New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body最新文献

{"title":"Trans Medicine: The Emergence and Practice of Treating Gender","authors":"Sarah Dahlen","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.2024022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.2024022","url":null,"abstract":"advances and applications of palliative care, contributes to non-medical suicides, and creates financial conflicts of interest, for example. Whatever one thinks about the question of ‘dignity,’ Kaczor argues that the extended burdens of euthanasia outweigh the possible benefits. The chapters on conscientious objection focus specifically on conscientious objection to abortion, though Kaczor’s arguments have broader application. He defends conscientious objection against several arguments. He points out, for example, that appeals to professional standards to deny conscientious objection are self-refuting, since professional standards of medical associations presently allow for conscientious objection. Furthermore, abortion is not self-evidently medically beneficial – abortion interrupts the healthy functioning of a uterus, abortion never benefits the fetus, and there is empirical evidence that abortions are more detrimental to women’s health than pregnancy. Kaczor also argues that there are costs to denying conscientious objection, especially to minority populations, since it would decrease general health care supply. Whether one thinks these costs are too great, however, will depend on what one thinks about the necessity of widespread access to abortion. He then argues that such considerations are ultimately beside the point. The relevant issue is not patient interests or the availability of services (since the decisions and rights of physicians often override such considerations), but whether an objector (or an objecting institution) should be forced to perform or participate (even by proxy) in what they believe is murder. Disputes in Bioethics works best as a way for those already acquainted with the basic issues of bioethics to get a sense of the contemporary literature on a variety of topics from the perspective of natural law theory. The essays are insightful and wide-ranging, with helpful discussions of concepts that are too often taken for granted. It is especially well-suited for upper-division undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers interested in bioethics.","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"86 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42135916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disputes in Bioethics: Abortion, Euthanasia, and Other Controversies","authors":"J. Rea","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.2024021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.2024021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"83 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47983214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Way of Medicine: Ethics and the Healing Profession.","authors":"Xavier Symons","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2032944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2032944","url":null,"abstract":"ence and, indeed, expertise. Medical uncertainty is often a reason to call for greater caution rather than offering more indiscriminate services. It is not clear why doctors ought to adopt a somewhat consumerist approach to trans medicine: aiming to give customers access to any medical interventions they ask for, despite the absence of robust evidence of benefit or clear conception of what is being treated. What would be the right moral course of action when it comes to adhering to good medical practice? On whose authority, when and why should doctors intervene when it comes to altering someone’s body based on how the patient identifies? There are tensions between how a clinician in trans medicine should meet the expectations of patients seeking medical interventions, and the norms of the medical profession itself: securing a diagnosis, treating that which is pathological not physiological, and seeking to minimize iatrogenic harm. More broadly, to what extent would medics risk reinforcing sex-linked social norms and stereotypes of behaviour, expectations and appearance – both when they deny such demands and when they agree to proceed? For example, cosmetic surgeons offering breast enlargements for females might be criticized for marketing and entrenching the idea that women should aspire to medically alter their secondary sex characteristics or unhappiness will ensue. If cosmetic surgery then becomes a social norm and many women elect to undergo surgical breast implantations, this can put pressure on others to follow suit. Yet, in trans medicine the same medical intervention of chest enhancement may be advertised to males who identify as women, meaning similar questions must arise around possible medical collusion with the social expectations of women and men. What is the proper role of medicine in this complicated space? One hopes Trans Medicine will inspire further work that explores such questions in closer detail.","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"90 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45910242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development and Implementation of an Autopsy/ Tissue Donation for Breast Cancer Research.","authors":"Margaret Rosenzweig,&nbsp;Lori A Miller,&nbsp;Adrian V Lee,&nbsp;Steffi Oesterreich,&nbsp;Humberto E Trejo Bittar,&nbsp;Jennifer M Atkinson,&nbsp;Ann Welsh","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.1993608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.1993608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is growing interest