Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy最新文献

{"title":"Capitalism and COVID-19: Crisis at the Crossroads","authors":"S. Murshed","doi":"10.1515/peps-2020-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Existential threats, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have historically engendered intellectual paradigm shifts, and even systemic transformations in the economy and polity. This paper focuses on two inter-related phenomena: rising economic inequality and the diminution of liberal democracy, a feature common to both developed and developing countries set in the context of a ubiquitous and globalized capitalism. In the post-pandemic world, we need to harness the positive dimensions of the powerful capitalist system to lower inequality and build a newer world akin to an earlier golden age of capitalism.","PeriodicalId":44635,"journal":{"name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/peps-2020-0026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42196451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Literature Survey on Defense Expenditures – External Debt Nexus","authors":"M. Pempetzoglou","doi":"10.1515/peps-2019-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2019-0049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study is to survey the literature dealing with the relationship between defense expenditures and external debt. Especially, nowadays, amid the international financial crisis and the global security challenges, understanding the relationship between external debt and defense spending is prominent in designing the debt management policy in conjunction with defense policy. The empirical investigation has produced mixed results, which can be attributed to differences in data sets or time periods, variable selection, econometric methodologies used etc. However, most of the studies confirm the presence of a long-run relationship among military spending and external debt and consider military spending as a significant contributing factor to the stock of external debt.","PeriodicalId":44635,"journal":{"name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","volume":"7 5","pages":"119 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/peps-2019-0049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41305339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rationalist Explanations for Two-Front War","authors":"Keisuke Nakao","doi":"10.1515/peps-2020-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract By extending the extant costly-lottery models of dyadic war to three-party bargaining scenarios, we offer rationalist explanations for two-front war, where a state at the center is fought by two enemies at opposing peripheries. We found that even though private information exists only in one front, war can break out in both fronts. Because the war outcome in one front can affect the outcome in the other through the shift of military balance, a peripheral state may preventively join the war ongoing in the other front to leverage its power (e.g. Napoleonic Wars), or the central state may preemptively initiate war in one front to establish its preponderance in the other (e.g. World War I). These findings echo Waltz’s neorealism concern that a multi-polar system may not be so stable as the bipolar system that bargaining models of dyadic war commonly presume.","PeriodicalId":44635,"journal":{"name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/peps-2020-0018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41816643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pandemic Police States","authors":"Christopher J. Coyne, Yuliya Yatsyshina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3598643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3598643","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The COVID-19 outbreak prompted governments around the world to employ a range of emergency methods to combat the pandemic. In many countries these emergency measures relied heavily on police powers, which refer to the capacity of governments to forcefully regulate behavior and impose order as defined by those in control of the state apparatus. Throughout the world police powers have been used to limit free association through government-imposed stay-at-home orders, impose social distancing rules, close non-essential businesses, and impose lockdowns. State orders have been enforced through various forms of direct monitoring, indirect surveillance, and in some instances, violence. We discuss the theoretical foundations of the troubling aspects of pandemic police states. We then catalog some pandemic police state activities associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude with the implications for peace studies.","PeriodicalId":44635,"journal":{"name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47113727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Post COVID-19? Avoiding a «Twenty-first Century General Crisis»","authors":"Raul Caruso","doi":"10.1515/peps-2020-9013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-9013","url":null,"abstract":"In the following months, the COVID-19 pandemic hopefully will be under control. In fact, governments worldwide are elaborating plans and strategies to live with this corona virus as long as there is no vaccine and no treatment. Social and economic activities are re-starting cautiously and they will be re-shaped substantially. However, the pandemic is going to evolve also as a major recession on a global scalewhichwill be pervasive and (presumably) long-lasting. At the time this editorial is written some international organizations have released forecasts on the economic downturn which is taking shape. The IMF has predicted that the global economy is projected to contract sharply by –3% in 2020 but the result could be actually even worse. TheWTO has estimated a trade loss between 13% (optimistic scenario) and 32% or even more (worst case scenario). UNCTAD has anticipated that FDI of multinational corporations are to decline between 30 and 40% during","PeriodicalId":44635,"journal":{"name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/peps-2020-9013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49329221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polarization and Local Conflicts in Post Decentralization Indonesia","authors":"I. Azis, Alvin Pratama","doi":"10.1515/peps-2019-0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2019-0050","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Exploring the hypothesis that socio-economic discrimination contributes to conflict occurrence, we show that the experience of a large country that have gone through a big-bang shift from centralized to decentralized system and introduced direct local elections, confirms the link. Using the case of Indonesia, and by controlling for poverty, demand-induced resource scarcity, and institutional variables, it is revealed that income polarization and inequality at the provincial level explain the occurrence of violent conflict (causing at least 1 death), be it for total or for different types. The results are robust to a series of model specifications. For understanding its impact on conflict, polarization is found more important than income inequality as a measure of socio-economic discrimination.","PeriodicalId":44635,"journal":{"name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/peps-2019-0050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48535654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Analyses