New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body最新文献

{"title":"The Making of Imago Hominis: Can We Produce Artificial Companions by Programming Sentience into Robots?","authors":"Zishang Yue","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2062945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2062945","url":null,"abstract":"This essay discusses sentient robot (SR) research through the lens of suffering. First three kinds of suffering are considered: physical, psychological, and existential. Physical pain is shown to be primarily subjective, and distinctive psychological and existential sufferings probably do exist, which are neither reducible to neurobiological events, nor replicable through algorithms. The current stage of SR research is then reviewed. Many creative proposals are presented, together with some philosophical and technical challenges posed by other scholars. I then offer my critique of SR research, claiming that it is based on a superficial understanding of suffering and unjustified philosophical presuppositions, namely, reductive physicalism. Without the capability to suffer, robots probably cannot love in any real sense, and no meaningful relationship may be developed between such a robot and a human. Therefore, we are probably unable to produce sentient robots that can become our companions (friends, lovers, etc.).","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"168 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46201605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Present policies and possible futures","authors":"T. Stammers","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2076789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2076789","url":null,"abstract":"Those who edit academic journals rarely seek fortune in financial terms or if they do, are unlikely to find it. However, Shakespeare’s Brutus was quite right that with ‘fortune’ in terms of gaining influence or success, timing is so often crucial. I often regret that editing a journal which is only published quarterly often means that by the time articles appear, the topics they consider have often peaked in the news and sometimes passed altogether. This issue however is book-ended with two articles which explore things as yet not possible so who knows in years to come what future readers may make of their ideas and speculations. Gibson, at a time when the hardships faced by geographically displaced refugees are all too apparent, explores in his intriguing paper, whether refugee status would be appropriate in centuries to come, for those who may become displaced in time though being cryogenically preserved. Yue, in his review article, explores through the lens of suffering, whether robot companions could ever be programmed to be sentient in a way that could lead to meaningful loving relationships with our own species. Elective egg freezing (oocyte cryopreservation) for fertility preservation – commonly referred to as social egg freezing, will be permitted in Singapore from 2023. Heng Boon Chin and Saiffuddeen, in their paper, consider the ethics of this change in the law from both secular and Islamic perspectives, before it comes into effect. Although abortion has long been a subject of ethical debate, the leak of a Supreme Court draft opinion to possibly strike down Roe v Wade in the US has propelled it back into the news again, giving added relevance to the next two papers in this issue. First, Singh by demonstrating ‘a dis-analogy between giving a fetus Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and abortion’ argues that Hendricks’ (2019a, 2019b) impairment argument for the impermissibility of abortion fails. Blackshaw et al in the second paper on abortion, respond to Shaw’s recent paper arguing that inconsistency arguments against abortion fail en masse (2021). Richards in his paper, contends that whatever challenges, present or future, religious preclusion or marginalisation in bioethics is not only harmful but inadmissable. Even the book reviews in this issue have a futuristic component, courtesy of Bryan Hall’s An Ethical Guidebook to the Zombie Apocalypse: How to keep your brain without losing your heart. Cons’ cracking review of this volume the new bioethics, Vol. 28 No. 2, 2022, 95–96","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"95 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44799642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kingdoms, priests and handmaidens: bioethics and its culture","authors":"Stephen Richards","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2071193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2071193","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Central to this essay is the understanding that varied communities may have an inherent and unrecognised culture of their own and this culture may be detrimental to their core. Bioethics constitutes one such community and is embedded in norms and values comprising its own culture. I use exclusion of religion or simply ‘irreligion’ as an example of a cultural element that may be established and so shape the culture of bioethics. Irreligious bioethics includes both overt religious preclusion and the more pervasive form of religious marginalisation. This norm is narrated into the culture of bioethics with justifications sustaining it. Irreligious bioethics is inadmissible as it claims illegitimate neutrality, is a misuse of expertise and results in a variety of harms. As bioethics is influential in society, those engaged should be critically reflective and aware of harmful cultural elements whilst also possessing the honesty, courage and capacity to change them.","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"152 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41502341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cryonic refugee: appropriate analogy or confusing rhetoric?","authors":"R. Gibson","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2055868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2055868","url":null,"abstract":"Cryopreservation presents the possibility of circumventing irreversible death through the body’s extreme cooling. Once cooled, this ‘cryon’ is then stored at sub-zero temperatures until medical knowledge enables curative revival. However, the possibility of the post-cryopreserved supporting themselves, both economically and socially, is dubious; they will likely need state assistance. What a future society owes the post-cryopreserved, and why, remains unclear. One potential solution is to consider revivals as comparable to refugees, with the latter fleeing spatially and the former fleeing temporally. But, the appropriateness of the ‘cryonic refugee’ remains unconsidered. This paper uses the 1951 Refugee Convention to clarify refugeehood’s four necessary characteristics before exploring whether these qualities apply to the temporally displaced. It concludes that while similarities exist, the comparison fails due to the limitations placed on the form of persecution that one flees and why repatriation