Ultrasonics Sonochemistry最新文献

{"title":"The effect of ultrasound on the crystallization-precipitation process of transforming sodium amoxicillin into amoxicillin trihydrate.","authors":"Aicha Ladaidi, Loïc Hallez, Isabelle Pochard, Nicolas Rouge, Jean-Yves Hihn","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crystallization is a process used in many industrial fields. However, in the pharmaceutical industry it plays a crucial role as the quality of the drug (finished product) in terms of therapeutic efficacy and stability is strongly related to the physical properties of the active ingredient, as well as other excipients determined and controlled through this process. This paper deals with the feasibility of the transformation of amoxicillin sodium salt into amoxicillin trihydrate. It will also be the opportunity of studying the physical properties of the crystals obtained (size and size distribution, shape, purity, morphology) as a result from the interaction of the crystallization-precipitation process with or without ultrasound and the selected antibiotic amoxicillin. The limiting factor for sonocrystallization is pH, the optimum pH being 4.5. Indeed, for a pH below 2, the crystallization yield does not exceed 10 %. Ultrasound has a synergistic effect on crystallization by improving the yield and the fineness of the powder, as well as on the kinetics of the reaction in relation to the nucleation time, even if it is not necessarily possible to attribute this phenomenon to solubility or de-supersaturation. For 30 min experiments, the best yield of 95 % was obtained using a low frequency (20 kHz), compared to the yield obtained without ultrasound (69 %) or with higher frequencies (581 kHz - 72 % and 864 kHz - 65 %). In addition to the ultrasound frequency used, temperature, pH and sonication time also have a profound effect on the product's crystal morphology and size. In the case of low frequency, particle size ranged from 0.4 to 60 μm, and from 0.7 to 250 μm under silent conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"122 ","pages":"107590"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the molecular weight dependent antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of zein hydrolysates via thermal and ultrasonic pretreatments and enzyme specific hydrolysis","authors":"Mahshad Davoudi ,&nbsp;Hassan Ahmadi Gavlighi ,&nbsp;Amin Karimi ,&nbsp;Mahsa Sayadi","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, zein was treated with thermal (90 °C, 10 min) and ultrasound pretreatments at varying power levels (100, 200, 400 W) and durations (5, 10, 20 min), followed by hydrolysis using three distinct proteases (Alcalase, papain, pepsin). The hydrolysate was subsequently fractionated using sequential ultrafiltration membranes with molecular weight cutoffs of 30 and 10 kDa. The resulting hydrolysate and its corresponding fractions were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. The thermally pretreated sample hydrolyzed with Alcalase demonstrated the highest degree of hydrolysis (16.62 %). In contrast, the hydrolysates generated using papain showed the lowest hydrolysis efficiency. In addition, the thermally pretreated sample hydrolyzed with Alcalase exhibited the highest DPPH (∼78 µmol Trolox/g sample) and ABTS (∼195 µmol Trolox/g sample) radical scavenging activity, as well as the greatest iron ion chelating ability (∼35 µmol EDTA/g sample). The results showed that ultrafiltration and the production of peptides with low molecular weights (&lt;10 kDa) enhanced antioxidant properties. The α-amylase inhibition results indicated that the inhibitory properties increased with higher peptide molecular weight. The thermally pretreated sample with a molecular weight 10–30 kDa exhibited the highest inhibitory activity (∼40 %). Similarly, the ultrasound pretreated hydrolysate (200 W, 10 min) of the same molecular weight range demonstrated notable α-glucosidase inhibition (∼30 %). Hence, thermal and ultrasound pretreatments enhanced the efficiency of zein hydrolysis, promoting the production of antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides that can be utilized in both the food and pharmaceutical industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 107584"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation study on the characteristics and mechanism of ultrasonic cavitation cleaning of crude oil sediments","authors":"Wenlong Jia ,&nbsp;Huan Xiao ,&nbsp;Xia Wu ,&nbsp;Qiaojing Huang ,&nbsp;Hengwei Lei ,&nbsp;Changjun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrasonics is an efficient and environmentally friendly method for cleaning sediments in crude oil tanks by utilizing high-speed, high-pressure cavitation microjets. However, current research ignores the coupled interaction between ultrasonic, flow, and structural force fields during ultrasonic cleaning and removal of sediment. As a result, the regularity and dynamic mechanisms of sediment removal via ultrasonic cavitation microjets remain unclear. In this work, we developed a multi-physics field-coupled model to quantitatively characterize the effect of ultrasonic operating parameters and crude oil physical properties on cleaning efficiency. This model further reveals the dynamic mechanisms behind ultrasonic cavitation microjet sediment removal. A novel feature of the model is