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Microwave assisted N-directed Pd-catalyzed direct ortho-acyloxylation, and ortho-hydroxylation of benzo[b][1,4]oxazin- 2-ones via C–H activation
IF 2.1 3区 化学
Tetrahedron Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.134552
Sandeep Kumar, Aditi Arora, Sumit Kumar, Brajendra K. Singh
{"title":"Microwave assisted N-directed Pd-catalyzed direct ortho-acyloxylation, and ortho-hydroxylation of benzo[b][1,4]oxazin- 2-ones via C–H activation","authors":"Sandeep Kumar,&nbsp;Aditi Arora,&nbsp;Sumit Kumar,&nbsp;Brajendra K. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel and highly efficient microwave-assisted palladium-catalyzed method has been developed for the regioselective <em>ortho</em>-acyloxylation, and <em>ortho</em>-hydroxylation of 3-phenyl-2<em>H</em>-benzo[<em>b</em>][1,4]oxazin-2-ones. Utilizing the C–H activation strategy, this protocol exploits the directing effect of nitrogen within the heterocyclic framework, enabling selective introduction of acetoxyl, butoxyl, and hydroxyl groups with excellent regioselectivity and moderate to good yields. The method exhibits broad substrate compatibility and impressive tolerance to various functional groups, offering significant advantages in cost-effectiveness and time efficiency, with reactions completed within minutes and easily scalable to gram quantities. Additionally, late-stage functionalization of hydroxylated compounds <em>via</em> the Suzuki reaction demonstrates the method's utility in drug discovery, facilitating further functionalization of biologically active molecules with outstanding regioselectivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 134552"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Copper–hydride catalyzed diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of homopropargyl amines through reductive coupling of 1,3-enynes with imines
IF 2.1 3区 化学
Tetrahedron Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.134539
Ting Su , Mingfeng Li , Fanke Meng , Qinglei Chong
{"title":"Copper–hydride catalyzed diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of homopropargyl amines through reductive coupling of 1,3-enynes with imines","authors":"Ting Su ,&nbsp;Mingfeng Li ,&nbsp;Fanke Meng ,&nbsp;Qinglei Chong","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enantioselective synthesis of homopropargyl amines from easily available starting materials is attractive and challenging in organic synthesis field. Herein, we reported a copper(I) hydride (Cu–H)-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions of isatin ketimines or aldimines with a broad range of 1,3-enynes bearing silyl, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl substituents, affording a variety of homopropargyl amines in up to 98 % yield with up to &gt;95:5 dr and &gt;99:1 er. A single multi-functional catalyst effectively controlled the chemo-, regio-, diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Selective deprotection of the resulting enantio-enriched homopropargyl amines followed by functionalizations furnished a variety of useful building blocks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 134539"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Superacid-promoted synthesis of imidazole-containing spirocycles
IF 2.1 3区 化学
Tetrahedron Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.134542
Jeffrey C. Ferreira, Douglas A. Klumpp
{"title":"Superacid-promoted synthesis of imidazole-containing spirocycles","authors":"Jeffrey C. Ferreira,&nbsp;Douglas A. Klumpp","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of imidazole-containing fluorenyl spirocycles have been prepared from 9-fluorenol derivatives. Highly acidic media and superacid media are shown to promote spirocyclization to this new class of spirocycles. A mechanism is proposed involving fluorenyl cationic species, including dicationic ions. Electrochemical and optical experiments were conducted for the calculation of frontier molecular orbital energy levels. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that select conjugated fluorophores were intensely emissive in the near-UV visible (blue-purple) spectrum range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 134542"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dual activation with Fe(NTf2)3 and I2: Regioselective halogenation of aromatic compounds using N-halosuccinimides (NXS)
IF 2.1 3区 化学
Tetrahedron Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.134544
Kiyoshi Tanemura
{"title":"Dual activation with Fe(NTf2)3 and I2: Regioselective halogenation of aromatic compounds using N-halosuccinimides (NXS)","authors":"Kiyoshi Tanemura","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Halogenation of a wide range of aromatic compounds catalyzed by Fe(NTf<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub> in the presence of a catalytic amount of I<sub>2</sub> using <em>N</em>-bromosuccinimide (NBS) or <em>N</em>-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) in MeCN was reported. Dual activation with Fe(NTf<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and I<sub>2</sub> was quite useful to accelerate the reactions. High para selectivity was realized for the halogenation of aromatic compounds possessing electron-donating groups. Solvent-free reactions were effective for the halogenation of electron-deficient compounds. Furthermore, this method was suitable for the bromination of the compounds possessing acid-sensitive