the emergency departments of hospitals in Semnan and Sabzevar, who were selected by stratified random method. They were asked to complete the spiritual intelligence, nurse fatigue scale, and moral distress questionnaire through self-reporting. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26 and Amos software, path analysis, and correlation tests.Results: An increase in spiritual intelligence leads to a significant reduction in moral distress (p = 0.01) and fatigue from caregiving (p = 0.001). In contrast, an increase in moral distress leads to a considerable increase in fatigue from caregiving (p = 0.001).Conclusions: The results showed that spiritual intelligence has an inverse relationship with moral distress and fatigue from providing care. Moral distress has a direct relationship with fatigue from providing care. Therefore, interventions in the field of increasing spiritual intelligence and reducing moral distress and fatigue from providing care are recommended.","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"29 6","pages":"737-742"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11694593/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Health Disinformation. 健康造谣。

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Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research Pub Date : 2024-11-20 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_411_23

Amir Zalpour, Peyman Adibi, Firoozeh Zare-Farashbandi

引用次数: 0

Development and Validation of the Immediate Postpartum Care Adherence Questionnaire: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior among Healthcare Professionals. 产后护理依从性问卷的编制与验证：计划行为理论在医护人员中的应用。

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Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research Pub Date : 2024-11-20 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_157_22

Omymah Z Al-Rajabi, Lubna A Abushaikha, Lourance A Al Hadid

{"title":"Development and Validation of the Immediate Postpartum Care Adherence Questionnaire: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior among Healthcare Professionals.","authors":"Omymah Z Al-Rajabi, Lubna A Abushaikha, Lourance A Al Hadid","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_157_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_157_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The postpartum period is critical for women and newborns. Many complications, such as deaths, are preventable by utilizing appropriate postpartum care. We aimed to assess healthcare professionals' adherence to the World Health Organization's (WHO) immediate postpartum care guidelines, investigating factors influencing their adoption at Jordanian hospitals.Materials and methods: A methodological study design, developing, and testing the psychometric properties of the Immediate Postpartum Care Adherence Questionnaire (IPCAQ) was created based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, extensive literature review, and the WHO guidelines following a manual construct questionnaire, and using a deductive method. The IPCAQ was developed using four steps: domain identification, scale construction, judgmental evidence, and psychometric evaluation.Results: The final draft of IPCAQ consisted of four domains and 63 items deductively formulated from the theoretical constructs. The domains are attitudes, behavioral intention, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. They were subsumed by four subthemes, general caring assessment, counseling, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The IPCA showed high content (0.94) and face validity indices (0.97), moderate content scale universal agreement (0.77), and excellent face agreement (0.81) for the 63 items. IPCAQ is a reliable instrument that measures adherence to immediate postpartum care guidelines.Conclusions: IPCAQ is reliable and valid in the current sample. The IPCAQ can be used to assess healthcare professionals' adherence to immediate postpartum care guidelines, identify factors influencing the adoption of standardized care to overcome barriers to adherence, and facilitate high-quality care.","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"29 6","pages":"669-677"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11694581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Effects of Local Heating on Facilitating Radial Angiography: A Randomized Controlled Trial. 局部加热对桡动脉造影的影响：一项随机对照试验。

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Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research Pub Date : 2024-11-20 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_181_22

Somaye Asef, Seyyed Ali Moezi, Ahmad Nasiri, Bahare Zarei

{"title":"The Effects of Local Heating on Facilitating Radial Angiography: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Somaye Asef, Seyyed Ali Moezi, Ahmad Nasiri, Bahare Zarei","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_181_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_181_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Angiography through the radial artery is a novel selective approach with several advantages. Shortening the duration of each stage of the procedure leads to many benefits for patients and health personnel. This study aimed to investigate the effect of local forearm heating on facilitating radial angiography.Materials and methods: This randomized clinical trial included one intervention and one control group with a post-test design. The study was conducted on 80 radial angiography candidates visiting the angiography ward, at Razi Hospital, Birjand, Iran, in 2018. The subjects were selected through convenient sampling and allocated to control and intervention groups using simple random allocation. The data were collected using a demographic form and radial angiography checklist. The intervention consisted of using an infrared emitter fixed 60 cm from the patient's forearm. Infrared radiation was applied for 10 min for each patient to warm the radial artery. Afterward, the radial angiography procedure was carried out. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software (v. 16) (p < 0.05).Results: The frequency and duration of artery puncture, the necessity of injecting a radiocontrast agent, the necessity of catheter replacement, the duration of fluoroscopy, and the volume of the radiocontrast agent in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Local heat in radial angiography is recommended for facilitating the procedure and improving patient welfare and peace.","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"29 6","pages":"685-690"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11694586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Medicinal Plants in Treating Bacterial Vaginosis: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Interventional Studies. 药用植物治疗细菌性阴道病的疗效评价：介入研究的综合系统综述。

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Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research Pub Date : 2024-11-20 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_311_23

Mohadese Kamali, Zarrin Sarhadynejad, Haleh Tajadini, Mojtaba Keikha, Zohreh Salari, Tania Dehesh, Mahdiyeh Lashkarizadeh, Mitra Esmaili