that it couples the multi-physics field by taking the cavitation bubble growth radius and the microjet velocity as key coupling variables. The model accurately describes the dynamic process of ultrasonic cavitation microjet cleaning. Results indicate that decreasing the ultrasonic frequency and increasing ultrasonic pressure enhances the bubble growth radius and the microjet intensity, thereby improving sediment removal. Higher crude oil viscosity, on the other hand, inhibits the cavitation microjet strength and weakens the cleaning effect. Specifically, the sediment removal increased from 0.005 to 0.036 when the ultrasonic frequency was held at 20 kHz and the ultrasonic pressure increased from 120 kPa to 1000 kPa. Conversely, sediment removal reduced from 0.011 to 0.006 as the ultrasonic frequency increased from 20 to 100 kHz. This research offers practical guidance for applying ultrasonic cavitation technology in crude oil tank sediment cleaning and highlights the potential for broader applications of this technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 107583"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulating microbubble clusters for improving temporal uniformity of stable cavitation intensity under rapid short-pulse ultrasound.","authors":"Qizheng Zhou, Chunjie Tan, Chengxiang Liu, Ruchuan Shi, Alfred C H Yu, Peng Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stable cavitation induced by rapid short-pulse (RaSP) ultrasound produces more uniform bioeffects in the treatment region than traditional long-pulse sequences. However, temporal non-uniformity of stable cavitation intensity (SCI)-either within a single RaSP or across multiple RaSPs-compromises the efficiency and biosafety of cavitation-based therapies. This study investigates the causes of temporal non-uniformity in SCI and proposes strategies to enhance uniformity. Monodisperse microbubbles, that were generated using a flow-focusing microfluidic device, were exposed to a single RaSP (frequency: 1 MHz; pulse repetition frequency: 1 kHz; peak negative pressure (PNP): 150-250 kPa; pulse length (PL): 20-150 μs; total number of pulses: 100) in a polydimethylsiloxane-gel flowing phantom. Synchronized high-speed microscopic imaging (4000 fps) and cavitation detection systems were used to simultaneously record the bubble population dynamics and SCI evolution. The SCI gradually decayed to a stable level during RaSP ultrasound excitation, with bubble aggregation and clustering progressing exponentially under the earlier pulses, eventually forming stable large clusters. Both the rates of bubble aggregation and SCI decay correlated positively with PNP and PL. Statistical analysis confirmed that cluster formation was the primary cause of SCI decay. Optimizing the PNP and PL only marginally improved the temporal stability of the SCI because cluster formation was not completely suppressed. To address this, an ultrafast feedback controller was developed to regulate the PNP of RaSP in real-time, achieving significantly improved temporal uniformity of SCI. These findings provide fundamental insights into bubble dynamics during RaSP ultrasound and a practical approach for optimizing cavitation-mediated therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"122 ","pages":"107582"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size-dependent ultrasound enhancement of nanoparticle endocytosis in tumor cells","authors":"Zhihuan Liao ,&nbsp;Zihao Wen ,&nbsp;Junliang Chen,&nbsp;Jingya Gu,&nbsp;Huan-Zhong Su,&nbsp;Xiao-Dong Zhang,&nbsp;Shuaidong Huo","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient cellular endocytosis is crucial for the therapeutic success of nanodrug delivery. Although ultrasound (US)-mediated sonoporation has been widely exploited to enhance drug delivery efficiency, the interplay between US exposure and nanoparticle endocytosis remains poorly understood. In this work, we systematically investigate the tumor endocytosis patterns and underlying mechanisms of multi-sized silica nanoparticles (SiO₂ NPs) US stimulation. Our experimental results demonstrate that US exposure can significantly enhance the cellular uptake of SiO₂ NPs within the 20–80 nm range in cancer cells. Notably, US exposure led to a statistically significant increase in the internalization of 40 nm nanoparticles, resulting in a 3.8-fold increase in cellular uptake efficiency. Mechanistic studies further demonstrated that US-induced sonoporation promoted energy-independent cellular internalization of 20 nm particles. US exposure not only counteracted the inhibitory effects of caveolae-mediated, clathrin-mediated, and phagocytic endocytosis blockers but also synergistically amplified nanoparticle uptake via multiple endocytic pathways. These findings elucidate the critical role of nanoparticle size in modulating US-enhanced endocytosis, providing fundamental guidance for engineering stimulus-responsive nanocarriers optimized for US-actuated drug delivery systems. These advancements pave the way for more effective and precise nanomedicine strategies, holding significant implications for clinical translation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 107580"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On demand controlling of cavitation bubble collapse and jet formation through a free and rigid boundary arrangement","authors":"Yurong Sun ,&nbsp;Yuzhe Fan ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Yao ,&nbsp;Fujun Wang ,&nbsp;Claus-Dieter Ohl","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cavitation bubbles during their collapse may form fast microscopic jet flows directed either towards a rigid boundary or away from a free surface. