New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body最新文献

{"title":"'Swear by Thy Gracious Self': North American Medical Oath-Taking in 2014/2015.","authors":"Nathan Gamble,&nbsp;Benjamin Holler,&nbsp;Stephen Murata","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2150129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2150129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past century, six studies - the most recent data from 2000 - and one review have comprehensively examined the content of medical oaths and oath-taking practices, all focusing on North America, providing an insight into the ethical beliefs of each era. Our study sought to establish a new point of reference. In 2014/2015, oaths from 150 of all 153 US and Canadian medical schools were collected and analyzed. All but one school administered medical oaths and most schools administered more than one. Since 2000, student-written oaths became more popular, and new themes, such as <i>self-care</i> and <i>professionalism</i>, were identified in the oaths for the first time. However, as was identified in 2000, the oaths' contents are disparate and even conflicting at times, raising questions as to whether medicine is being taught or practiced with a coherent ethical worldview.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"29 2","pages":"121-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9925314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical Challenges Associated with Pathogen and Host Genetics in Infectious Disease.","authors":"Richard Milne,&nbsp;Christine Patch","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2109697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2109697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Covid-19 pandemic has demonstrated the potential of genomic technologies for the detection and surveillance of infectious diseases. Pathogen genomics is likely to play a major role in the future of research and clinical implementation of genomic technologies. However, unlike human genetics, the specific ethical and social challenges associated with the implementation of infectious disease genomics has received comparatively little attention. In this paper, we contribute to this literature, focusing on the potential consequences for individuals and communities of the use of these technologies. We concentrate on areas of challenges related to privacy, stigma, discrimination and the return of results in the cases of the surveillance of known pathogens, metagenomics and host genomics.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"29 1","pages":"24-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10840412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The New Social Contract for Genomics.","authors":"Edward Hockings","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2139621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2139621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The belief that genomics requires rethinking the 'social contract' to realize its potential has received backing from leading figures within bioethics. The case for a new social contract is anchored in notions of solidarity, altruism or the common good. But national genome sequencing is playing out against a backdrop of greatly increased involvement, and investment, of governments in their life science sectors - creating a sort of international race to drive innovation, stimulate growth, and create the most competitive life science sectors. Recent developments in the UK suggest this agenda is detrimental to openness and transparency, as well as independent oversight, and meaningful public consultation. These aspects of governance, I argue, should be reconceived as part of the requirements of good governance. Further, a new social contract should involve a commitment by government, and industry, to educate the public about life science - and should be extended to life science more generally.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"29 1","pages":"10-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10833578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical Considerations in Research with Genomic Data.","authors":"Rachel Horton, Anneke Lucassen","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2060590","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2060590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our ability to generate genomic data is currently well ahead of our ability to understand what they mean, raising challenges about how best to engage with them. This article considers ethical aspects of work with such data, focussing on research contexts that are intertwined with clinical care. We discuss the identifying nature of genomic data, the medical information intrinsic within them, and their linking of people within a biological family. We go on to consider what this means for consent, the importance of thoughtful sharing of genomic data, the challenge of constructing meaningful findings, and the legacy of unequal representation in genomic datasets. We argue that the ongoing success of genomic data research relies on public trust in the enterprise: to justify this trust, we need to ensure robust stewarding, and wide engagement about the ethical issues inherent in such practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"29 1","pages":"37-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7618432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9413311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological and Ethical Challenges of Introducing Whole Genome Sequencing into Routine Newborn Screening: Lessons Learned from Existing Newborn Screening.","authors":"Fiona Ulph,&nbsp;Rebecca Bennett","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2124582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2124582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a psychologist and an ethicist, we have explored empirically newborn screening consent and communication processes. In this paper we consider the impact on families if newborn screening uses whole genome sequencing. We frame this within the World Health Organization's definition of health and contend that proposals to use whole genome sequencing in newborn screening take into account the ethical, practical and psychological impact of such screening. We argue that the important psychological processes occurring in the neonatal phase necessitate a clear justification that providing risk information at this stage provides a health benefit. We illustrate how research on current newborn screening can inform whole genome sequencing debates, whilst highlighting important gaps. Obtaining explicit, voluntary, and sufficiently informed consent for newborn screening is challenging, however we stress that such consent is ethically and legally appropriate and psychologically and practically important. We conclude by outling how this might be done.