Journal of Neurorestoratology最新文献

{"title":"Intranasal administration of edaravone attenuates brain injury by targeting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress following intracerebral hemorrhage in mice","authors":"Zhe Li ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Ruixue Wei ,&nbsp;Sara Xue ,&nbsp;V. Wee Yong ,&nbsp;Mengzhou Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) poses a significant global health burden, characterized by high mortality rates and long-term disability. Despite advancements in stroke management, effective therapeutic strategies targeting secondary brain injury mechanisms post-ICH remain elusive. In this study, we explored the neuroprotective potential of edaravone (EDA) in a mouse model of ICH, with particular focus on the innovative approach of intranasal administration.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 96 C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to sham group (<em>n</em> ​= ​32), ICH ​+ ​vehicle group (<em>n</em> ​= ​32) and ICH ​+ ​EDA group (<em>n</em> ​= ​32). ICH was induced using 0.5 ​μL bacterial collagenase VII. EDA (3 ​mg/kg) was administered intranasally starting 2 ​h after ICH and every 12 ​h thereafter (20 ​μL per mouse; 5 ​μL per nostril every 5 ​min). The ICH ​+ ​vehicle group received the identical solvent at an equivalent volume as the EDA group via intranasal administration. We evaluated neurological functions through mNSS, corner turn, and forelimb placement tests. Additionally, brain water content, immunofluorescence staining, western blot analysis, Evans blue extravasation assay, and TUNEL staining were utilized to examine the neuroprotective effects of EDA in ICH.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our findings demonstrate that intranasal delivery of EDA significantly alleviated neurological deficits and reduced brain injury following ICH. This was evidenced by improvements in behavioral assessments, decreased brain water content, reduced lesion volume, and diminished cell death in the perihematomal region. Notably, intranasal EDA administration preserved blood-brain barrier integrity, suppressed microglia/macrophage activation, and mitigated oxidative stress, highlighting its multifaceted neuroprotective mechanisms.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These outcomes underscore the therapeutic promise of intranasal administration of EDA as a prospective intervention for alleviating secondary brain injury post-ICH and advocate for further translational and clinical investigations to validate its efficacy and safety in ICH patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 6","pages":"Article 100230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to make the best use of scalp electroencephalography in clinical neurorestorative research and practice?","authors":"Yunfa Fu,&nbsp;Yuyu Cao,&nbsp;Yong Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100249","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 6","pages":"Article 100249"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing motor rehabilitation using a hybrid BCI paradigm: integrating high-frequency SSVEP with action observation and motor imagery","authors":"Zhaohui Li ,&nbsp;Meng Li ,&nbsp;Xiaorong Gao ,&nbsp;Hongyan Cui ,&nbsp;Xiaogang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Both action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) can elicit activity in mirror neurons and the motor cortex. Therefore, brain–computer interface (BCI) systems based on AO and MI hold broad application prospects in the field of motor rehabilitation. An increasing number of studies have incorporated steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) into AO or MI paradigms to construct hybrid BCI systems and enhance robustness of the systems.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, AO, MI, and AO combined with MI experiments were designed, based on a SSVEP paradigm. In the AO experiment, subjects were required to observe alternating and flickering fisted- and extended-hand pictures. In the MI task, subjects were required to perform MI tasks while focusing on flickering extended-hand pictures. In the AO combined with MI experiment, subjects were required to execute the same task for the AO experiment while simultaneously perform the MI task. Task-discriminant component analysis and Tikhonov regularizing common spatio-spectral pattern algorithms were used to separately process inputs from the two modalities, with the system ultimately outputting a fusion result.