Galen Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"A Case Report of Right Heart Failure: An Uncommon Presentation : A Case Report of Right Heart Failure.","authors":"Venus Shahabi Rabori, Oliver McConnell, Olivia Powell","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3921","DOIUrl":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aortic dissection poses diagnostic challenges due to its varied symptoms. Prompt diagnosis and intervention are essential to reduce mortality and morbidity.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 53-year-old woman presented with dyspnoea, palpitations, Epigastric and right upper quadrant pain, following recent chest tightness. She initially was diagnosed with a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) based on the electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac enzymes. The transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed right heart impairment, mild aortic regurgitation, and significant tricuspid regurgitation. A coronary angiogram showed normal left coronary vessels but failed imaging of the right coronary artery which raised suspicion of aortic dissection due to an abnormal aortic root shape and a history of hypertension. Urgent CT aortography (CTA) confirmed acute Stanford type A aortic dissection with false lumen supplying the RCA ostia. Initially, conservative management was chosen due to right ventricular dysfunction. The patient then presenting with recurring symptoms 8 days later, after a multidisciplinary team meeting surgical intervention was decided. Comprising of full aortic root, aortic arch, and aortic valve replacement, plus tricuspid valve repair and annuloplasty. The patient was discharged post successful surgery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case highlights the challenges of diagnosing and managing acute aortic syndromes, especially with atypical symptoms. Having a low threshold for cross sectional imaging techniques in such cases is likely to prompt accurate diagnosis and treatment in critical cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3921"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12569404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preoperative Intravenous Desmopressin and Perioperative Blood Loss in Patients Undergoing Major Spine Surgery : Preoperative Intravenous Desmopressin and Perioperative Blood Loss in Spine Surgery Patients.","authors":"Ali Alizadeh, Mehran Moradi, Mahsa Vafaeimastanabad, Mahsa Hamidiadl","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3871","DOIUrl":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Major spine surgeries often involve significant blood loss, increasing transfusion risks and postoperative complications. Desmopressin, a synthetic vasopressin analog, may reduce bleeding by enhancing clotting factor release, but its efficacy in spine surgery remains understudied. This study evaluated the efficacy of preoperative intravenous desmopressin in reducing perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing major spine surgery.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at Shahid Rajaei Hospital, Iran. Fifty-five patients undergoing major spinal surgery were randomized to receive either 0.3 μg/kg desmopressin (n=25) or placebo (n=30) during anesthesia induction. Primary outcomes included intraoperative blood loss (measured hourly) and transfusion volume. Secondary outcomes included postoperative sodium levels, creatinine, urine output, and hospital stay. Statistical analyses used Student's t-test, Chi-square, and repeated measures ANOVA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Desmopressin significantly reduced intraoperative blood loss during the first hour (336.00± 125.43 vs. 398.33±85.58 mL, P=0.034) and second hour (530.95±188.07 vs. 756.67 ± 242.65 mL, P=0.003) compared to placebo. Total transfusion volume was lower in the desmopressin group (724.79 ± 429.06 vs. 1396.55±325.94 mL, P=0.001), with fewer intraoperative packed red blood cell transfusions (16% vs. 40%, P = 0.050). Postoperative creatinine levels were lower with desmopressin (1.16 ± 0.30 vs. 1.40 ± 0.32 mg/dL, P=0.009), but sodium levels and urine output were comparable. Hemodynamic stability and hospital stay did not differ significantly.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Preoperative desmopressin reduced early intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in major spine surgery without significant adverse effects. These findings support its use as a hemostatic adjunct, though further studies are needed to confirm long-term safety and efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3871"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12569403/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal Neuroimaging and Electrophysiological Markers in Multiple Sclerosis: An Integrative Review of fMRI, EEG, and EMG Approaches : fMRI, EEG, EMG in Multiple Sclerosis.","authors":"Mohammad Hossein Salemi","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3878","DOIUrl":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3878","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease marked by demyelination, neurodegeneration, and widespread network dysfunction. While conventional MRI remains central to diagnosis, advanced techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and electromyography (EMG) are increasingly recognized