{"title":"“Palpable to thinking”: Othello and Gross Conceits","authors":"Katherine Walker","doi":"10.1086/719057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719057","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning with Iago’s insults against Cassio as both “arithmetician” (1.1.18) and “counter-caster” (1.1.30), this essay explores the deep epistemological divides that the two terms suggested in the period. The essay turns to another mathematical conceit in the play, the word “gross.” Although suggesting stupidity, stolidity, and other terms of weight, the paper locates the associations of “gross” within debates on mathematical representation in the period. The essay focuses on the term gross in the period’s mathematical handbooks, particularly in John Dee’s preface to Euclid’s The Elements (1570). It shows how Dee is juggling complex epistemic issues in positing a third category between the material and the immaterial. This third category, mathematics, relies upon metaphors of the gross and ideas of movement in order to gain a foothold in Dee’s cosmic system for all forms of thought. The essay thus shows how Shakespeare’s tragedy picks up on the mathematical and representational difficulties of the term “gross” to both point to and play with the productive limitations of language. In Othello’s persistent use of “gross” to describe the inability of representation to fully reach its auditors, the essay uncovers a similar concern with the gaps between language and mental apprehension. Both mathematics and Othello, that is, traffic in the concerns over what is gross, what can never be gross, and characters’ need to imagine objects and ideas as gross in order to theorize computations. [K.W.]","PeriodicalId":44199,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49456120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Many Ciphers, Although But One for Meaning”: Lady Mary Wroth’s Many-Sided Monogram","authors":"V. M. Braganza","doi":"10.1086/717202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717202","url":null,"abstract":"This essay proposes a reinterpretation of Lady Mary Wroth’s cryptic monogram based on the discovery of the first extant printed book from her personal library: an early seventeenth-century edition of Xenophon’s Cyropaedia. After an autograph manuscript of Wroth’s pastoral drama, the Penshurst Loves Victorie, Cyropaedia is only the second extant volume bearing her monogram. The symbol, whose letters unscramble to spell the names of Wroth’s fictional personae for herself and her lover, William Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke, has long been a site of negotiation between her life and fiction. That negotiation is ongoing and more flexible than previously thought. Putting bibliography into conversation with monogramming moments in the Urania, this essay revises past readings of the monogram, arguing that the cipher incurs a shift in meaning across the two surviving volumes on which it features, from romantic to elegiac. Along the way, the essay identifies Wroth’s bookbinder for the first time and locates her within networks of material exchange. These analyses suggest a provenance for the Cyropaedia, that it was a gift copy for William, Wroth’s son by Herbert. The never-ending story of Wroth’s monogram is an example of the complex dialogue between text and physical object which is abroad in the early modern period more generally. [V.B.]","PeriodicalId":44199,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42775702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How to Do Things With Numbers: Love’s Labour’s Lost and Quantitative Uncertainty","authors":"B. Sheerin","doi":"10.1086/717200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717200","url":null,"abstract":"The unstable relationship between verba and res—words and things—in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost has been widely recognized among its readers and viewers, but often without sufficient context of relevant theoretical discussions actually occurring in the Elizabethan era. This essay proposes that the drama’s obsession with numbering and misnumbering might serve as a fruitful starting place for interrogating its linguistic experimentalism. After all, while sixteenth-century arithmetic manuals introduced new semiotic discussions about the referentiality of numbers, a prominent strand of Elizabethan poetic controversy revolved around how metrical numbers become meaningful within English-language verse. In particular, arguments between the classical and native-language traditions often concerned whether poetic “number” was merely an abstract tool for counting syllables (arithmos) or whether it contributed to the proportionality of the language being used (rithmos). Shakespeare’s play indirectly examines the theoretical stakes of this controversy—especially involving the referentiality of language—by continually linking the characters’ own creation of poetry to their comic confusion about how to “do things” with numbers. [B.S.]","PeriodicalId":44199,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43477101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"George Gascoigne’s “Patched Cote”: Writing Pedagogy and Poetic Style in the Literature Classroom","authors":"Adhaar Noor Desai","doi":"10.1086/717198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717198","url":null,"abstract":"This essay situates George Gascoigne’s literary career against humanist commentary on a stylistic