groups such as acetal, dihydrofuran, aldehyde, and epoxide. In the bromination of phenol and aniline derivatives, BiCl<sub>3</sub> was suitable to give the corresponding bromides in excellent yields. The procedure was successfully applied to the late-stage halogenation of drugs and natural products. One-pot bromination/Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions afforded the corresponding biaryls in good yields without the removal of MeCN. When BiCl<sub>3</sub> was used as the catalyst, one-pot bromination/Sonogashira coupling reactions gave the corresponding alkynes without the removal of MeCN. This method is practical because the catalysts are cheap and the reactions can be performed under ambient air conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 134544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Regioselectivity for nucleophilic substitutions of aryl halides with DMF in deep eutectic solvent
IF 2.1 3区 化学
Tetrahedron Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.134543
Shuangping Chen , Tong Pan , Qi Jiang , Jia Li , Jinming Chen , Wenbing Sheng
{"title":"Regioselectivity for nucleophilic substitutions of aryl halides with DMF in deep eutectic solvent","authors":"Shuangping Chen ,&nbsp;Tong Pan ,&nbsp;Qi Jiang ,&nbsp;Jia Li ,&nbsp;Jinming Chen ,&nbsp;Wenbing Sheng","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep eutectic solvent-promoted substitution of aryl halides with <em>N</em>,<em>N</em>-dimethylformamide (DMF) has been developed in this report. The process was successful obtained a wide range of <em>N</em>,<em>N</em>-dimethylaniline compounds from different substrates in moderate to good yields (52 %–93 %) and exhibited specific regioselectivity in the <em>para</em> position. The possible mechanism to explain the regioselectivity was that the <em>para</em> halogen atom of electron-withdrawing group possessed a less spatial resistance, and the stability of the transition states forming <em>ortho</em>-substituted products was destructed due to the hydrogen bonds between deep eutectic solvent and aryl halides. This work was expected to provide a useful guidance for enhancing nucleophilic substitution reactivity of halogen atoms in the <em>para</em>-position of an electron-withdrawing group.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 134543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Efficient N-methylation of primary amides using methanol under Mn(I)-catalysis
IF 2.1 3区 化学
Tetrahedron Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.134535
Reshma Babu , Smruti Rekha Padhy , Ekambaram Balaraman
{"title":"Efficient N-methylation of primary amides using methanol under Mn(I)-catalysis","authors":"Reshma Babu ,&nbsp;Smruti Rekha Padhy ,&nbsp;Ekambaram Balaraman","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, we report the use of methanol, a renewable, cost-effective, and easily handled reagent, for the highly selective <em>N</em>-methylation of amides under mild conditions. The reaction is catalyzed by a well-defined Mn-PNP pincer complex and proceeds <em>via</em> the borrowing hydrogen strategy (BHS). This method exhibits broad functional group tolerance and utilizes methanol as a methylating agent, demonstrating exceptional monoselectivity for amides, which enhances its practical appeal. Additionally, a series of control experiments were conducted to provide deeper mechanistic insights into the transformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 134535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Construction of novel Donor-Acceptor type self-assembled molecules together with NiOx for flexible perovskite solar cells
IF 2.1 3区 化学
Tetrahedron Pub Date : 2025-02-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.134541
Yuanqiong Lin , Xiao Zhang , Xiaoshang Zhong , Chunlin Lu , Yinghua Lu , Xin Li , Song Tu
{"title":"Construction of novel Donor-Acceptor type self-assembled molecules together with NiOx for flexible perovskite solar cells","authors":"Yuanqiong Lin ,&nbsp;Xiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoshang Zhong ,&nbsp;Chunlin Lu ,&nbsp;Yinghua Lu ,&nbsp;Xin Li ,&nbsp;Song Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Donor-Acceptor (D-A) type self-assembled molecules (SAMs) are regarded as star organic small molecules that can effectively alleviate the undesired NiO<sub>x</sub>/perovskite interface problem and demonstrate exceptional hole extraction and transport ability. However, the structure-performance relationships of donor units or anchoring groups of suitable D-A SAMs have not been unveiled. Here, we try to discuss such structure-performance relationships by designing and synthesizing a series of D-A type SAMs (<strong>TQB</strong>, <strong>DQB</strong>, <strong>DQC</strong> and <strong>DQP</strong>), which incorporate dibenzofurans-substituted bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amine or methoxy triphenylamine as donor unit, quinoxaline as acceptor unit, and phenylboronic acid or benzoic acid or phenylphosphinic acid as anchoring group. Among them, <strong>DQB</strong>, a dibenzofurans-substituted phenylboronic acid derivative, has unique advantages in terms of thermal stability, interface contact and hole extraction. For different donors, the relevant test and characterization results make clear that the donor with a larger rigid plane building block in SAMs not only enhances thermal stability and electron-donating capability of the SAMs, but also induces high-quality perovskite films. Furthermore, methoxy on the more electron-rich terminal group better passivates perovskite defects. As an anchoring group of D-A type SAMs, the mildly acidic boronic acid group can form the strongest B–<em>O</em>–Ni bond. It stands to reason that unacceptable interfacial reactions and recombination are suppressed. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency of 17.88 % generated by NiO<sub>x</sub>/<strong>DQB</strong>-based p-i-n flexible perovskite solar cells is superior to that of other devices. Our results offer a reference for the design of SAMs with better performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 134541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Synthesis of 8,1′-ethano-2′-deoxyinosine-containing oligonucleotides, and their antiparallel Watson–Crick and parallel Hoogsteen duplex-forming abilities
IF 2.1 3区 化学
Tetrahedron Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.134538
Honoka Hanashiro, Yuta Ito, Yasufumi Fuchi, Yoshiyuki Hari
{"title":"Synthesis of 8,1′-ethano-2′-deoxyinosine-containing oligonucleotides, and their antiparallel Watson–Crick and parallel Hoogsteen duplex-forming abilities","authors":"Honoka Hanashiro,&nbsp;Yuta Ito,&nbsp;Yasufumi Fuchi,&nbsp;Yoshiyuki Hari","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, we developed oligonucleotides (ONs) containing <em>syn</em>-constrained 8,1′-ethano-2′-deoxyadenosine. In this study, we further explored the synthesis of 8,1′-ethano-2′-deoxyguanosine (ethano-dG) and 8,1′-ethano-2′-deoxyinosine (ethano-dI). Although ethano-dG could not be synthesized, ethano-dI, in which the inosine (<sup>eth</sup>I) base was fixed in <em>syn</em> conformation, was successfully synthesized and incorporated into ONs. Subsequently, duplex-forming ability of ethano-dI-containing ONs was evaluated using ultraviolet (UV) melting experiments. Antiparallel Watson–Crick duplex containing the <sup>eth</sup>I:guanine base pair showed higher thermal stability than those containing other <sup>eth</sup>I:X base pairs (X = adenine, cytosine, or thymine) due to the formation of two Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonds between <sup>eth</sup>I and guanine base at the Watson–Crick side. Although parallel Hoogsteen duplex formation generally requires acidic conditions, ethano-dI-containing ONs formed a parallel Hoogsteen duplex with the complementary DNA under neutral conditions, indicating that <sup>eth</sup>I stably recognized the cytosine base via two Watson–Crick-type hydrogen bonds. Overall, our findings suggest ethano-dI as a useful material to elucidate the biological functions of <em>syn</em>-oriented purine nucleosides in DNA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 134538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sulfonyl-stabilized 4-alkylidene dihydropyridines as C-donor ligands in organotransition metal catalysis: Synthesis of palladium complexes
IF 2.1 3区 化学
Tetrahedron Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.134540
Anushree Poddar , F. Christopher Pigge
{"title":"Sulfonyl-stabilized 4-alkylidene dihydropyridines as C-donor ligands in organotransition metal catalysis: Synthesis of palladium complexes","authors":"Anushree Poddar ,&nbsp;F. Christopher Pigge","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three palladium(II) complexes supported by new neutral η<sup>1</sup>-C-donor ligands derived from alkylidene dihydropyridine derivatives are reported. The ligand frameworks are easily constructed from simple 4-alkylpyridines. The ligands feature peripheral aryl sulfonyl groups that increase acidity of picolyl C–H bonds, facilitate subsequent generation of relatively stable alkylidene dihydropyridines, and provide sites for attachment of additional metal ligating groups. Sulfonyl-stabilized alkylidene dihydropyridines readily coordinate PdCl<sub>2</sub> through the picolyl carbon in monodentate fashion or as C,N-chelating ligands when 2-pyridylsulfonyl groups are present. All complexes are air-stable and X-ray crystal structures of two complexes are reported. One Pd(II) complex was screened for catalytic activity and found to be moderately effective in mediating Suzuki cross-coupling reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 134540"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Photoinduced ligand-to-copper charge transfer for decarboxylative hydrogenation of aromatic carboxylic acids
IF 2.1 3区 化学
Tetrahedron Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.134536
Zhengjia Shen , Jiani Wei , Xue Hu , Zimu Gu , Qiqi Shao , Xuan Chen , Mingming Wang , Dongliang Zhang
{"title":"Photoinduced ligand-to-copper charge transfer for decarboxylative hydrogenation of aromatic carboxylic acids","authors":"Zhengjia Shen ,&nbsp;Jiani Wei ,&nbsp;Xue Hu ,&nbsp;Zimu Gu ,&nbsp;Qiqi Shao ,&nbsp;Xuan Chen ,&nbsp;Mingming Wang ,&nbsp;Dongliang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT)-based synthetic methodology is presented for the decarboxylative hydrogenation of aromatic carboxylic acids. This approach features mild reaction conditions, economical copper-mediated catalysis, and exceptional functional group tolerance. The study addresses significant challenges in aromatic carboxylic acid transformations and underscores the potential of photochemical copper catalysis in contemporary organic synthesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 134536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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