for their ability to capture dynamic functional changes that underlie clinical symptoms. This review explores the individual and combined applications of fMRI, EEG, and EMG in MS, emphasizing recent clinical findings from 2019 to 2024. fMRI provides high-resolution mapping of brain activation and connectivity, revealing compensatory plasticity in early stages and connectivity breakdowns associated with progression. EEG offers real-time monitoring of cortical activity, detecting spectral slowing, network reorganization, and neurophysiological correlates of fatigue and cognitive decline. EMG quantifies neuromuscular output, identifying spasticity, motor unit loss, and gait disturbances with high sensitivity. Integration of these modalities enhances spatial and temporal resolution; however, challenges such as data standardization and interpretive variability must be addressed to ensure robust biomarker development. Advances in machine learning, portable EEG/EMG systems, and big-data infrastructure are driving the translation of multimodal monitoring into clinical practice. Real-time assessments and individualized biomarker profiles could enable earlier diagnosis, more accurate prognosis, and personalized rehabilitation and therapy strategies. Although technical, interpretive, and standardization challenges remain, the convergence of fMRI, EEG, and EMG offers a promising path toward precision medicine in MS. Multimodal approaches not only deepen understanding of MS pathophysiology but also hold tangible potential to transform disease monitoring, treatment decision-making, and patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3878"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12569407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Versus Late Pediatric Palliative Care in Oncology: A Systematic Review of Outcomes, Disparities, and Implementation Barriers : Palliative Care in Oncology.","authors":"Fatemeh Rezaei, Homa Vejdani, Fatemeh Moslemi Najarcolaie, Zahra Gharibi, Rezvan Shirali, Atieh Okhli, Ainaz Esmi, Fatemeh Zahrasalamat, Arezoo Kordian","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.4007","DOIUrl":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.4007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This systematic review, conducted per PRISMA 2020 guidelines, synthesizes evidence on early pediatric palliative care (PPC) versus late or no PPC in children and young adults (0-21 years) with life-threatening oncologic illnesses. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and grey literature (ProQuest, ClinicalTrials.gov) from inception to 1 August 2025 identified 12 studies, including retrospective cohorts, surveys, and one randomized controlled trial across the USA, Canada, Taiwan, and Spain. Early PPC, variably defined as initiation from diagnosis to 12 months before death, consistently reduced end-of-life care intensity (fewer ICU admissions, mechanical ventilation, invasive interventions), increased hospice enrollment, home deaths, and improved quality of life and symptom management compared to late or no PPC. Disparities were evident, with minority groups and patients with hematologic malignancies less likely to receive early PPC, compounded by barriers such as provider misconceptions, systemic limitations, and clinical trial enrollment delays. Outpatient and integrated home-hospital PPC models significantly lowered hospital-based end-of-life care, though robust late PPC programs could achieve comparable outcomes. Narrative synthesis using the GRADE approach highlighted moderate to high confidence in reduced care intensity and improved family outcomes with early PPC, despite heterogeneous definitions and study designs precluding meta-analysis. Findings show the need for standardized PPC protocols, education to address provider barriers, and policy reforms to enhance equitable access, particularly for underserved populations. While oncology evidence is robust, further randomized trials are needed to strengthen findings across other conditions, supporting early PPC integration to optimize patient and family outcomes in pediatric oncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e4007"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12569405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Interaction Between Orthodontics and Periodontal Tissue Remodeling :.","authors":"Mina Abasi, Ali Goodarzi, Raheleh Solhmirzaei, Fatemeh Fazel, AmirMohammad Moharrami, Hamid Ghasemi, Haniyeh Alavi Milani","doi":"10.31661/gmj.vi.4005","DOIUrl":"10.31661/gmj.vi.4005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) involves a complex cascade of biomechanical and biological events, orchestrated through the interaction of mechanical forces, inflammatory responses, and cellular remodeling within the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. In adult patients, particularly those with a history of periodontitis, these processes are further complicated by reduced regenerative capacity, chronic inflammation, and altered bone dynamics. This review explores the mechanobiological foundations of OTM, detailing the roles of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, as well as the central regulatory pathways, including RANKL/OPG signaling, cytokine cascades, and matrix metalloproteinase activity. Special attention is given to the clinical implications of orthodontic forces in healthy versus compromised