Lived Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World最新文献

{"title":"Weapons of the (Christian) weak: pedagogy of trickery in Early Christian texts","authors":"E. Urciuoli","doi":"10.1515/9783110557596-027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110557596-027","url":null,"abstract":": Confrontational behaviors do not tell the whole story about resistance. Among other things, Jesus of Nazareth seems to have taught his disciples how to cheat the dominant. What the reddite Caesari scene probably depicts is a peasant prophet befuddling some proxies of the ruling class by playing dumb and making riddles. This teaching was not lost. Double-sided expressions, ambiguous speeches, and code-switching practices are found throughout early Christian literature, where they feature as polysemic figures suggesting forms of noncompliance other than life-threatening acts and gestures of negation. Building on Homi K. Bhabha ’ s notion of mimicry, James C. Scott ’ s theory of infrapolitics, and Michel de Certeau ’ s analysis of poaching, this paper browses through Early Christian texts in order to unearth a “ pedagogy of trickery ” – i.e. possible instructions about how to take advantage of the susceptibility of the dominant elite in the here and now and how to get away with it.","PeriodicalId":437096,"journal":{"name":"Lived Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127546418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Looking at the Shepherd of Hermas through the experience of lived religion","authors":"A. K. Harkins","doi":"10.1515/9783110557596-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110557596-004","url":null,"abstract":": This essay examines the first four visions in the Book of Visions found in the early Christian work known as the Shepherd of Hermas wherein Hermas reports having had a visionary experience happen to him. These are highly mediated and thoroughly edited literary reports that draw upon the emotional con-tours of foundational narratives and myths. Despite their highly constructed elements, literary features of the visionary reports can nevertheless give some insight into how flesh and blood readers may have experienced the reading or hearing of these texts. With the help of the integrative approaches associated with the cognitive literary theory, this essay considers how the process of imagining the scenes in the Book of Visions participates in the formation of the self.","PeriodicalId":437096,"journal":{"name":"Lived Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132301916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The experience of pilgrimage in the Roman Empire: communitas, paideiā, and piety-signaling","authors":"I. Rutherford","doi":"10.1515/9783110557596-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110557596-008","url":null,"abstract":": Pilgrimage of various types is well attested in the pre-Christian religions of the Roman Empire, but there is comparatively little evidence for the personal experiences of pilgrims. Some recent studies have argued that typical pilgrims of this period were members of the intellectual elite highly versed in literary culture (paideia) who saw sacred places as museums of Greek culture. In this paper, I try to reconstruct what we can about the experience of pilgrimage in early Roman Empire, looking at three cases studies: another by the frost so that they seemed like a continuous sheet of ice, and the water was such as is likely in such weather. When the divine manifestation (epiphanei ā ) was an-nounced friends escorted us and various doctors, some of them acquaintances and those who came either out of concern or even for the purpose of investigation ... When we reached the river there was no need for anyone to encourage us. But, being still full of warmth from the vision of the god, I cast off my clothes, and, not wanting a massage, I flung them where the river was deepest. Then as in a pool of very gentle and tempered water I passed my time swimming all about and splashing myself all over. When I came out, all my skin had a rosy hue, and there was a lightness throughout my body. There was also much shouting from those present and from those coming up, shouting the cele-brated phrase, ‘ Great is Asclepius ’ .","PeriodicalId":437096,"journal":{"name":"Lived Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121943003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About servants and flagellants: Seneca’s Capitol description and the variety of ‘ordinary’ religious experience at Rome","authors":"Maik Patzelt","doi":"10.1515/9783110557596-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110557596-007","url":null,"abstract":"In introducing the idea of an “ordinary religious experience”, the present paper makes a first attempt at providing a framework for understanding and explaining religious experiences that do not necessarily depend on ecstatic states of joy or exaltation. An approach to ordinary experience rather highlights an aspect of practice that involves the “modelling” of valued relationships for the sake of the experience of that particular relationship itself. As an analysis of three fragments of Seneca’s treatise “on superstition” (Frg. 34–36) will demonstrate, Roman individuals sought to model and experience a personal closeness, a friendship even, with their addressed gods. To this end, these worshippers appropriated various practices from contexts of ritualized friendship for their ritualized practices with which they established and thereby experienced a mutual and benevolent bond with the addressed deity. 