is impossible. Thus, any assistive obligation must come from an alternative source.","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"97 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45635456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Ethical Guidebook To the Zombie Apocalypse: How to keep your brain without losing your heart","authors":"Julia Cons","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2054164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2054164","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"186 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42297090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Inconsistency Arguments Matter.","authors":"Joshua Shaw","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.2007643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.2007643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abortion opponents are sometimes accused of having inconsistent beliefs, actions, and/or priorities. If they were consistent, they would regard spontaneous abortions to be a greater moral tragedy, or they would adopt more frozen in vitro fertilization embryos, or they would support more robust social welfare programmes for children and single parents, or so on and so forth. Nicholas Colgrove, Bruce Blackshaw, and Daniel Rodger have recently argued that such inconsistency arguments 'fail en masse.' They propose three main objections: The Diversity Objection, The Other Beliefs Objection, and The Other Actions Objection. This paper argues that they are incorrect. First, Colgrove et al.'s objections rely on misrepresentations of inconsistency arguments, their structure and the extent to which their proponents have addressed counterarguments to them. Second, none of their objections show that these arguments fail as a whole.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"40-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39951464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Restraint in the Critical Care Unit: A Narrative Review.","authors":"David Smithard,&nbsp;Rhea Randhawa","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.2019979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.2019979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Restraint has been used within health care settings for many centuries. Initially physical restraint (PR) was the method of choice, in present times. Within critical care units PR and chemical restraint are used, frequently in tandem. Restraint is not a benign intervention and PR specifically is associated with physical and psychological trauma towards those receiving it. Healthcare staff also suffer psychological consequences. This paper has reviewed the literature (using the terms 'physical restraint'; 'hospital'; 'care home critical care'; 'intensive care' 'attitudes'; 'knowledge' 'use of'; 'healthcare') to investigate the reasons for the use of restraints, its consequences and the attitudes of healthcare professionals' attitudes towards physical restraint currently present in critical care. Restraint use remains common practice in Critical Care Units (for 'patient safety'), initiated outside of institutional protocols, despite evidence questioning its effectiveness and the resulting harm to patients and staff.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"68-82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39864309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 and Compulsory Vaccination: An Acceptable Form of Coercion?","authors":"James E Hurford","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.2010441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.2010441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paper considers whether the British Government could make receiving a COVID-19 vaccine effectively legally mandatory. After considering the position in English law, it considers the ethical position regarding involuntary vaccination, and concludes that while there is no legal impediment to such a requirement, it is ethically unsound.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"4-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39837063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccination Should not be Mandatory for Health and Social Care Workers.","authors":"Daniel Rodger,&nbsp;Bruce P Blackshaw","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2025651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2025651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A COVID-19 vaccine mandate is being introduced for health and social care workers in England, and those refusing to comply will either be redeployed or have their employment terminated. We argue that COVID-19 vaccination should not be mandatory for these workers for several reasons. First, it ignores their genuine concerns, and fails to respect their moral integrity and bodily autonomy. Second, it risks causing psychological reactance, potentially worsening vaccine hesitancy. Third, Black and minority ethnic workers are less likely to have been vaccinated and therefore may be disproportionately impacted by the implications of the mandate. Fourth, a mandate could have a significant negative effect on service provision. Fifth, waning immunity and new variants mean that booster doses are increasingly likely to be regularly required, meaning that what constitutes being 'fully vaccinated' will be a constantly shifting target. Finally, vaccine mandates may have an adverse effect on health and social care recruitment. We argue that daily rapid antigen testing is a viable alternative to a vaccine mandate that is non-coercive and fair. This could also be supplemented by monetary incentives to be vaccinated.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"27-39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39697721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defending the substance view against its critics.","authors":"Bruce P Blackshaw","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2021.1996953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2021.1996953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, the substance view of persons has been heavily criticized for the counterintuitive conclusions it seems to imply in scenarios such as embryo rescue cases and embryo loss. These criticisms have obscured the considerable success of the substance view in supporting other intuitions that are widely shared, and that competing accounts such as the psychological view have difficulties accounting for. Here, I examine common intuitions regarding identity, human exceptionalism, the moral equality of children and adults, infanticide, and prenatal injury. I conclude that when we broaden the range of intuitions examined, the substance view emerges as just as plausible an account of our nature as the more widely accepted psychological view.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 1","pages":"54-67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39734858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}