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The Nature of Political Parties in Africa: What Is the Role of Political Parties in a Democratic Process? 非洲政党的性质:政党在民主进程中的作用是什么?
ERN: Structure Pub Date : 2017-12-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3086575
B. Onyinkwa
{"title":"The Nature of Political Parties in Africa: What Is the Role of Political Parties in a Democratic Process?","authors":"B. Onyinkwa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3086575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3086575","url":null,"abstract":"Africa has constantly continued to grapple with the problem of national unity associated under-provided biased politics thereby indicating dangers for its young democracy. While political party conflicts are commonly inevitable in democratic set up with different party formations, the nature of such relationships that exist between or among them, play crucial role in democratic sustenance. In light of the above, democracy and party politics are not only connected but are also inseparable as there can be no democracy in the contemporary period that can be exalted without a viable political party. Thus, functioning of democratic system whether in advanced or developing democracies largely depends to some extent on the nature, composition, organization, ideals and institutionalization of political parties which in turn begets democratic consolidation. This research seeks to examine the nature of political parties in Africa, their legal and institutional framework and how they have been structured to promote democracy among various states in the continent Africa.","PeriodicalId":447069,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Structure","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124692101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Redistribution and Economic Decline 再分配与经济衰退
ERN: Structure Pub Date : 2017-10-16 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3085950
Sven R. Larson
{"title":"Redistribution and Economic Decline","authors":"Sven R. Larson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3085950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3085950","url":null,"abstract":"Economic activity is kept stable by means of explicit and implicit contracts. These contracts, in turn, carry the confidence of economic decision makers as far into the future as the free market will trust them. A change in the trust of an implicit contract leads to a decline in economic activity; if that decline, while unexpected, is manageable, the resulting macroeconomic downturn will be a recession. If, on the other hand, the negative changes are beyond what the present system of explicit and implicit contracts can manage, the recession can escalate into a depression. The line between a recession and a depression is more easily crossed when government fails as an above-market carrier of confidence.","PeriodicalId":447069,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Structure","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133612683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Economic Crises and Globalisation as Drivers of Pension Privatisation: An Empirical Analysis 经济危机和全球化是养老金私有化的驱动因素:实证分析
ERN: Structure Pub Date : 2017-07-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3008499
Markus Leibrecht, Joelle H. Fong
{"title":"Economic Crises and Globalisation as Drivers of Pension Privatisation: An Empirical Analysis","authors":"Markus Leibrecht, Joelle H. Fong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3008499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3008499","url":null,"abstract":"Pension systems are core institutional arrangements that are expected to be stable and reliable over consecutive generations. Nevertheless, reforms in pension provision intensified over the past decades, with several countries opting for privatisation of their pension system. We ask which factors lead governments to privatise pension systems and focus on economic crises and different facets of increased global pressures. We conduct duration analyses on a cross-section of nearly 100 economies among which 28 privatise their pension system between 1981 and 2012. Consistent with the crisis-begets-reform hypothesis, we find that severe economic crises speed up reform implementation. Likewise, high growth in economic and political globalisation is conducive for pension privatisation. These findings are robust to a variety of alternations in the empirical methodology.","PeriodicalId":447069,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Structure","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128866692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Does Government Crowd Out the Family? 政府排挤了家庭吗?