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"29 1","pages":"52-74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10840450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomics is here: what can we do with it, and what ethical issues has it brought along for the ride?","authors":"Chris Willmott,&nbsp;John Bryant","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2023.2180839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2023.2180839","url":null,"abstract":"2023 marks twenty years since the formal completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP). As many readers will know, this monumental international collaboration to determine the sequence of all three billion ‘letters’ (bases) in the human genome had taken legions of scientists more than a decade to achieve. Much was made of the power of this database to revolutionize our understanding of human biology and to herald the transforming potential of genetics for tailored medical treatments. Editorials at the time declared that the Genomic Era had arrived (e.g. Guttmacher and Collins 2003, Roses 2003). The phenomenal technical achievements of the HGP cannot be overstated. However, there was more than a hint of hype in the marketing of the project, not least in justifying the three billion dollars it was estimated to have cost. Between them, the official HGP and the rival Celera project had managed to produce completed reference genomes from a small collection of individuals, fewer than a dozen in total. Yet, much of the power of genomics comes not from the aspects of our DNAwe sharewith others (and those reference sequences), but from the differences that make us distinct, estimated to be roughly one base in every thousand. The available methodologies of the time simply could not deliver the types of personalised analysis promised in an economically viable and timely fashion.","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9074913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Then Should We Die? Two Opposing Responses to the Challenges of Suffering and Death","authors":"Xavier Symons","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2162470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2162470","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"29 1","pages":"193 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45899464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An end of year ethical smorgasbord.","authors":"Trevor Stammers","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2141152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2141152","url":null,"abstract":"This issue provides an end of year feast with something for everyone. Browning and Veit note how, since the presence of sentience in mammals, birds and cephalopods received official scientific recognition in the 2012 Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, animal sentience has been legally recognized in the European Union, UK, New Zealand and parts of Australia. In their paper, they ‘analyze this shift towards recognition of sentience in the regulation and practice in the treatment of laboratory animals and its effects on animal welfare and use’. Using a series of Feinberg-type cabin cases, Simkulet in his paper, intriguingly entitled Abortion, Rights and Cabin Cases, critiques Perry Hendricks’ ‘attempts to bypass discussion of rights, assuming that if he can show that some people have a right to use other’s bodies, then we ought to restrict abortion’, and argues that Hendricks’ restrictivist argument fails. Abortion is the most common (though not the only) clinical procedure where the law often specifies mechanisms for conscientious objection by healthcare professionals. Wibye makes the case for ‘a regulatory option for conscientious objection in health care that has yet to be systematically examined by ethicists and policymakers: granting a liberty to request exemption from prescribed work tasks without a companion guarantee that the request is accommodated’ Retrospective reflections on UK legislative matters are the subject of the next two papers. Lee and Tham explore the opt-out policy on organ donation in Scotland, 18 months after its introduction and recommend ‘more research into organ donors’ psychological motivations to help governments and the healthcare profession obtain more organs for transplantation’. Wojtulewicz’s extensive analysis of the failed Assisted Dying Bill [HL] 2021, concludes that the essential source of disagreement lies outside of the arguments raised, and therefore any change in the law is not likely ‘to arise from political consensus’. This paper has already been cited by a UK Parliamentary publication even before its appearance in this issue. A new first for this journal. The final paper by Hendricks and Seybold criticizes the still extant practice of unauthorized pelvic examinations (UPEs) on unconscious female patients by medical students as part of their training. They argue that ‘Since there are no morally significant differences between UPEs and other instances of digital penetration, UPEs are sexual assault’. It is surely time this practice was ended worldwide in the training of medical students. the new bioethics, Vol. 28 No. 4, 2022, 297–298","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 4","pages":"297-298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10627031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liberty to Request Exemption as Right to Conscientious Objection.","authors":"Johan Vorland Wibye","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2114135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2114135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a regulatory option for conscientious objection in health care that has yet to be systematically examined by ethicists and policymakers: granting a liberty to request exemption from prescribed work tasks without a companion guarantee that the request is accommodated. For the right-holder, the liberty's value lies in the ability to seek exemption without duty-violation and a tangible prospect of reassignment. Arguing that such a liberty is too unreliable to qualify as a right to conscientious objection leads to the problem of consistently distinguishing its effects from those of a right to conscientious objection that is made conditional on an individual assessment of the objector's motivation. These properties require that we distinguish the liberty to request exemption from more restrictive policy choices, and that we subject it to greater scrutiny in the wider moral discourse as a possible variant of a right to conscientious objection.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":" ","pages":"327-340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40354209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unauthorized Pelvic Exams are Sexual Assault.","authors":"Perry Hendricks,&nbsp;Samantha Seybold","doi":"10.1080/20502877.2022.2102132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2022.2102132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pelvic exam is used to assess the health of female reproductive organs and so involves digital penetration by a physician. However, it is common practice for medical students to acquire experience in administering pelvic exams by performing them on unconscious patients without prior authorization. In this article, we argue that such unauthorized pelvic exams (UPEs) are sexual assault. Our argument is simple: in any other circumstance, unauthorized digital penetration amounts to sexual assault. Since there are no morally significant differences between UPEs and other instances of digital penetration, UPEs are sexual assault. So, insofar as one is against sexual assault, one should be against UPEs.</p>","PeriodicalId":43760,"journal":{"name":"New Bioethics-A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body","volume":"28 4","pages":"368-376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9180544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}