New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body最新文献

{"title":"Opt-in Vs. Opt-out of Organ Donation in Scotland: Bioethical analysis.","authors":"Allister Lee,&nbsp;Joseph Tham","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2095714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2095714","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper looks at the ethics of opt-in vs. opt-out of organ donation as Scotland has transitioned its systems to promote greater organ availability. We first analyse studies that compare the donation rates in other regions due to such a system switch and find that organ increase is inconclusive and modest at best. This is due to a lack of explicit opt-out choices resulting in greater resistance and family override unless there are infrastructures and greater awareness to support such change. The paper then looks at the difference between informed consent of the opt-in vs. presumed consent in the opt-out approaches. Patient autonomy and dignity are better reflected with informed consent. Eighteen months have passed since the new organ donation policy has come into effect, this paper recommends more research into organ donors' psychological motivations to help governments and the healthcare profession obtain more organs for transplantation.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":" ","pages":"341-349"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40571094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing the Assisted Dying Bill [HL] debate 2021.","authors":"Christopher M Wojtulewicz","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2090652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2090652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper considers the number of speeches which treat central topics in the House of Lords second reading of the 'Assisted Dying Bill' (October 22, 2021). It summarizes some of the principal arguments for and against the Bill according to the main categories of discussion. These were compassion; palliative care; autonomy, choice and control; legal and social effects. In summarizing the arguments thematically, it is possible to see the current state of the debate and how concerns are shared on either side, even if approaches to and proposed solutions for those problems are different. The paper concludes that the essential source of disagreement lies outside of the arguments raised, and therefore that any change in the law is not likely to arise from political consensus.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 4","pages":"350-367"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10623109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abortion, Rights, and Cabin Cases.","authors":"William Simkulet","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2116768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2116768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many people believe the morality of abortion stands or falls on the moral status of the fetus, with abortion opponents arguing fetuses are persons with a right to life. Judith Jarvis Thomson bypasses this debate, arguing that even if we assume fetuses have a right to life, this is not a right to use other people's bodies. Recently Perry Hendricks attempts to bypass discussion of rights, assuming that if he can show that some people have a right to use other's bodies, then we ought to restrict abortion (and perhaps compel organ donation, charity, etc.). Hendricks attempts to illustrate this by way of a Feinberg-style cabin case. I argue Hendricks' restrictivist argument fails.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 4","pages":"315-326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10679573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sentience shift in animal research.","authors":"Heather Browning, Walter Veit","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2077681","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2077681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the primary concerns in animal research is ensuring the welfare of laboratory animals. Modern views on animal welfare emphasize the role of animal sentience, i.e. the capacity to experience subjective states such as pleasure or suffering, as a central component of welfare. The increasing official recognition of animal sentience has had large effects on laboratory animal research. The <i>Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</i> (Low <i>et al</i>., University of Cambridge, 2012) marked an official scientific recognition of the presence of sentience in mammals, birds, and cephalopods. Animal sentience has furthermore been recognized in legislation in the European Union, UK, New Zealand and parts of Australia, with discussions underway in other parts of the world to follow suit. In this paper, we analyze this shift towards recognition of sentience in the regulation and practice in the treatment of laboratory animals and its effects on animal welfare and use.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"299-314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9704368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45752192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics for bioengineering scientists: treating data as clients","authors":"M. Pruski","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2146635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2146635","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"29 1","pages":"191 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42608153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GENOMICS: How genome sequencing will change our lives","authors":"J. Bryant","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2135198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2135198","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"29 1","pages":"75 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45600740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Human Gene Editing Debate","authors":"T. Stammers","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2117516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2117516","url":null,"abstract":"(p. 21) − The drug Ivacaftor, used as a treatment for cystic fibrosis, does not ‘produce the missing [CFTR] protein’ (as stated by Professor David Packham, Leeds University). The drug is a complex phenolic compound that binds to the defective channel protein, forcing the ion channel to open (p. 24) − Heritable genome editing is currently achieved by editing the genome of the zygote (one-cell