error, “patchwork writing,” that emblematizes broader concerns about imitation, originality, transgression, and novelty. It argues that Gascoigne advocated a composition pedagogy rooted in choice, lenience, and attentiveness—and that studying his work can productively revitalize the writing pedagogy of the modern literature classroom. At the turbulent start to Gascoigne’s career, he was forced to patch over his poetry in response to charges of indecorousness. Despite his performative repentance, he would also betray resentment about how such discipline would stifle his creativity. He depicts this stifling in The Glasse of Governement (1575), a closet drama depicting a pair of prodigal sons failing to do their “tedious” homework and ultimately being executed by the state. Reading this tragic outcome against Gascoigne’s poetic principles, as articulated in his verses and in his guidebook, “Certayne Notes of Instruction,” reveals the text critiquing how rigid forms of composition pedagogy reflect political moribundity. The essay concludes by taking up Rebecca Moore Howard’s defense of students’ “patchwriting” as a first step toward reconsidering how a pedagogy rooted in choice might more centrally inform the role of writing in the early modern literature classroom. [A.N.D.]","PeriodicalId":44199,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48249026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Judith and Lucrece: Reading Shakespeare Between Copy and Work","authors":"Ben Higgins","doi":"10.1086/717199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717199","url":null,"abstract":"Issues of scale and category are becoming increasingly urgent within early modern studies, particularly for those who work on book history or the material text. This essay considers how the scale of study shapes what we read and enables different kinds of interpretive work. The essay examines a copy of William Shakespeare’s poem The Rape of Lucrece which was at some point in the seventeenth century bound with Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas’ older poem, The Historie of Judith, to create a boutique publication concerned with female agency and sexual assault. By placing this volume within a series of increasingly expansive interpretive frames, the essay explores the volume’s idiosyncratic interest as a case study, but also asks how the poems respond when they are reconceived in less isolated analytical categories. The essay begins by reading the two poems simply as texts brought together. It then considers the material evidence of this particular volume before turning to the category of the “edition,” and finally reading Lucrece as a “work” that was published in many editions. At stake throughout is the central question of what it means to read a poem at this critical moment. [B.H.]","PeriodicalId":44199,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45620133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Early Modern Wetlands: A Brief Literary History of the Unfast","authors":"Hillary Eklund","doi":"10.1086/717201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717201","url":null,"abstract":"In western literary history, wetlands often appear as nature’s ugly mistakes. Key to understanding humans’ widespread animus toward wetlands is the perception, rooted in a teleological and anthropocentric understanding of history and enshrined in early modern discourse of wetlands, that these locales are inimical to human movement and progress. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as England and Spain, in particular, experienced an expansion in mobility that rendered the world more accessible and traversable than it had ever been, their wetland encounters threatened to destabilize their global enterprises. Taking examples from the early modern Atlantic world, this essay argues that the perceived slowness of wetlands often runs athwart the circulation of dominant cultural and religious attitudes, the fast violence of conquest, and imperatives for technological progress. These “unfast” countercurrents invite reading strategies better attuned to the categorial and temporal impurities of wetlands. I offer such a reading of Inca Garcilaso de la Vega’s History of Florida (1605), where explorers’ disorientation in swamps shows the limitations of colonial mastery, and indigenous habitation practices demonstrate how humans might accommodate themselves not just to the unique ecomateriality of the terraqueous, but also to the augmenting shakiness of planetary and intellectual life. [H.E.]","PeriodicalId":44199,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45880978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Experience of Authority: Hamlet and the Political Aesthetics of Majesty","authors":"E. Guagliardo","doi":"10.1086/715427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/715427","url":null,"abstract":"In Hamlet the crisis of political authority that famously rots Denmark is registered as an aesthetic crisis—a crisis of perception, feeling, and experience. This essay recovers this broken regime of feeling under the tradition of “majesty,” which in the period described the conventional set of affective and sensible experiences one was supposed to have in the presence of a sovereign prince. Whereas other contemporary plays such as Richard II often dispelled majesty as theatrical illusion, this essay argues that Hamlet takes majesty seriously but redescribes its enchantments to fit a new, post-Reformation decorum of sensibility