Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research最新文献

{"title":"Nurses' Experiences at the Intensive Care Unit for COVID-19 in Indonesia: A Study of Hermeneutic Phenomenology.","authors":"Fitri Mailani, Emil Huriani, Boby Febri Krisdianto, Elvi Oktarina","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_447_21","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_447_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nurses working in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for COVID-19 are more at risk as they interact more with infected patients. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the experience of Indonesian nurses who work in ICU for COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used. A total of 20 nurses working in the respective ICUs of eight COVID-19 referral tertiary hospitals in Indonesia were recruited using purposive sampling. Semistructured individual video call interviews were conducted in June-September 2021; then, Diekelmann's hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to analyze and interpret the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen subthemes describing the following four themes, namely, the pleasing and bad feelings, new challenges of working, nursing professional growth, and nurse resource management for COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study describes nurses' experiences working in ICUs during the COVID-19 crisis, such as their feelings, perceived challenges, and received support. Nurse leaders play a significant role in providing adequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), flexible work shifts, and a caring and healing work environment. However, being aware of the limit of pressure that an individual can manage and providing adequate allowance as rewards for work in risky areas are essential to avoid burnout.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"25-33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue Measure: Cross-Cultural Validation of an Arabic Version for Older Jordanians.","authors":"Mohammad H Abuadas, Zainab Albikawi, Osama Khoury","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_332_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_332_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Numerous national and international nursing research studies have used the 13-item Chronic Illness Therapy Functional Assessment Chronic Illness Therapy (fatigue) (FACIT-F) scale to measure the level of self-reported fatigue among the elderly population. Nonetheless, a culturally adapted Arabic version of the scale of the same quality was required to boost its use in Arabic-speaking nations. This study cross-culturally validated the Arabic version of the FACIT-F scale and tested its validity and reliability in an Arabic-speaking population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We conducted the study among an elderly Jordanian population using a methodological cross-sectional approach. Using a cluster random selection technique, we randomly selected 250 older adults from a larger pool. We evaluated the scale's validity, internal consistency, and acceptability. We analyzed the construct validity using both confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Arabic version of FACIT-F was proven to be acceptable for the one-factor model in the elderly Jordanian population. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the Arabic FACIT-F was 0.95, which indicated good reliability. Evidence suggested that construct validity for the FACIT-F was generally quite acceptable.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>With regard to evaluating fatigue in an older Jordanian population, the Arabic translations of the FACIT-F have been shown to be reliable and valid.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"47-52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Clinical Reasoning: Unpacking the Impact of Virtual Patient Educational Duration in Cancer Care and Nursing Students' Experiences.","authors":"Masoud Bahrami, Arash Hadadgar, Masoumeh Fuladvandi","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_259_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_259_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Teaching clinical reasoning to nursing students is essential for professionalizing and improving cancer patient care. This study investigates how training duration with Virtual Patients (VPs) impacts clinical reasoning and learners' evaluation of their experiences.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The present semi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-post-test design and a control group. Through the census sampling method, 74 nursing students from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, (in their 4^th and 5^th semester) who had taken the cancer course were selected (2019-2022) and, upon obtaining their consent, were enrolled in the study. The study began with a pretest, followed by engagement in five VP scenarios over 6 weeks, which was followed by the post-test phase. Data were collected via 23-item tests and the Huwendiek Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software using correlation tests and <i>t</i>-tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The outcomes revealed a noteworthy disparity between the mean scores recorded in the pre-test and post-test stages after training, for both the 4^th and 5^th semester cohorts (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). Moreover, a notable discrepancy surfaced between the duration of training with VPs and the average post-test score (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). The correlation coefficient, for the 4^th semester, stood at 0.65, while for the 5^th semester, it was 0.213. Notably, the participants exhibited contentment with the learning experience through VPs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The survey found that 85.60% of participants prefer using VPs for clinical reasoning education. Our study underscores the link between the duration of VP interaction and improved clinical reasoning skills in nursing students.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"92-96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of an Educational Program Based on Behavioral Intention Model on Childbearing in Women During the Covid 19 Pandemic.","authors":"Somayeh Seifi, Shahnaz Kohan, Zahra Boroumandfar","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_35_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_35_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Currently, fertility and childbearing rates in Iran are below the replacement level (1.2 children), and Iranian families have a low propensity to have children. The COVID-19 pandemic will also have a negative impact on the decision of couples to have children. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of an educational program on women's childbearing intention under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was a clinical trial with a pretest-posttest design, conducted on 80 women (control group = 40 and intervention group = 40) in comprehensive health centers in 2019. The educational program was delivered to the intervention group in 3 sessions. The data collection tools included the Attitudes to Fertility and Childbearing Scale (AFCS), Demographic Information Questionnaire, and researcher-made fertility intention questionnaire. Data were analyzed using <i>t</i>-test, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square test, ANOVA, Bonferroni <i>post hoc</i> test, and Wilcoxon test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The women in the intervention group were in the age range of 18 to 44 years and in the control group were in the age range of 19 to 44 years. The results showed that the mean scores of attitude toward fertility and intention to have children after training were significantly different between the two groups. However, after the training, it was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (F_1,67 = 1037, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It seems that the implementation of the use of theoretical models can be effective in the informed decision of families, especially women, for childbearing.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"61-67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881973/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Mortality Determinants in Rural Kenya: An Audit of Three Hospitals.","authors":"Brian Barasa Masaba, Rose M Mmusi-Phetoe, Bernard Rono, Daniel Kyalo Muthiani, Jonathan Taiswa, Stephenie Lydia Ojiambo, Damaris Moraa, John Kennedy Moturi","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_255_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_255_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Global health agencies advocate that no mother should die while giving life, more so from preventable causes. However, there are persistently high maternal mortalities in various regions with a current global maternal mortality ratio of 211/100,000 live births. This study sought to investigate the causes and determinants of maternal mortality.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A four-year retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals within Migori county in Kenya. Data were extracted from 101 maternal mortality records from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2019.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Leading complications were hemorrhage 34.70%, eclampsia 20.80%, and sepsis 15.80%. Mothers who were unmonitored using partograph, had reactive HIV status, were in the postpartum period, were referred from periphery facilities, and low socioeconomic levels were most vulnerable.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Improvement in healthcare systems to enable optimal care to mothers diagnosed with leading complications and socioeconomically empowering women in Migori county is urgently needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"135-139"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Validation of Diabetes Mellitus Discharge Planning Module Incorporated into the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activity.","authors":"Asbath Said, Faridah Mohd Said, Nisha Nambiar","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_461_21","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_461_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Indonesia, several hospitals have designed various forms of discharge planning in line with the guidelines provided by the Indonesian Endocrinology Association. These initiatives were implemented to enhance the quality of healthcare service. Despite the efforts made by the government, the rate of non-compliance (9%) and readmission (20%) has continued to increase. This indicates that there is a need to reevaluate the existing discharge planning module. Therefore, this study aims to validate the contents of the diabetes mellitus discharge planning module, which was incorporated into the summary of diabetes self-care activity. The effectiveness of the intervention in improving the compliance of patients with self-care activity was also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study used a mixed methodological approach, which combined an evaluation method and an experimental quantitative design. The content validity of the module used was carried out using professional judgment, involving competent experts in the bahteramas hospital in southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The sample population consisted of sixty-five randomly selected respondents, who participated in the validation of the summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire, which had three phases, namely pre-test, during, fieldwork, and post-test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The content validity of the module was tested using Aiken's v, and the results ranged from 0.82 to 0.88 for each session, indicating that it was valid. Furthermore, the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) obtained in this study was acceptable, with values ranging from 0.60 to 0.92.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results showed that the diabetes mellitus discharge planning module could be used to improve self-care among patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"18-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Do Nurses Fail to Implement Pain Assessment Instruments for Hospitalized Infants?","authors":"Azamolmolouk Elsagh, Abbas Ebadi, Asghar Dalvandi, Beheshteh Tabarsi","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_347_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_347_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Effective pain assessment in neonatal care is crucial for ensuring the well-being of newborns. However, barriers to its successful implementation persist. This study aims to identify the obstacles that hinder effective neonatal pain assessment by Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) nurses.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This qualitative study was conducted using the method of conventional content analysis. Purposive sampling was employed from February to September 2023, selecting 14 female nurses working in NICUs of hospitals in Tehran and Karaj as participants. Indepth, semistructured interviews were conducted to collect the data. The software \"MAXQDA\" version 2016 was utilized for managing qualitative data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four main themes and eleven subthemes were identified: \"Overtasked,\" \"Discordant atmosphere,\" \"Soulless care,\" and \"Lack of awareness.\" Each of these main themes is further elaborated through the subsequent subthemes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study found that the lack of knowledge and understanding of neonatal pain assessment tools, the busyness of nurses, lack of time, excessive documentation, and the inadequacy of staff relative to the number of newborns were the most significant obstacles to the assessment of newborn pain. Addressing these challenges is critical for optimal neonatal pain assessment and management, promoting the well-being of newborns.