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that the jetting direction of a cavitation bubble near the opening of a partially liquid-filled capillary can be controlled by a non-dimensional stand-off distance, which is a function of the bubble position, capillary radius, and liquid filling. The bubble radial dynamics in the experiments are reproduced with a modified Rayleigh equation, and the full flow field is simulated with the compressible Volume-of-Fluid method. Particularly interesting cases are the neutral collapses that show either spherical symmetric flows where the partially liquid-filled capillary becomes hydrodynamically invisible to the cavitation bubble, or a torus bubble upon minimum volume, which demonstrates shock wave amplification and is similar to the one observed near a rigid boundary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 107560"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic insight into the frequency-dependent ultrasound-assisted extraction of Rosa laevigata Polysaccharides: Structure, antioxidant activity, and process optimization","authors":"Yuyuan Duan ,&nbsp;Shuting Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaorong Zhang ,&nbsp;Huimei Zhang ,&nbsp;Huizhu Wang ,&nbsp;Shuai Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Rosa laevigata</em> Michx. polysaccharide (RLMP) possess considerable bioactive potential; however, the frequency-dependent mechanisms underlying their ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) remain insufficiently understood. This study systematically investigated the influence of ultrasonic frequency on the extraction efficiency, structural characteristics, and antioxidant activity of RLMP, with the goal of optimizing the UAE process. Single-frequency ultrasound (SFU) at 20, 40, and 53 kHz and dual-frequency ultrasound (DFU) at 20/40 and 20/53 kHz were compared. Results demonstrated that 40 kHz SFU achieved the highest extraction yield, accompanied by higher glucose content, favorable molecular weight, and reduced protein contamination. In contrast, DFU treatments resulted in lower yields and elevated protein levels, indicating destructive wave interference rather than synergistic effects. Structural analyses further revealed that ultrasonic frequency significantly influenced monosaccharide composition, molecular weight distribution, and surface morphology, while the primary chemical structure remained unchanged. RLMP extracted at 40 kHz exhibited superior antioxidant activity, with more effective scavenging of diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and superoxide anion radicals. Cellular antioxidant assays further confirmed its protective effects, showing a 42.83 % reduction in intracellular reactive oxygen species and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity. Comparative analyses demonstrated that UAE outperformed both hot-water extraction and microwave-assisted extraction under identical conditions. Process optimization using particle swarm optimization-support vector regression achieved higher predictive accuracy (<em>R</em>² = 0.9983) than response surface methodology (<em>R</em>² = 0.9816), identifying optimal extraction parameters: 34 min sonication time, 19 mL/g liquid–solid ratio, 180 W power, 41°C temperature, and 0.355 mm particle size, under which a maximum yield of 11.07 % was obtained. The purified RLMP-2 fraction, which contained 93.34 % total carbohydrates content, was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a heteropolysaccharide containing both ⍺- and β-glycosidic linkages. These findings provide theoretical guidance for the industrial-scale ultrasonic extraction of RLMP, though challenges including acoustic field uniformity, energy efficiency, and equipment scaling require systematic investigation before commercial implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 107577"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-mediated fabrication of chickpea protein nanoparticles for stabilizing Pickering emulsions","authors":"Bingbing Cui ,&nbsp;Yixue Zhang ,&nbsp;Chenyan Zhu ,&nbsp;Ke Li ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Yuntao Wang ,&nbsp;Wuchao Ma ,&nbsp;Yanhong Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigated the impacts of various ultrasonic power (0, 150 W, 300 W, 450 W, 600 W) treatments on chickpea protein isolate (CPI) and their ability to stabilize Pickering emulsions. Ultrasonication initially reduced particle size before causing subsequent increase, with the smallest nanoparticles (150.13 ± 0.94 nm) achieved at 450 W, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Structural characterization demonstrated that <em>α</em>-helix content initially increased then decreased, while <em>β</em>-sheet content showed the opposite trend. Similarly, absolute zeta potential values, intrinsic fluorescence intensity, and surface hydrophobicity all exhibited initial increases followed by subsequent decreases upon ultrasound treatment. At 450 W, nanoparticles