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results found that AO combined with MI and MI alone more effectively activated the motor cortex compared with AO alone. The fusion classification accuracy of the proposed hybrid paradigm reached 86.42% ​± ​8.42%, 88.54% ​± ​10.31%, and 88.91% ​± ​9.61% for AO, MI, and AO combined with MI, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provided an alternative for the construction of a more robust and comfortable rehabilitation system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 6","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 2024 yearbook of Neurorestoratology","authors":"Hongyun Huang ,&nbsp;Paul R. Sanberg ,&nbsp;Hari Shanker Sharma ,&nbsp;John R. Bach ,&nbsp;Hooshang Saberi ,&nbsp;Ashok K. Shetty ,&nbsp;Ali Otom ,&nbsp;Almudena Ramon-Cueto ,&nbsp;Damien Kuffler ,&nbsp;Xiaoling Guo ,&nbsp;Mengzhou Xue ,&nbsp;Dario Siniscalco ,&nbsp;Edgardo O. Alvarez ,&nbsp;Ziad Alhawamdeh ,&nbsp;Russell J. Andrews ,&nbsp;Gustavo A. Moviglia ,&nbsp;Shiqing Feng ,&nbsp;Liyan Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the year 2024, the continuous novel advances in the field of Neurorestoratology have reflected the exploring pathogenesis and neurorestorative mechanisms of the neurodegenerative diseases. Clinical therapeutic neurorestorative explorations have demonstrated exciting results benefiting patients with neuro-psychiatric diseases through various therapeutic strategies, including neuromodulation and brain-computer interfaces, cell therapies, neurorestorative surgery as well as pharmaceutical therapy, and intensive training. More randomized clinical trials of neurorestorative treatments have been conducted and demonstrated positive results, which will be further translated into routine clinical practice. Here we compile the most relevant studies with the sole idea of contributing to the improvement of quality of life of people suffering from neurological disorders. This yearbook emphasizes and summarizes some of the most relevant reserach in the field of Neurorestoratology, evidenced by published articles in original impact journals during 2024.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 6","pages":"Article 100250"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding the evolution of meningeal lymphatic system research: A decade of bibliometric insights (2015–2025)","authors":"Changkai Hou ,&nbsp;Bangyue Wang ,&nbsp;Quanlei Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Dai ,&nbsp;Jinkun Xu ,&nbsp;Wen Ren ,&nbsp;Guoguang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The landmark discovery of the meningeal lymphatic system (MLS) has revolutionized our understanding of CNS waste clearance and immune surveillance. Despite a decade of transformative research since its identification in 2015, a comprehensive analysis of its developmental trajectory, current research landscape, and future directions is lacking. This bibliometric study systematically analyzes the first decade of MLS research (2015–2025), with a particular emphasis on neurorestoration potential.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We retrieved relevant publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) between 2015 and 2025. Data were processed using Microsoft Excel, while collaborative networks among countries, institutions, journals, and authors were analyzed via VOSviewer, CiteSpace, GraphPad Prism, Web of Science, and the online bibliometric platform (<span><span>http://bibliometric.com/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>). The key metrics included article types, research trends, citation patterns, and keyword frequency.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 449 publications from 2546 authors across 703 institutions in 46 countries published in 230 academic journals were identified. <em>Nature communications</em> contributed the largest number of MLS-related articles, whereas <em>Nature</em> was the most cocited journal. The majority of publications focused on immunology and cell biology. The United States and China emerged as leading contributors, with the University of Virginia producing the largest number of publications. Kipnis Jonathan was the most prolific author, whereas Louveau Antoine received the greatest number of cocitations. Keyword co-occurrence and reference analysis revealed that the “glymphatic system” and “meningeal lymphatic vessels” were central research themes. Notably, neurodegenerative diseases emerged as a rapidly growing research hotspot in MLS studies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This decade-spanning analysis reveals the potential of MLS research for clinically relevant neurorestorative applications. The recognition of MLS as a regulator of immune function and neural repair has positioned them as compelling therapeutic targets. Our study highlights key trends and predicts future directions in MLS research. These insights will help prioritize research efforts to harness MLS biology for central nervous system repair paradigms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 6","pages":"Article 100229"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurorestoration treatment for post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI)","authors":"Zuohui Yang ,&nbsp;Hongbing Wu ,&nbsp;Haiyan Wang ,&nbsp;Xia Yu ,&nbsp;Jingzheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Ming Xie ,&nbsp;Siyuan Chen ,&nbsp;Yingfei Wu ,&nbsp;Xinglei Zhou ,&nbsp;Shuxin Song ,&nbsp;Hongbo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stroke can lead to extensive neurological dysfunction and is a leading cause of disability worldwide, primarily leading to cognitive and motor dysfunction. Within 6 months after a stroke, more than 60% of stroke survivors experience various cognitive impairments, such as post-stroke memory decline, visuospatial dysfunction, calculation difficulties, and orientation disorders. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that new technologies such as cell therapy, drug therapy, music therapy, and brain–computer interfaces have demonstrated positive effects on cognitive recovery. These technologies may enhance neural network repair and improve cognitive function in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment, reducing the harm that it causes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 6","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical guideline for neurorestorative therapy in pediatric cerebral palsy (2024 China version)","authors":"Zhonghai Li ,&nbsp;Kwok-Fai So ,&nbsp;Lin Chen ,&nbsp;Shiqing Feng ,&nbsp;Yong Hu ,&nbsp;Liming Cheng ,&nbsp;Xinlin Hou ,&nbsp;Dong Li ,&nbsp;Weimin Huang ,&nbsp;Jiujun Qiu ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Cheng ,&nbsp;Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Tonghuan Li ,&nbsp;Weipeng Liu ,&nbsp;Chao Han ,&nbsp;Xin Guan ,&nbsp;Yachen Wang ,&nbsp;Lili Du ,&nbsp;Hongyun Huang ,&nbsp;Jing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common pediatric neuromotor disorder that is characterized by persistent impairments in movement, muscle tone, and posture. It is frequently associated with sensory, cognitive, and behavioral comorbidities. This guideline presents evidence-based recommendations for neurorestorative therapy in pediatric CP, developed through a systematic review of 44 studies (including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and systematic reviews) published up to December 31, 2024. Recommendations were graded according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Key recommendations include the use of the Gross Motor Function Classification System for precise motor dysfunction grading, neuroimaging-supported diagnostic criteria, and a multidisciplinary neurorestorative treatment approach. This approach encompasses cell therapy <em>(Grade B)</em>, pharmacological management <em>(Grades B–C)</em>, surgical interventions <em>(Grade B)</em>, neuromodulation <em>(Grade B)</em>, structured rehabilitation <em>(Grade B)</em>, and psychological support <em>(Grade C)</em>. The guideline also advocates for a multi-tiered prevention strategy targeting primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. By emphasizing evidence-based, individualized, and multidisciplinary care, this guideline aims to optimize neurorestorative outcomes and improve quality of life for children with CP, while encouraging ongoing research and periodic updates as new evidence emerges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 6","pages":"Article 100253"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural stem/progenitor cell transplantation therapy for chronic spinal cord injury","authors":"Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Zheng ,&nbsp;Zitao Wu ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Hong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely disabling neurological condition that results in impaired mobility, sensory disruption, and autonomic dysfunction. Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) is considered a promising candidate for promoting functional recovery, and most research has focused on the early stages of SCI. However, most SCI patients are in the chronic phase, and clinical trials for patients with chronic SCI will be able to detect additional potential treatment effects. Therefore, this review focuses on the study of advances in the transplantation of NSPCs obtained or derived from different sources for chronic SCI. We first summarize the progress in the use of rodent NSPC transplantation for chronic SCI. Rodent NSPCs can survive, differentiate, and support histological regeneration at the site of injury but only with cellular combination therapy can they induce functional motor recovery. Next, we review research advances in human NSPC transplantation alone or in combination therapies for chronic SCI, demonstrating a high potential therapeutic effect. Finally, we discuss clinical trials of human NSPC transplantation for chronic SCI, focusing on safety and feasibility as the main clinical outcome measures. The long-term follow-up data also show optimistic clinical therapeutic efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 5","pages":"Article 100223"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144722377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macular radial peripapillary capillary: a potential optical coherence tomography angiography biomarker of cognitive impairment in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis","authors":"Panpan Shen ,&nbsp;Yili Lin ,&nbsp;Jiawei Ye ,&nbsp;Peiwen Wang ,&nbsp;Lujie Han ,&nbsp;Weitao Yu ,&nbsp;Xiang Yu ,&nbsp;Qiannan Hu ,&nbsp;Weifen Zhang ,&nbsp;Huiyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Sun ,&nbsp;Xinchun