ERN: Structure Pub Date : 2017-07-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3006025
K. Yanovskiy, D. Shestakov
{"title":"Does Government Crowd Out the Family?","authors":"K. Yanovskiy, D. Shestakov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3006025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3006025","url":null,"abstract":"Government interventions into the traditional functioning of the family became an important factor in the recent family crisis in developed countries (fewer marriages, more divorces, and lower birth rate). This hypothesis has been tested statistically for the period from 1800 to 2010 with data from 17 established democracies. We show that mandatory pension insurance might contribute to the reduction in fertility, with a lag of 40 years. Legislation encouraging a high level of female employment and mandating no-fault divorce rules is tested as an additional factor contributing to the divorce rate hike and birth rate fall. In addition, the concept of “the best interests of the child” encourages children to challenge parents' authority; the latter reduces “demand” for children (and birthrate) even further. The reason behind this effect is the rise of the welfare state, crowding out male and parental responsibilities.","PeriodicalId":447069,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Structure","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124437614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Is Extraction Bad? Encomienda and Development in Colombia Since 1560 拔牙不好吗?哥伦比亚自1560年以来的发展
ERN: Structure Pub Date : 2017-07-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3007769
J. Faguet, Camilo Matajira, Fábio Sanchez
{"title":"Is Extraction Bad? Encomienda and Development in Colombia Since 1560","authors":"J. Faguet, Camilo Matajira, Fábio Sanchez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3007769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3007769","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the impact of encomienda, a forced-labor institution imposed by the Spanish throughout Latin America during three centuries, on long-term development outcomes in Colombia. Despite being a classically extractive institution, municipalities that had encomiendas in 1560 have higher development indicators than otherwise-similar, neighboring municipalities without. Encomienda is associated with higher municipal GDP/capita, lower poverty and infant mortality, and higher secondary school enrolments today. Further probing implies a mechanism by which encomenderos founded the local state in the colonial territories they dominated. This stronger local state persisted through Colombia’s war of independence and the chronic instability of the early republic. It mobilized resources and invested in public goods in ways that initially suited encomenderos, but over long periods of time also spurred economic and human development. Our results highlight the benefits of disaggregating “institutions” to analytically discrete components, and of pushing analysis to the subnational level.","PeriodicalId":447069,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Structure","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128357306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Dealing with Disaster - Analyzing the Emergency Constitutions of the U.S. States 应对灾难——分析美国各州的紧急宪法
ERN: Structure Pub Date : 2017-06-30 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2995581
C. Bjørnskov, S. Voigt
{"title":"Dealing with Disaster - Analyzing the Emergency Constitutions of the U.S. States","authors":"C. Bjørnskov, S. Voigt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2995581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2995581","url":null,"abstract":"The study of constitutional emergency provisions remains in its infancy. We present the first overview and analysis of how specific emergency provisions vary across the 50 US state constitutions. The emergency provisions vary considerably across states with the Texan constitution exhibiting the most limited provisions and Georgia the most expansive ones. A cluster analysis shows support for dividing the U.S. constitutions into six 'families' and reveals the Texan constitution as substantially different from the rest. We explore whether these constitutional choices may have been affected by disaster risk, prevailing ideology, state wealth and other factors for which historical data exist. We provide tentative evidence showing that emergency provisions have a significant effect on both the number of fatalities as well as on the damage suffered in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Clearly, therefore, the paper has implications for constitutional policy.","PeriodicalId":447069,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Structure","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125262944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Stabilization in Afghanistan: Trends in Violence, Attitudes, Well-Being and Program Activity 阿富汗的稳定:暴力、态度、福利和项目活动的趋势
ERN: Structure Pub Date : 2017-06-15 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2987607
R. Plumb, Jacob N. Shapiro, Benjamin Crisman, Manu Singh, James Mao
{"title":"Stabilization in Afghanistan: Trends in Violence, Attitudes, Well-Being and Program Activity","authors":"R. Plumb, Jacob N. Shapiro, Benjamin Crisman, Manu Singh, James Mao","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2987607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2987607","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes data from multiple sources to better understand the relationship between stabilization programming and trends in key outcomes — including: security, popular support for the government, popular support for antigovernment elements, community cohesion and resilience, health of the Afghan people, economic well-being of the Afghan people, and conflict.","PeriodicalId":447069,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Structure","volume":"47 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129247023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Transparency in Transnational Sustainability Governance: A Multivariate Analysis of Regulatory Standard-Setting Programs 跨国可持续治理的透明度:监管标准制定项目的多元分析