periodontium, emphasizing the importance of force magnitude, direction, and regimen. Interdisciplinary coordination between orthodontists and periodontists is essential for safe and effective treatment planning, particularly when regenerative procedures such as bone grafting, guided tissue regeneration, or the use of biologics like enamel matrix derivative and platelet-rich fibrin are involved. The review also identifies critical knowledge gaps, including uncertainty regarding optimal treatment timing post-periodontal therapy, a lack of long-term and patient-centered outcomes, and the underrepresentation of adult-specific data in clinical research. Emerging technologies in tissue engineering, biomarker analysis, and digital orthodontic planning offer promising avenues for precision-based care. Ultimately, a collaborative, individualized approach that integrates biological insight with clinical expertise is key to achieving both periodontal stability and orthodontic success in periodontally vulnerable patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e4005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12881724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Young Tongue-Holding Forceps for Third Molar Autotransplantation as a New Method for Tooth Handling: A Case Report with a 1-Year Follow-Up :.","authors":"Hadi Shakerin, Mohammad Reza Sadeghi, Ahmad Toumaj, Zahra Jafary Nodoushan","doi":"10.31661/gmj.vi.3932","DOIUrl":"10.31661/gmj.vi.3932","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For the first time in autotransplantation literature, all extraoral procedures on the donor tooth were carried out while holding it by a Young Tongue Holding Forceps, potentially reducing damage to the PDL and enhancing the handling of the tooth. In this case report, we present the autotransplantation of a mandibular third molar into the socket of the adjacent second molar in an 18-year-old patient. The clinical and radiographic evaluation revealed severe pain and a periapical lesion from the previous root canal treatment. The surgical and endodontic steps were carried out with a focus on maintaining the viability of periodontal ligament cells, which would improve the overall prognosis of the transplantation. The donor tooth was secured in the ideal position using sutures for two weeks. The transplanted tooth was followed up for 12 months postoperatively, showing optimal healing and maturation of periodontal and periapical tissues. It seems that Young Tongue Forceps could be used in other dental practices that involve ex vivo or extraoral procedures on a tooth. Furthermore, the forceps could be modified and manufactured to accommodate every type of tooth.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e3932"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12881719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narrative Review of Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmic Disease Detection : Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmic Diseases Detection.","authors":"Kholoud Ahmad Bokhary","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3979","DOIUrl":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing ophthalmology and optometry by utilizing high-resolution imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus photography, and corneal topography. These modalities generate quantifiable data suitable for machine learning (ML), facilitating automated diagnosis of ocular conditions like diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which are leading causes of visual impairment worldwide. This narrative review evaluates the role of ML in improving diagnostic accuracy and accessibility in eye care, focusing on methodological complexities, supervised and unsupervised learning approaches, and challenges in clinical integration.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A comprehensive narrative literature review was conducted, analyzing ML applications in ophthalmology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AI systems exhibit high sensitivity and specificity, often outperforming human graders in diabetic retinopathy screening and early detection of glaucoma and AMD using OCT and fundus imaging. Anterior segment diseases benefit from AI-driven corneal topography analysis. Challenges include image quality, dataset imbalances, and variability in imaging protocols, necessitating fine-tuning for diverse clinical environments. Unsupervised learning shows potential for identifying novel biomarkers but requires further validation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AI-driven ML models significantly enhance eye disease diagnostics, improving accuracy and accessibility, particularly in resource-limited settings. However, challenges like data standardization and model generalizability must be addressed to ensure robust clinical adoption.