characterized by dissensus. Here feelings of majesty most indicate sovereignty’s divine authority when, paradoxically, they fail, unable (precisely as exceptional feelings of exceptional authority) to command common agreement. This essay thus counters readings that overemphasize the epistemic nature of Hamlet’s crisis and resituates its aesthetic modernism at the intersection of phenomenology and political theology. [E.G.]","PeriodicalId":44199,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45733948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stomaching Satire: Poetaster, Troilus and Cressida, and the Hermeneutics of Hypocrisy","authors":"Marc Juberg","doi":"10.1086/715426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/715426","url":null,"abstract":"As topical, satirically charged plays proliferated on London stages around the turn of the seventeenth century, playwrights became increasingly concerned about the threat of overactive interpretation distorting the intended meaning of their dramatic fictions. In Poetaster, his third and last “comical satire,” Ben Jonson calls upon Horatian and Erasmian precedents to construct an elaborate system for protecting authoritative interpretations of satire from the envy of libelous and ignorant auditors. The system as constructed revolves around a clear moral distinction between “well digested” literary creation, which Poetaster purports to embody, and undigested “crudities,” which characterize the inferior poetry of hack writers, the excrescences of inaccurate interpretation, and above all, personal attacks against real people. Jonson falls short of his own ideal, however, when he has the poetaster Crispinus vomit up the neologisms of John Marston: an obvious lampoon, and therefore an “envious” reading that compromises the moral authority of his hermeneutic system. In Troilus and Cressida, Shakespeare uses metaphors of digestion to interrogate the relationship between Authority and Envy, exploring what happens when hypocrisy makes them indistinguishable. Specifically, the well digested literary tradition of Cressida’s falsehood ends up authorizing the jaundiced view of her undigested, “o’ereaten faith,” corrupting the audience’s judgement and impoverishing theatrical imagination. [M.J.]","PeriodicalId":44199,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42850333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Physics of Poetic Form in Arthur Golding’s Translation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses","authors":"Liza Blake","doi":"10.1086/715422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/715422","url":null,"abstract":"This essay argues that we can enrich our understandings of form and formalisms if we return to early modernity’s rich variety of physics. The central object of study is the relationship between physics and poetics in Arthur Golding’s 1567 English translation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses. Although this translation is commonly cast today as the work of an unsophisticated or moralizing Puritan, Golding claimed that Ovid’s work offered a “dark philosophy of turnèd shapes,” a natural philosophy of substance and change. As Golding translates, he systematically reshapes the physics he finds in Ovid, converting Ovid into a crypto-Neo-Platonist and, in the process, offering a new physics and poetics revolving around the concept of shape—a concept similar to but not identical with our modern understanding of form. In Golding’s translation, poetics becomes not just a way of communicating or elaborating natural philosophy, but the mechanism for exploring the nature of the universe. [L.B.]","PeriodicalId":44199,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43104367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Volume 51 (2021)","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/716484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716484","url":null,"abstract":"SWÄRDH, ANNA James Bell’s Narrative of Cecilia Vasa’s Journey to England: Travelogue as Encomium (pages 1–30) This essay examines James Bell’s narrative of the Swedish princess Cecilia Vasa’s journey to England in 1564–1565with focus on the representation of Elizabeth I and Cecilia. The essay argues that the narrative is best understood as a travelogue whose rhetorical function is that of an encomium, celebrating first of all Elizabeth, but also Cecilia and the two women’s relationship. In doing this, the text partakes in contemporary constructions of Elizabeth as potent yet female ruler through its deployment of the so-called rhetoric of love and through its use of iconography that depicts Elizabeth as wise and legitimate ruler. By positing Cecilia as lover of Elizabeth, Bell extends the discourse of love to foreign royalty and a potential political ally; a special bond between the two is set up in ways that would have been accessible to contemporary readers more broadly but also through imagery that would have connected the two in ways open to a more select readership. While the relative status between Elizabeth and Cecilia is maintained throughout the travelogue, Bell celebrates the venture of the journey itself, and thus the meeting of the two women in a way that defines it as a diplomatic exchange with the specific purpose of furthering contact, dialogue, and goodwill between the two countries. [A.S.]","PeriodicalId":44199,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45333350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}