ERN: Structure Pub Date : 2017-03-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2934140
P. Schleifer, Matteo Fiorini, G. Auld
{"title":"Transparency in Transnational Sustainability Governance: A Multivariate Analysis of Regulatory Standard-Setting Programs","authors":"P. Schleifer, Matteo Fiorini, G. Auld","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2934140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2934140","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning in the early 1990s, non-state actors have taken over a wide range of governance functions that used to be the prerogative of states and international organizations. In the field of International Relations and related disciplines, this has intensified debates about a lack of accountability and legitimacy in global governance. Reviewing this debate and the role transparency can play in mitigating the problem, this article uses a new data set to analyze the issue empirically. Examining a sample of 143 regulatory standard-setting (RSS) programs in the field of transnational sustainability governance, we show that “deep transparency” – i.e. the disclosure of salient information – remains a problem in this domain. However, there are also RSS programs that are highly transparent in their practices. Using a multivariate analysis, we investigate the internal and external determinants of these inter-program variations. We find a systematic relationship between inclusiveness and transparency – although no evidence for the conventional wisdom that single-actor business programs are per se less credible. Turning to the external determinants of transparency two findings stand out: First, instead of a “ratcheting-up effect”, we observe a race-to-the-bottom dynamic between competing RSS programs. Second, our results confirm arguments about the positive influence of meta-governance on transparency.","PeriodicalId":447069,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Structure","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124308417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Survey on New Zealanders’ Attitudes Towards and Knowledge of Macroeconomic Policy Issues: Documentation of Survey Methodology and Descriptive Results 新西兰人对宏观经济政策问题的态度和知识的调查:调查方法和描述性结果的文件
ERN: Structure Pub Date : 2016-07-19 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2922984
B. Hayo, Florian Neumeier
{"title":"Survey on New Zealanders’ Attitudes Towards and Knowledge of Macroeconomic Policy Issues: Documentation of Survey Methodology and Descriptive Results","authors":"B. Hayo, Florian Neumeier","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2922984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2922984","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides background information and basic descriptive statistics for a representative survey of the New Zealand population conducted on our behalf by Research New Zealand in May 2016. The survey addresses important fiscal and monetary policy issues, including: (1) public preferences for public debt and fiscal consolidation; (2) awareness of the government’s Fiscal Strategy Report; (3) citizens’ monitoring of and reaction to inflation and their inflation expectation formation; (4) knowledge and support for the Policy Target Agreement between the Reserve Bank of New Zealand and the government; (5) trust in economic institutions; and (6) indicators for (macro)economic literacy, that is, objective and subjective knowledge about variables and institutions relevant for macroeconomic policy.","PeriodicalId":447069,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Structure","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114635256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Drei Fussnoten Der Wirtschaftswissenschaften Zur Deutschen Einheit -- Und Eine Fussnote Zur Wissenschaftlichen Politikberatung (Three Footnotes of Economic Sciences to German Reunification -- One Footnote to Economic Policy Advice) 三张说明了德国经济与统一的注脚以及关于科学政策咨询的补充说明
ERN: Structure Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2668496
G. Wagner
{"title":"Drei Fussnoten Der Wirtschaftswissenschaften Zur Deutschen Einheit -- Und Eine Fussnote Zur Wissenschaftlichen Politikberatung (Three Footnotes of Economic Sciences to German Reunification -- One Footnote to Economic Policy Advice)","authors":"G. Wagner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2668496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2668496","url":null,"abstract":"German Abstract: Im vorliegenden kleinen Aufsatz werden der Geschichte der deutschen Wiedervereinigung 1990 drei \"Fusnoten\" angefugt. Zu den Themen \"Abschatzung der Produktivitat der DDR-Wirtschaft\", \"Dauer des Aufholprozesses der Neuen Bundeslander\" und \"Rentenangleichung\". Anschliesend werden einige Schlussfolgerungen fur die Moglichkeiten und Grenzen wissenschaftlicher Politikberatung gezogen.English Abstract: In this short essay, we add three \"footnotes\" to German reunification in 1990: \"Estimating the productivity of the GDR economy\", \"Duration of the catching-up process in the former East German states\", and \"East/West German pension alignment\". In conclusion, we discuss implications for the potentials and limitations of economic policy advice.","PeriodicalId":447069,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Structure","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133343364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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