Jin ,&nbsp;Sheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu Geng","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We investigated retinal and choroidal microvascular parameters as potential biomarkers for vascular cognitive impairment in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We enrolled 123 asymptomatic ICAS patients and categorized them into vascular mild cognitive impairment (VMCI) and vascular dementia (VaD) groups using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Optical coherence tomography angiography was used to evaluate vessel densities and perfusion areas in various retinal layers. Magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging biomarkers for cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) were also assessed. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression identified predictor variables, and receiver operating curve analysis assessed the ability of key parameters to distinguish between VMCI and VaD.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with VMCI patients, VaD patients had lower radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) perfusion area, higher CSVD burden score, and larger white matter hyperintensity volume (all <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Receiver operating curve analysis revealed that the RPC perfusion area of the affected eye had superior discriminatory power for distinguishing VaD from VMCI compared with both the CSVD burden score (<em>Z</em> = 1.99, <em>p</em> = 0.047) and white matter hyperintensity (<em>Z</em> = 1.97, <em>p</em> = 0.049). The optimal cutoff value for the 0–1 mm macular RPC perfusion area was determined as 0.068 mm².</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The optical coherence tomography angiography-derived RPC perfusion area can effectively differentiate VaD from VMCI, suggesting its potential as a noninvasive diagnostic method to support clinical decision-making for ICAS patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 5","pages":"Article 100225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144696801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan-citric acid hydrogels loaded with catalpol: A novel therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury","authors":"Dapeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Hengrui Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Wang ,&nbsp;Ailing Yu ,&nbsp;Lanhua Li ,&nbsp;Baoliang Sun ,&nbsp;Ying Wang ,&nbsp;Guojun Wang ,&nbsp;Jingyi Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Spinal cord injury (SCI), which often results from traumatic incidents, leads to neural damage and impaired sensory and motor functions and may pose a serious threat to life. Secondary injury mechanisms caused by persistent inflammation disrupt the local microenvironment, causing neuronal cell death and hindering neural regeneration. This study used a chitosan-citric acid (CS-CA) hydrogel as a carrier for Catalpol (CAT-CS-CA), which was directly applied to the injury site to promote SCI repair.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>CAT-CS-CA and CS-CA hydrogels were characterized and implanted into rat SCI models. Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (230–250 g) rats were involved in the experiment. Six rats were randomly divided into two groups (<em>n</em> = 3 per group) for in vivo degradation of hydrogels. Forty-eight rats were randomly assigned into four groups (<em>n</em> = 12) using a randomization protocol: sham operation group (laminectomy only), SCI group, CS-CA hydrogel group, and CAT-CS-CA hydrogel group. From each group, 3 rats were randomly selected for serum and spinal cord tissue extraction, followed by ELISA and RT-qPCR assays to determine the expression levels of various inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10). Another 3 randomly selected rats were used for the evaluation of hindlimb motor function. The remaining 6 rats in each group were used to detect the expression of neuronal nuclei (NeuN), βIII-tubulin (Tuj1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and macrophage polarization (M1/M2 markers).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The CAT-CS-CA hydrogel retains CS-CA hydrogel's advantages and gains enhanced neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory abilities. The implantation of CAT-CS-CA into injured rat spinal cords enhanced neuronal survival, stimulated axonal regeneration, and significantly suppressed glial proliferation at the injury site. In addition, it promoted macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype and substantially enhanced hindlimb motor function in rats with SCI.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>CAT-CS-CA hydrogel promotes neuronal survival, suppresses glial scarring, and improves motor function, offering a promising strategy for SCI repair.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44709,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurorestoratology","volume":"13 5","pages":"Article 100228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}