1 Introductory remarks Depictions of the religious life at Rome during the Late Republican and Early Imperial periods reveal a variety of religious experiences. Whereas religious experiences come readily to the fore when investigating “ecstatic practices” such as the raising of arms, charismatic healing, frenetic dancing and wailing, 1 “Ecstatic practices” refer to practices that one would intuitively understand as being in some sense “excessive” (Wulff 1991, 71–82). 2 According to comments made by Tertullian (Tert., Apol. 30.4) and Aristotle (Aristot., De mundo 400a16), raised hands were commonly regarded as a central element in prayer (Sittl 1890, 187–198; Ohm 1948, 14–60. 231–239; Hamman 1980, 1212–1219; Demisch 1984, 107–147; Guittard 1995, 81–110). The emotional impact of these gestures is stressed in Quint., Inst. 11.3.114–116. From a comparative perspective, the raising of the arms as illustrated by Quintilian might be thought to correspond with the so–called “jerking exercise” in Methodist churches (Wulff 1991, 76–77). 3 See Gordon 1995; Ov., Ars am. 315–336. 4 Women, for instance, toss their heads and wail in a certain manner (ululare). For examples, see Lucan. 5.152–157; Liv. 3.7.7. 26.9.6–8; Ov., Fast. 3.213–223. 4.313–320. 6.513–515; Ov., Met. 3.726–727. 7.180–191. 257–258. 9.770–773; Tac., Ann. 11.31.2; Juv. 3.212–215. See Šterbenc Erker 2011, 182–188. Modern approaches to religious experience highlight this ritual pattern as a strategy for religious experience (Rouget 1985, 12–14; Bourguignon 2004; Theodoridou 2009). Open Access. ©2020 Maik Patzelt, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110557596-007 and self-mutilating, Seneca’s fragments on superstition point towards religious experiences in the context of non-ecstatic practices, such as introducing guests, announcing the time to Jupiter, or going through the motions of doing Juno’s hair. Seneca’s writings thus make scholars of ancient religions aware of th","PeriodicalId":437096,"journal":{"name":"Lived Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123964032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to Section 1","authors":"Maik Patzelt","doi":"10.1515/9783110557596-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110557596-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":437096,"journal":{"name":"Lived Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126002005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110557596-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110557596-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":437096,"journal":{"name":"Lived Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125221184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“They are not the words of a rational man”: ecstatic prophecy in Montanism","authors":"Maria Dell’Isola","doi":"10.1515/9783110557596-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110557596-005","url":null,"abstract":"Both the historiographical analysis and the ancient documents about the Christian movement known as Montanism place paramount importance on prophecy, visions, and ecstasy. The theological refutation of Montanist teaching and doctrine in the heresiological sources was almost entirely shaped by the attribution of deceitfulness and error to the experience of ecstatic prophecy. Even though some oracles uttered by the Montanist prophets are preserved, the most detailed description of their ecstasy is conveyed by the reports of the heresiologists. The present paper attempts to reconstruct the Montanist prophetic experience, comparing descriptions of Montanist ecstasy in the heresiological texts with other reports about ecstatic prophecy. More specifically, an analysis of the linguistic components that heresiologists used to describe ecstasy is contrasted with the vocabulary of other texts which illustrate the same basic model of religious experience. Finally, the conclusions draw attention to the discourses and interpretations of ecstatic prophecy related by different observers.","PeriodicalId":437096,"journal":{"name":"Lived Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123624285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pursuing lived ancient religion","authors":"Valentino Gasparini, Maik Patzelt, R. Raja, Anna-Katharina Rieger, J. Rüpke, E. Urciuoli","doi":"10.1515/9783110557596-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110557596-001","url":null,"abstract":"“Lived ancient religion” is a new approach to the religious practices, ideas, and institutions of the distant past. The notion of “lived religion”, as it has been applied to recent phenomena that go beyond orthodox beliefs and religious organizations, cannot be transferred directly to a study of ancient religions because its methodology, inspired above all by anthropology and empirical sociology, requires some form of direct access to the living of the religion. This departure is implied by the oxymoronic form of “lived ancient religion”, which juxtaposes the living of religion with an only incompletely accessible past in which the subjects of study are no longer living. What might have been deplored as a loss, has turned out to