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3979"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12503026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different Intensities of Exercise and Cardiovascular Performance: A Review : Different Intensities of Exercise and pCardiovascular Performance.","authors":"Mohsen Davoodi, Foroozandeh Zaravar","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3722","DOIUrl":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular diseases [CVDs] remain a major global health concern, with arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis contributing significantly to their prevalence, especially with aging. Regular physical activity is crucial for prevention, improving endothelial function and lipid profiles. This paper examines the effects of different exercise modalities including aerobic training, Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training [MICT], High Intensity Interval Training [HIIT], resistance training [RT] and on cardiovascular health. Aerobic exercise consistently benefits blood pressure, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial density. HIIT, in particular, often surpasses MICT in enhancing peak oxygen uptake [VO2 peak] and endothelial function. Resistance training improves muscle strength, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity. However, its impact on arterial stiffness is debated with low to moderate intensity RT appears beneficial, while high intensity RT shows mixed or potentially detrimental effects. Inconsistencies across studies are largely attributed to variations in protocols, intensities, and participant characteristics. Ultimately, exercise is a vital CVD management strategy, underscoring the need for personalized prescriptions based on specific exercise types and intensities to optimize cardiovascular benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3722"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12503029/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Modern Medicine: A Framework for Integrating Traditional and Modern Healthcare : Post-modern Medicine.","authors":"Hassan Akbari","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3791","DOIUrl":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3791","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-modern medicine signifies a paradigm shift in healthcare by integrating the strengths of both modern biomedical science and traditional medical systems. This article explores the potential of a holistic approach that combines evidence-based practices with time-tested methodologies rooted in historical medical traditions. Emphasis is placed on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment to achieve a more comprehensive and personalized understanding of health and disease. By examining the unique contributions of each system, this integrative perspective aims to enhance patient outcomes in both human and veterinary medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3791"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12553843/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Serum Iron Profile in Non-Anemic Pregnant Women at Delivery: A Cross-Sectional Study at Baharloo Hospital (2022-2023) : Iron Deficiency Among Non-anemic Pregnant Women.","authors":"Seyedeh Noushin Ghalandarpoor-Atta, Seyedeh Mojgan Ghalandarpoor-Attar, Seyyed Mohammad Mahdi Tayebi Tafreshi, Asghar Ghorbani","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3895","DOIUrl":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3895","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Iron deficiency during pregnancy poses a significant risk to maternal and fetal health, especially among anemic women whose physiological demand for iron increases drastically. This study aimed to evaluate the serum iron profile of non-anemic pregnant women at the time of delivery and to identify associated demographic and clinical factors.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Conducted at Baharloo Hospital between 2022 and 2023, this cross-sectional study involved pregnant women who met the primary inclusion criteria of being non-anemic in the first and second trimesters and were admitted for scheduled labor. Serum ferritin, serum iron, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) were quantified, alongside comprehensive analysis of hemoglobin (HB) levels and red blood cell (RBC) indices. Data on demographic characteristics, and prenatal supplement usage were collected through medical records and analyzed using SPSS software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study of 120 pregnant women (mean age 28.85 ± 6.34 years, gestational age 39.21 ± 0.8 weeks) found that most participants regularly consumed iron (93.33%) and multivitamin supplements (81.67%), with average serum iron levels of 98.73 ± 20.7 μg/dL at 3rd trimester. Key correlations included negative associations between gestational age and maternal age (r=-0.26) and between ferritin and gestational age (r=-0.18), while hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were strongly positively correlated. Logistic regression identified lower second-trimester hemoglobin as protective against delivery-time anemia (OR=0.29), and lower second-trimester MCV significantly predicted iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) (OR=0.70), when adjusting for age, gestational age, BMI, supplements or iron usage, multiparity, and educational level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As iron and multivitamin supplementation did not significantly reduce anemia risk and it was basically related to second-trimester MCV and hemoglobin, higher thresholds of these markers should be assigned as the goal of anemia prevention programs for Iranian women.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3895"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12503027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}