improved emulsion stability, decreasing droplet size by 18.96 % and increasing absolute zeta potential to 50.53 ± 0.35 mV (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). The emulsification activity index (26.67 ± 0.19 m²/g) and stability index (47.02 ± 1.01 min) were significantly improved (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), along with a lower turbiscan stability index. Microscopic analysis revealed a more uniform droplet distribution and a denser interfacial protein layer in emulsions stabilized by nanoparticles treated at 450 W. Additionally, these emulsions displayed enhanced thermal and freeze–thaw stability. However, excessive ultrasonication (600 W) caused protein reaggregation, adversely affecting emulsion stability. These results indicate that moderate ultrasound treatment (450 W) effectively optimizes CPI nanoparticles properties, highlighting their potential as effective stabilizers for emulsion system in the food industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 107574"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the ultrasound-assisted hot air drying of cherry through different pretreatments: Effect on drying characteristics, physicochemical quality, microstructure, texture and sensory evaluation.","authors":"Hongyang Lu, Guojun Ma, Fangxin Wan, Zepeng Zang, Yanrui Xu, Bowen Wu, Lingli Li, Zelin Liu, Xiaopeng Huang, Fei Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to optimize the drying performance and quality attributes of cherries through the application of diverse pretreatment techniques. Five pretreatment methods were employed prior to ultrasound-assisted hot air drying (USA-HAD): sodium carbonate and ethyl oleate (SC + EO), ethanol (CA), water blanching (WB), freezing (FZ), and sodium hydroxide (SH). The impact of these pretreatments on drying kinetics, physicochemical properties, microstructural characteristics, and sensory attributes of cherries was thoroughly assessed. The results demonstrated that all pretreatments significantly reduced drying time (16.67∼38.89 %), enhanced drying rates, and notably diminished energy consumption (21.25∼47.17 %). Cherries pretreated with SC + EO and subjected to USA-HAD exhibited markedly elevated (P < 0.05) concentrations of anthocyanins, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS), as well as individual sugars, malic acid, and quinic acid. Microstructural analysis revealed that SC + EO pretreatment effectively compromised the waxy cuticle of the cherry skin, promoting the formation of microporous channels, thereby accelerating moisture migration. Sensory evaluation and principal component analysis further corroborated the superior performance of SC + EO-pretreated cherries in terms of color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability. In conclusion, SC + EO pretreatment proved to be a highly efficacious method in enhancing both drying efficiency and product quality, with substantial potential for industrial application.</p>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"122 ","pages":"107578"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired ultrasonic microreactor for efficient synthesis of indigo-emitting carbon dots with tunable morphology and enhanced optical properties","authors":"Longshi Rao ,&nbsp;Shengxin Zhu ,&nbsp;Jiaying Liu ,&nbsp;Qiuling Bai ,&nbsp;Junxian Zou ,&nbsp;Chuheng Deng ,&nbsp;Hongze Tu ,&nbsp;Qingxian Liu ,&nbsp;Guisheng Zhong ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Niu ,&nbsp;Jiasheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon dots (CDs) are promising fluorescent nanomaterials with broad applications in optoelectronics, healthcare, and artificial photosynthesis. However, synthesizing indigo-emitting CDs with optimal properties remains challenging due to the inefficiencies and complexity of conventional methods. This study introduces a high-performance ultrasonic microreactor inspired by biomimetic leaf vein structures to enhance CD synthesis efficiency. We developed a COMSOL Multiphysics-based optimization framework to improve flow field uniformity and examine transport dynamics within the microchannel. This framework identified key parameters, including leaf vein contours, fractal angles, depth-to-width ratios, and inlet configurations, that govern flow characteristics. Additionally, we optimized ultrasonic energy transfer by directly coupling the transducer with the microreactor, determining the optimal frequency (21 kHz) and power (100 W) for maximum reactor performance. Visualization experiments revealed how ultrasound regulates bubble dynamics, enhancing interfacial area and stabilizing suspension behavior. Using this optimized system, we synthesized indigo-emitting CDs with a maximum PLQY of 27.5 % and a narrow FWHM of ∼78 nm under 365 nm excitation. Multivariate experiments revealed how flow velocity, reaction temperature, and ultrasonic modulation influence the optical properties of the CDs. This work underscores the synergistic combination of ultrasonic energy, biomimetic design, and simulation-guided optimization, providing a solid foundation for scalable synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials with applications in optoelectronics, healthcare, and beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 107576"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}