be a gain, allowing for a significant expansion of the concept. While still invoking “lived religion” as it is understood in modern contexts, “lived ancient religion” is neither restricted to “everyday religion” nor focused on subjective experiences. Rather, the focus on the ancient world, the past, the already lived experiences and events, provides the opportunity to study lived religion with a renewed and revitalized focus. This approach overcomes the dichotomy of official and institutionalized religion on the one hand and “lived religion” on the other. Rather, taking the perspective on individual appropriations to its extremes, it also allows studying institutions as sedimented forms of lived religion. Thus, as “lived ancient religion” a framework to analyze religious change is given, religion in the making even on a large scale (see Albrecht et al. 2018). As is indicated by the subtitle of the foundational project, “Questioning ‘cults’ and ‘polis religion’”, “lived ancient religion” shares a critical impetus with the study of contemporary “lived religion”. Yet given the very different degrees of coherence and embeddedness of religious practices in ancient Mediterranean societies, and in the Roman Empire in particular, our project (2012–2017) aimed at a much broader re-description of ancient “religion” (Rüpke 2012). Fundamentally, it questioned the implicit assumption that all inhabitants of the Imperium Romanum were equally religious. Likewise, the tendency to focus upon civic, that is collective, institutionalized religious practices was questioned, as such a focus has led to the production of a series of sub-categories (“oriental cults”, “votive religion”, “funerary rites”) in order to save those phenomena whose relation to civic practice is indeterminate. This shift in focus was","PeriodicalId":437096,"journal":{"name":"Lived Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134306326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To convert or not to convert: the appropriation of Jewish rituals, customs and beliefs by non-Jews","authors":"K. Berthelot","doi":"10.1515/9783110557596-024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110557596-024","url":null,"abstract":": In Antiquity, non-Jews appropriated Jewish rituals, customs and beliefs in a way that defied clear-cut categorization and thus challenged group boundaries. Whereas the scholarly debate has traditionally focused on whether the term “ Godfearers ” (theosebeis, metuentes) was adequate to describe such individuals, and whether such a category or group existed at all in the ancient world, my aim in this paper is different. I examine how ancient literary and epigraphic sources differentiate between converts (or proselytes) and Judaizers, what kind of ritual practices or beliefs are attributed to these Judaizers, and whether they are described as participating in the life of local Jewish communities. Finally, I look at what rabbinic writings have to say about this phenomenon. Only some of the sources provide information on Judaizing practices; in some cases we can merely conclude that certain non-Jews showed devotion toward the God of Israel, without being able to specify how this devotion mani-fested itself. It is highly probable that Judaizers were sometimes connected with a particular Jewish community, but not all Judaizers were necessarily taking part in synagogal or community activities. Judaizing attitudes belonged first and foremost to the realm of individual religious practices and were not codified by any particular group. As such, they were rejected by the rabbis, who praised the gentiles who venerated the God of Israel and were benevolent towards the Jews, but considered that the commandments of the Torah such as the Sabbath were given to Israel alone, and were not to be observed or imitated by non-Jews.","PeriodicalId":437096,"journal":{"name":"Lived Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116745071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The appropriation of the book of Jonah in 4th century Christianity by Theodore of Mopsuestia and Jerome of Stridon","authors":"K. Bracht","doi":"10.1515/9783110557596-026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110557596-026","url":null,"abstract":": The book of Jonah (c. 430 – 330 BCE ) is one of the Old Testament books that was received in its Septuagint version in Early Christianity. This paper deals with the two earliest extant commentaries on the book of Jonah : the Greek commentary by Theodore of Mopsuestia (written in the last quarter of the 4th century) and the Latin commentary by Jerome (396 CE ). Written independently at about the same time, both comment verse-by-verse on the whole book of Jonah . We will investigate and compare the two authors ’ communicative strategies within a triangle of pretext, readership, and commentary, i.e. which techniques they employ in order to appropriate the c. 800 year old, canonical book of Jonah to its contemporary readers, how they interpret their current situation by means of reception of the ancient text, which norms and values they derive from it, and to what extent they attribute to it a formative effect concerning Christian identity in their own times.","PeriodicalId":437096,"journal":{"name":"Lived Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130051115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}