of Sanctions Busting","authors":"J. Golub","doi":"10.1515/peps-2019-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2019-0043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract When economic sanctions are directed against a target state by a sender state, the sender obviously wants third countries to participate with the sanctions and can apply pressure on them to prevent sanctions busting behaviour. But why does sanctions busting vary, so that the target’s trade with some third-countries increases but with others decreases? In this paper I offer two improvements to the analysis of sanctions busting: a theoretical framework that recognises how the effects of covariates on sanctions busting can only be identified if we treat them as more conditional than previous studies have done, and a gravity model that captures these conditional effects while also addressing several common specification errors. Applying these improvements to data for 1950–2006 significantly alters some of the central findings contained in previous research about sanctions busting.","PeriodicalId":44635,"journal":{"name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/peps-2019-0043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43846062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conflict Externalization and the Quest for Peace: Theory and Case Evidence from Colombia","authors":"Hector Galindo-Silva","doi":"10.1515/PEPS-2020-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/PEPS-2020-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract I study the relationship between the likelihood of a violent domestic conflict and the risk that such a conflict “externalizes” (i.e. spreads to another country by creating an international dispute). I consider a situation in which a domestic conflict between a government and a rebel group has the potential to externalize. I show that the risk of externalization increases the likelihood of a peaceful outcome, but only if the government is sufficiently powerful relative to the rebels, the risk of externalization is sufficiently high, and the foreign actor who can intervene in the domestic conflict is sufficiently uninterested in material costs and benefits. I show how this model helps to understand the recent and successful peace process between the Colombian government and the country’s most powerful rebel group, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).","PeriodicalId":44635,"journal":{"name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","volume":"27 1","pages":"29 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/PEPS-2020-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41551183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Disasters and Political Disorder: Why Urban Flooding Turns Violent. Applying a Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis","authors":"Erik Plänitz","doi":"10.1515/peps-2019-0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2019-0046","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Under what circumstances does a flood contribute to political disorder in Sub-Saharan Africa? Why has Accra experienced post-flood disorder and Abidjan not? This paper sheds light on the question: Why do some cities in Sub-Saharan Africa experience post-flood disorder while others do not? Given the expected urban population growth across Africa, its implications for the local infrastructure and climate-related changes in precipitation, this paper assumes that patterns of urban political disorder respond to those conditions in times of disasters. This contribution makes the argument that it is the socio-economic and political context that matters in the development of post-flood-related disorder. A conceptual framework is introduced that includes the role of contextual factors on the pathway from disasters to post-flood disorder. Drawing on that model, a Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 26 cases in Sub-Saharan Africa is used to test three scenarios. It suggests that a prompt post-flood response does not prevent the onset of disorder, but indeed proves to be a condition linked to the development of hostilities. The analysis found evidence that disorder occurred in cases that were marked by rapid political response to the flood. The study also unveiled the significant role of the areas that were flooded. If the flood predominantly hit marginalized neighborhoods, the likelihood of disorder increased. In contrast, the mere existence of a youth bulge or rapid urbanization per se seems to have a negligible impact on the development of unrest.","PeriodicalId":44635,"journal":{"name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/peps-2019-0046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46046964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3rd Walter Isard Annual Award for the Best Article in Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","authors":"Raul Caruso","doi":"10.1515/peps-2020-9012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-9012","url":null,"abstract":"I am delighted to announce the 3rd Walter Isard Annual Award for the best article in Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy. The award is named after Walter Isard, founder of PEPS, who was widely recognized as the father of both Regional Science and Peace Science. In addition, Walter Isard has founded PEPS in 1993 with the aim to create a novel outlet for peace scientists. In particular, PEPS was designed to attract contributions from an interdisciplinary community of scholars from a wide variety of disciplines such as economics and political science, as well as regional science, geography and mathematics. Moreover, PEPS was intended to combine both positive and normative studies alongside policy-oriented papers. Nowadays, PEPS follows not only the path defined by Walter Isard but also the advancements occurred in peace science in the attest years. Then, the 3rd Walter Isard Annual Award goes to “Armed Conflict and Schooling in Rwanda: Digging Deeper” authored by Andrea Guariso and Marijke Verpoorten and published in the issue 1 of the 2019 volume. The authors focus on a crucial consequence of armed conflict, namely the loss of schooling. In particular the authors study how armed violence affected educational outcomes in Rwanda. They rely on two waves of population census data and on a difference-in-differences identification strategy. Their results indicate that the violence caused a drop of about 1 year of education for the individuals exposed to the violence at schooling age. The drop was slightly larger for girls than for boys. While increased dropouts and school delays explain the drop in primary schooling, secondary schooling was mainly affected by a drop in enrolments. Finally, the authors find no robust link between subnational variations in the drop in schooling and the intensity of the 1994 genocide. Besides focusing on such relevant topic the article is also an example of how writing a research work. In fact, it is extremely good in terms of clarity and exposition. I am sure that a large number of scholars would benefit from reading it.","PeriodicalId":44635,"journal":{"name":"Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/peps-2020-9012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46594487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}