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"123-129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Vaginal Cream with the Combination of Honey, Olive, and Propolis on the Symptoms of Uterine Cervicitis Symptoms in Women: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Study.","authors":"Hamideh Parsapour, Arezoo Shayan, Mehrnoosh Hosseinpoor, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Farideh Kazemi, Shirin Moradkhani, Seyed Mohammad Hossein Oliaei, Zeinab Assareh, Mohammad Kazem Rashidi","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_293_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_293_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Uterine cervicitis in women requires careful selection of a suitable and straightforward treatment. This study aimed to examine the effect of Nika vaginal cream on the symptoms of uterine cervicitis in women.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical study was conducted on 66 women who where reffered to Hamadan health centers in 2021(33 people in each group). The participants in the intervention group were instructed to use Nika vaginal cream every night for 14 nights, along with a single dose of one gram of azithromycin, 400 mg of cefixime, and 500 mg of metronidazole twice a day for both the patient and her husband. The control group received a placebo cream and the same drugs as the intervention group. After the 14-day treatment period, clinical signs were assessed through examinations, and participants completed questionnaires again.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study found that participants in the Nika user group experienced a 69.70% improvement in symptoms related to uterine cervicitis. This improvement was significantly higher than the control group, which only showed a 45.50% improvement. Although the Risk Ratio (RR) between the two groups was 53% higher in the intervention group, this difference was not statistically significant (<i>p</i>=0.06). However, the Risk Difference (RD) of 0.24 between the groups was found to be statistically significant (<i>p</i>=0.04). Additionally, participants in the intervention group reported a 76.00% reduction in dyspareunia (<i>p</i>=0.03) and an 84.00% reduction in urinary frequency (<i>p</i>=0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>According to the result of RD, Nika vaginal cream had a significant effect on the improvement of cervicitis symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"41-46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143573969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of The Mental Health Literacy Promotion Program on Emotion Regulation Strategies of Family Caregivers of Patients with Chronic Psychiatric Disorders in Isfahan, Iran.","authors":"Zeynab Pirallahi, Mousa Alavi, Mohammad Akbari, Najme Aliyari","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_349_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_349_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Emotion regulation strategies help family caregivers of chronic psychiatric patients to manage caring behaviors. However, evidence pointed out problems and therefore a need to execute respective programs to improve emotion regulation for caregivers. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mental health literacy promotion programs on emotion regulation strategies of family caregivers of chronic psychiatric patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This is a clinical trial study, with two-group pretest-post-test design with a follow-up period conducted in 2023. Sixty family caregivers of chronic psychiatric patients were randomly allocated to intervention control groups. Data collection was done using a demographic characteristics questionnaire and Gross and John's Emotion Regulation Scale. The mental health literacy promotion program was implemented for the intervention group in six sessions weekly. Immediately and 1 month after the last meeting, the questionnaires were completed. The data were analyzed using Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests, Mann-Whitney test, and analysis of covariance by SPSS-22. The significance level was set to 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the frequency distribution of demographic variables in the control and test groups had no statistically significant difference (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The intervention had significant effects on the mean score of emotion regulation strategies, and its subscales included re-evaluation and suppression of family caregivers of chronic psychiatric patients in both the post-test and follow-up periods (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>According to improving the emotion regulation of family caregivers of chronic psychiatric patients through the mental health literacy promotion program, it is suggested to use this program to achieve the desired emotion regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"116-122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Thyroid Function Test Values with Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain: A Systematic Review of Literature Reviews.","authors":"Masoomeh Goodarzi-Khoigani, Tayebe Shojaddni Ardakani, Maryam Shirazi","doi":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_274_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_274_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gestational Weight Gain (GWG) is an important indicator affecting pregnancy outcome, and thyroid hormones are also weight regulators. Researchers showed that thyroid hormones were correlated to prepregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI) and GWG. However, the normal ranges of thyroid parameters and GWG depend on the trimester of measurement. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the current knowledge on the association between thyroid function tests and prepregnancy BMI and GWG.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This review was finally conducted on nine articles, while Google Scholar and databases such as Scopus, Medline, Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, and ProQuest were searched to find English articles from October 2022 to June 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) was positively correlated with prepregnancy BMI, while Free Thyroxine (FT4) was inversely correlated. TSH was positively related to weight gain and BMI in the first trimester, while the relationship was negative for FT4. Free Triiodothyronine (FT3) had a positive relationship with BMI in the first trimester (p = 0.004). Furthermore, TSH level was not associated with GWG in the second and third trimesters, while FT4 was inversely correlated with GWG. FT3 also increased with BMI in the second trimester and not in the third trimester (p < 0.001). Finally, there was a positive correlation between thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies values and prepregnancy BMI as well as maternal BMI, but the data were inconsistent.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Determining the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and prepregnancy BMI and/or GWG may help researchers and clinicians manage weight gain and/or thyroid function in pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":44816,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"11-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881976/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}