in tissue procurement for cancer research through autopsy. Establishing an autopsy/tissue donation programme for breast cancer research within an academic medical centre in the United States requires consideration, planning, multi-departmental collaboration and labour-intensive maintenance. It is the purpose of this paper to outline the necessary considerations in implementing and maintaining a tissue donation and autopsy programme within a breast cancer centre at a comprehensive cancer centre. Considerations of programme planning include: patient engagement, the recruitment of patients and families into the programme, the role and scope of work of the clinical coordinator, regulatory issues and the coordination with both pathology and the research team at time of death and autopsy/tissue donation. All aspects of the tissue donation/rapid autopsy programme development and implementation are discussed and illustrated through case study. An Autopsy/ Tissue Donation for breast cancer research can be successfully developed and implemented.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"27 4","pages":"349-361"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39638875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data Ethics in Digital Health and Genomics.","authors":"Muhammed Erkan Karabekmez","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.1996965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.1996965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The digital revolution has disruptively reshaped the way health services are provided and how research is conducted. This transformation has produced novel ethical challenges. The digitalization of health records, bioinformatics, molecular medicine, wearable biomedical technologies, biotechnology, and synthetic biology has created new biological data niches. How these data are shared, stored, distributed, and analyzed has created ethical problems regarding privacy, trust, accountability, fairness, and justice. This study investigates issues related to data-sharing permissions, fairness in secondary data distribution, and commercial and political conflicts of interest among individuals, companies, and states. In conclusion, establishing an agency to act as deputy trustee on behalf of individuals is recommended to intermediate the complex nature of informed consent. Focusing on decentralized digital technologies is recommended in order to catalyze the utilization of data and prevent discrimination without circulating data unnecessarily.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"27 4","pages":"320-333"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39599737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveillance in Next-Generation Personalized Healthcare: Science and Ethics of Data Analytics in Healthcare.","authors":"Kamal Althobaiti","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.1993055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.1993055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advances in science and technology have allowed for incredible improvements in healthcare. Additionally, the digital revolution in healthcare provides new ways of collecting and storing large volumes of patient data, referred to as big healthcare data. As a result, healthcare providers are now able to use data to gain a deeper understanding of how to treat an individual in what is referred to as personalized healthcare. Regardless, there are several ethical challenges associated with big healthcare data that affect how personalized healthcare is delivered. To highlight these issues, this article will review the role of big data in personalized healthcare while also discussing the ethical challenges associated with it. The article will also discuss public health surveillance, its implications, and the challenges associated with collecting participants' information. The article will proceed by highlighting next generation technologies, including robotics and 3D printing. The article will conclude by providing recommendations on how patient privacy can be protected in next-generation personalized healthcare.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"27 4","pages":"295-319"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39831140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data, disability and research on the dead.","authors":"Trevor Stammers","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.2004753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.2004753","url":null,"abstract":"One of the insights gained from editing a journal is to see early trends in the research topics of submissions. The ethics of data management in healthcare is an issue on which we have published a number of papers over the past decade. It seems like only yesterday we commissioned a themed issue of The New Bioethics on personalized medicine, much of it concerned with data ownership and sharing (e.g. Montgomery 2017, Lawler and Maughan 2017), but in fact that was five years ago. Much has happened since then and almost a half of this issue’s content is devoted to various aspects of data management in bioethics. In his review article, Althobaiti considers a broad sweep of the roles of big data in personalized healthcare and the ethical challenges associated with its use. He covers public health surveillance, its implications, and the challenges of ‘next generation’ technologies, including robotics and 3D printing and he gives his recommendations on how patients privacy can be protected in personalized healthcare in future. Karabekmez focuses particularly on data ethics and genomics. He examines the complexities of anonymization of data and enhancing security whilst at the same time allowing individuals access to their own data and sharing data access with third parties. As he neatly puts it, ‘ ... each new technology comes with its own backdoor, with digital piracy developing at the same pace’. After consideration of data use in synthetic biology, biomedical devices and genetic surveillance, he concludes by looking at some related ethical dilemmas arising from the use of AI in association with ‘big data’. He highlights that ‘AI is just a tool like a stethoscope.’ It enables us to do things we could not do without the tool but accountability for decisions made on the basis of its use, remains with the physician. The other papers in this issue explore important advances at both ends of life. As the abortion debate in the US becomes increasingly strident at the time of writing, yet remaining essentially a ‘dialogue of the deaf,’ Tunc’s paper on fetal surgery is timely. She explores the way in which the specialty has been politicized in that debate in the US. However her primary aim is to ‘open a new space for active debate concerning fetal surgery in terms of how it medicalizes pregnancy, pathologizes diversity, contributes to the valuation of life, and emphasizes “perfect babies” at any cost.’ the new bioethics, Vol. 27 No. 4, 2021, 293–294","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"27 4","pages":"293-294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39924717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal politics: fetal surgery, abortion and disability rights in the United States.","authors":"Tanfer Emin Tunc","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.1981043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.1981043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While fetal surgery-and pregnancy termination as a possible therapeutic alternative-have been examined in a number of studies, very few have addressed the issues and tensions that arise when prenatal surgery is considered from the standpoint of Disability Studies. This article will expose these concerns by tracing the medical development of fetal surgery; the arguments for and against prenatal surgery; and the connections between fetal surgery, abortion, and disability rights. Like other dimensions of the life cycle that involve reproduction, prenatal surgery has become highly politicized in the United States which has, to a certain extent, stalled critical discussion. However, the skepticism with which many disability rights advocates and policymakers approach prenatal medical intervention in general has opened a new space for active debate concerning fetal surgery in terms of how it medicalizes pregnancy, pathologizes diversity, contributes to the valuation of life, and emphasizes 'perfect babies' at any cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"27 4","pages":"334-348"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39447579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persons, Moral Worth, and Embryos. A Critical Analysis of Pro-Choice Arguments","authors":"G. Petkovic","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.1993639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.1993639","url":null,"abstract":"European Health Information Gateway, 2021. Health for all explorer. Available from: https://gateway.euro. who.int/en/hfa-explorer/. Guttmacher Institute, 2019. The U.S. abortion rate continues to drop: once again, state abortion restrictions are not the main driver. New York: Guttmacher Institute. Husfeldt, C., et al., 1995. Ambivalence among women applying for abortion. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 74, 813–817. Hussey, L.S., 2010. Welfare generosity, abortion access, and abortion rates: A comparison of state policy tools. Social Science Quarterly, 91, 266–283. ———., 2011. Is welfare pro-life? Assistance programs, abortion, and the moderating role of states. Social Service Review, 85, 75–107. Levine, P., 2004. Sex and consequences: abortion, public policy, and the economics of fertility. Princeton: Princeton University Press.","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"27 1","pages":"371 - 374"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44207514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miscarriage Can Kill … But it Usually Does Not: Evaluating Inconsistency Arguments.","authors":"Jessalyn A Bohn","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.1970374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.1970374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent publications debate the value of inconsistency arguments. Here, I argue that 'Cause of Death Arguments' - inconsistency arguments that claim miscarriage causes death far more often than induced abortion - are unsound or invalid. 'Miscarriage' ambiguously refers both to intrauterine death, an outcome that does not itself cause death, and preterm delivery, which only sometimes causes death. The referential ambiguity also obscures actions people do take to prevent 'miscarriage.' When using the most plausible versions of each premise, these arguments equivocate. Thus, they cannot prove anything. However, missing the equivocation also causes those responding to Cause of Death Arguments to make unconvincing arguments; they inadvertently make or grant false claims themselves. To avoid such mistakes and expose the merely rhetorical power of Cause of Death Arguments, philosophers should replace 'miscarriage' with disambiguated terms. Doing so should lead people across the abortion debate to finally abandon the Cause of Death Argument.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"27 3","pages":"245-265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39379591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}