{"title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Medicinal Plants in Treating Bacterial Vaginosis: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Interventional Studies.","authors":"Mohadese Kamali, Zarrin Sarhadynejad, Haleh Tajadini, Mojtaba Keikha, Zohreh Salari, Tania Dehesh, Mahdiyeh Lashkarizadeh, Mitra Esmaili","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_311_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_311_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is the most prevalent cause of vaginal infection among women. This study aimed to summarize the evidence related to the effectiveness of medicinal plants as an alternative therapy for the management of BV.Materials and methods: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Medline PubMed were systematically searched. Moreover, we searched Google Scholar to explore the possible effects of herbal treatments on BV in women of childbearing age up to 2022. All randomized clinical trials investigating the effects of medicinal plants as oral or vaginal monotherapy or in combination for BV treatment in women of childbearing age were included in this systematic review.Results: In total, 20 studies comprising 2685 participants were included in our review. The results show that combinations of herbal medicines such as Prangos ferulacea, Berberis vulgaris, Myrtus communis, and Quercus Brantii with metronidazole can have better results in the treatment of BV. Moreover, the main results show that some medicinal plant products alone such as Forzejehe (Tribulus terrestris + Myrtus communis + Foeniculum vulgare + Tamarindus indica), Zataria multiflora, and Calendula officinalis had therapeutic effects similar to metronidazole. Propolis and Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus) were effective in the treatment of BV, but they have less therapeutic effect than metronidazole.Conclusions: To reduce the complications caused by chemical treatments and also the resistance of patients to these treatments, it seems necessary to use supportive treatments along with chemical drugs after the necessary approvals have been obtained.","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"29 6","pages":"649-659"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11694588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142933015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the General Health Risk Factors (Physical, Psychological, and Social Functions) of Hospital Staff a Year after COVID-19 Outbreak in 2020-2021, Isfahan Iran. 2020-2021年伊朗伊斯法罕地区医院工作人员新冠肺炎疫情爆发后1年的一般健康风险因素（生理、心理和社会功能）评估

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Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research Pub Date : 2024-11-20 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_132_23

Farinaz Khodadai, Gholamreza Kheirabadi, Mustafa Bolghan-Abadi, Koorosh Parchami

{"title":"Evaluating the General Health Risk Factors (Physical, Psychological, and Social Functions) of Hospital Staff a Year after COVID-19 Outbreak in 2020-2021, Isfahan Iran.","authors":"Farinaz Khodadai, Gholamreza Kheirabadi, Mustafa Bolghan-Abadi, Koorosh Parchami","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_132_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_132_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Healthcare workers are the first to be exposed to the virus and are at greater risk than the general public. This study aimed to examine the risk factors that affected hospital staff's general health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Isfahan, Iran.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the staff of all hospitals in Isfahan one year after the COVID-19 outbreak (2021-2022). The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was used to determine social functioning, while the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) was employed to assess physical and psychological health status.Results: There was a significant positive relationship between work experience in the COVID-19 ward and the scores of physical health (r = 0.26, df = 298, p < 0.01), depressive symptoms (r = 0.24, df = 298, p < 0.01), and anxiety (r = 0.17, df = 298, p < 0.01). The job and income satisfaction score was negatively related to the scores of social function variables (r = -0.25, df = 298, p < 0.01) and depressive syndrome (r = -0.12, df = 298, p < 0.05). The fear of COVID-19 was related to social functioning (r = 0.12, df = 298, p < 0.01), physical health (r = 0.31, df = 298, p < 0.001), depressive symptoms (r = 0.36, df = 298, p < 0.001), panic attacks (r = 0.15, df = 298, p < 0.01), and generalized anxiety (r = 0.23, df = 298, p < 0.001). Gender and age significantly predicted general health.Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected all dimensions of hospital staff's health, particularly those with underlying physical conditions.","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"29 6","pages":"743-748"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11694576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142933007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Effect of a Program Based on Roy's Adaptation Model on Coping Skills of Children of People with Multiple Sclerosis. 罗伊适应模式对多发性硬化症儿童应对技能的影响。

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Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research Pub Date : 2024-11-20 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_231_22

Kobra Mohammadi, Hossein A Mehralian, Shahla Abolhassani, Soleiman Kheiri

{"title":"The Effect of a Program Based on Roy's Adaptation Model on Coping Skills of Children of People with Multiple Sclerosis.","authors":"Kobra Mohammadi, Hossein A Mehralian, Shahla Abolhassani, Soleiman Kheiri","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_231_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_231_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The health of children is affected by Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in their parents and various complications of it. Given this, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of a program based on Roy's adaptation model on the coping skills of children of MS patients.Materials and methods: This study was performed on 78 children of 78 MS patients from Shahrekord Support Association of MS patients including around 1800 patient members in 2018 using a quasi-experimental method. Samples were selected by the convenience sampling method, and a researcher-made checklist was completed based on Roy's adaptation model by them, and those who scored less than 80% on the checklist were included in the study and randomly allocated to control and intervention groups. The coping skills questionnaire was completed before, immediately, and 2 months after the intervention in two groups. In the intervention group, a supportive training program was developed and implemented based on Roy's adaptation model in six sessions and followed up for 2 months. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 23 using statistical tests.Results: There was a significant difference in changes in mean coping skills scores during the intervention between control and intervention groups (p < 0.001) so that the coping skills scores showed a significant increase in the intervention group.Conclusions: It is possible to increase the level of adaptation in children of MS patients and improve their coping skills by using educational and supportive programs based on Roy's adaptation model.","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"29 6","pages":"703-708"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11694582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142933099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

HIV/AIDS Care: Minding the Midwifery Education Gap. 艾滋病毒/艾滋病护理：注意助产教育差距。

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Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research Pub Date : 2024-11-20 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_377_23

Yusrita Zolkefli

引用次数: 0