embryo) not the eggs and sperm. The eggs or sperm produced by the adult that develops from the zygote will carry the edit (p. 49) − HIV is not a heritable disease (p.50) − Malaria is not caused by a virus but by a mosquito-transmissible protist. (p. 93)","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"29 1","pages":"77 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49526408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special issues and current controversies.","authors":"Trevor Stammers","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2099088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2099088","url":null,"abstract":"In 2017, The New Bioethics published its first special-themed issue on the topic of personalized medicine. It proved highly popular, especially Gyawali and Sullivan’s (2017) paper ‘Economics of Cancer Medicines: For Whose Benefit,’which is one of our most cited papers ever and still remains in the top ten most read papers. Since then we have published a themed issue annually on topics ranging from conscience in healthcare to bioethical aspects of environmentally sustainability and this edition on the theme of feminist ethics of care is the latest addition to the growing collection. I express my thanks to Dr Caterina Milo from Cambridge, UK and Prof Thana C De-Campos-Rudinsky from Santiago, Chile for their transglobal collaboration on the four papers and guest editorial comprising the majority of this issue. This issue also features both a paper and a review article which have already had thousands of downloads at the time of going to press as both deal with highly controversial topics both of which have been the subject of highly publicized litigation in the UK. Pruski et al. contend that women who change their mind after commencing a medical abortion should receive medical support in reversing it, whilst Latham presents the case that children are unable to consent to the use of puberty blockers. Future special issues are currently planned on genomics, prenatal screening and disability, and cryogenic preservation and there is a call for papers for the last of these on the journal website https://think.taylorandfrancis.com/special_issues/ new-bioethics-cryopreservation/.","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":" ","pages":"195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40591947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Puberty Blockers for Children: Can They Consent?","authors":"Antony Latham","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2088048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2088048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gender dysphoria is a persistent distress about one's assigned gender. Referrals regarding gender dysphoria have recently greatly increased, often of a form that is rapid in onset. The sex ratio has changed, most now being natal females. Mental health issues pre-date the dysphoria in most. Puberty blockers are offered in clinics to help the child avoid puberty. Puberty blockers have known serious side effects, with uncertainty about their long-term use. They do not improve mental health. Without medication, most will desist from the dysphoria in time. Yet over 90% of those treated with puberty blockers progress to cross-sex hormones and often surgery, with irreversible consequences. The brain is biologically and socially immature in childhood and unlikely to understand the long-term consequences of treatment. The prevailing culture to affirm the dysphoria is critically reviewed. It is concluded that children are unable to consent to the use of puberty blockers.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":" ","pages":"268-291"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40400960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dignity and Equality in Women's Health Issues to Inspire an Ethics of Care.","authors":"Alberto García Gómez,&nbsp;Angela Colotti","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2098584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2098584","url":null,"abstract":"A careful observation of the phenomenon of human life allows us to understand that from the beginning of the human life cycle until its destruction, the existence of each subject is deeply marked by dependency, vulnerability and, therefore, by the need for solidarity and care. These basic needs, which we call human rights, are nothing more than a reflection of a naturally contingent and relational condition. Our contingent and existentially limited being naturally puts us in relations with others because we are not simply solitary and autonomous individuals who can only fend for ourselves, but rather we are fragile people who need encounters and relationships as a way of personal fulfilment in society, transcending one’s own individuality and, in this way, achieving the greatest possible existential fulfilment and flourishing, precisely to the extent that we are capable of being open and in intersubjective relationships of justice and love towards others. The relationality of the human being is presented to us, therefore, both as an essentially anthropological characteristic and also as a moral imperative that, sublimated by love, allows people of any condition to aspire and achieve existential excellence that transcends and radiates as virtue capable of transforming society and politics. The constitutive relationality from which Martha Rodríguez starts, in her essay, supposes the presence of being in a body, which is precisely what allows us to relate to each other and give life to a certain way of being in the world, with an identity of our own that distinguishes and that allows us to enter into a relationship with the different and diverse. The human body, we could say, has its own ‘grammar’ in which nature and culture, bios and freedom, matter and spirit are intertwined and coexist indissolubly. Trying to know and understand this ‘grammar’ inscribed in the female body allows the author to highlight the particular vocation women have to solidarity and care. Following a careful narration of the symbiosis and reciprocal interrelationships that take place during pregnancy, she will maintain that women do not have an innate or unequivocal predisposition to care, but rather that the relational modality that springs from the potentially maternal body shows a sensitivity the new bioethics, Vol. 28 No. 3, 2022, 196–198","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":" ","pages":"196-198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40591946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}