Clinical Optometry最新文献

{"title":"Using Lotilaner Ophthalmic Solution, 0.25% to Treat <i>Demodex</i> Blepharitis in Patients Who Were Initially Misdiagnosed: A Case Series.","authors":"Laura M Periman, Richard Lindstrom, Paul Karpecki, Brandon Ayres, Eric Donnenfeld, Marjan Farid, Ian Benjamin Gaddie, Preeya K Gupta, Selina McGee, Kelly K Nichols, Stephen Pflugfelder, Christopher E Starr, Nandini Venkateswaran, Elizabeth Yeu, Cecelia Koetting","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S600893","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S600893","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Demodex</i> blepharitis (DB) is a chronic ocular inflammation caused by <i>Demodex</i> mite infestation of the eyelid. DB is often misdiagnosed, as some of its clinical findings and patient-reported outcomes overlap with those of other ocular surface diseases. The <i>Demodex</i> Expert Panel on Treatment and Eyelid Health (DEPTH) has reached consensus on the symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of DB. Consensus findings from the DEPTH group include that collarettes are pathognomonic for DB and that lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25%, the first and only FDA-approved treatment for DB, should be the first-line treatment for the disease. This case series highlights two instances of misdiagnosis that were subsequently re-evaluated using consensus findings from the DEPTH group, leading to a correct diagnosis and effective treatment with XDEMVY^® (lotilaner ophthalmic solution) 0.25%.</p><p><strong>Case reports: </strong>Two cases of patients with DB are presented. In the first case, a 75-year-old female presented with collarettes, reduced meibomian gland secretions, and lid margin erythema. After an unsuccessful initial treatment for bacterial infection, the patient was diagnosed with DB and prescribed lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25% twice daily for 6 weeks, which improved all clinical findings and patient-reported outcomes. In the second case, a 62-year-old male presented with ocular discomfort, dry eye, and burning and itching sensations. After an unsuccessful initial treatment for dry eye disease, collarettes were detected, and the patient was diagnosed with DB. Subsequent treatment with lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25% reduced collarettes and resolved patient-reported symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These cases highlight patients with DB who were initially misdiagnosed and eventually treated with lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25%. Each case exemplifies the utility of the DEPTH consensus findings in improving the diagnostic path for patients and eye care providers. Future case series from other groups will continue to shed light on the best practices for diagnosing and treating patients with DB.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"18 ","pages":"600893"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13310504/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148346773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occult Retinal Abnormalities Detected by Routine Optical Coherence Tomography in Comprehensive Eye Examination: A Clinic Dataset.","authors":"Zoe Yau, Rita W M Sum, Andrew K C Lam","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S612221","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S612221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a widely utilized ophthalmic imaging technique commonly used in clinical practice. The axial resolution of modern commercial OCT devices is at the micron level, facilitating the detection of retinal problems that may be unable to be detected in conventional dilated fundus examination (DFE). We evaluated the efficacy of integrating OCT as a routine ophthalmic procedure for identifying occult retinal abnormalities using a university clinical dataset.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The University Optometry Clinic initiated routine OCT screening as part of comprehensive eye examinations at no additional cost in summer 2025. An ophthalmic assistant captured OCT images of patients aged 40 years or older under natural pupils before the optometrist consultation. A retrospective analysis was conducted based on these OCT images acquired with a concurrent review of electronic medical records.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 1398 patients underwent routine OCT examinations in two months. Thirty-two patients were excluded because of bilateral suboptimal image quality attributed to undilated pupils. The three most common occult retinal abnormalities not identified by conventional DFE but revealed by OCT were partial posterior vitreous detachment (81 patients, 5.9%), epiretinal membrane, ERM (46 patients, 3.4%), and peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation (43 patients, 3.1%). Other abnormalities identified by OCT included pigment epithelial detachment, thin retinal nerve fiber layer, focal choroidal excavation (FCE), and idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (ICSC). A more serious abnormality included lamellar holes. Patients with ERM (p < 0.001) and lamellar hole (p < 0.001) were older than those without. FCE (p = 0.003) and ICSC (p = 0.009) were more commonly occurred in male.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Some occult retinal abnormalities were identified using OCT alone, but not discernible by conventional DFE. These mild abnormalities were unlikely to have serious consequence which may not affect clinical management. OCT examination might not be regarded as a necessary routine procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"18 ","pages":"612221"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13264315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148253894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dry Eye Disease And The Jenvis Dry Eye Report Diagnosis Tool: A Literature Review with Emphasis On African Populations.","authors":"Tebatso Pertunia Tsotetsi, Pheagane Motsime William Nkoana, Mahwash Khan","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S571948","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S571948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder characterized by tear film instability, ocular discomfort, and visual disturbance. Traditional diagnostic methods often show poor correlation with symptoms and lack reproducibility. The JENVIS Pro Dry Eye Report, integrated with the OCULUS Keratograph 5M, provides a structured, non-invasive, and multimodal approach to DED diagnosis in line with TFOS DEWS II recommendations.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To review Dry Eye Disease and evaluate the diagnostic role of the JENVIS Pro Dry Eye Report, with particular emphasis on its application and limited utilization in African populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature review was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, focusing on studies published between 2017 and 2025. Search terms included Dry Eye Disease, JENVIS Pro Dry Eye Report, OCULUS Keratograph 5M, non-invasive diagnostics, and tear film instability. Studies addressing DED epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and JENVIS-related parameters such as non-invasive tear break-up time, tear meniscus height, and meibography were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy sources were reviewed, including peer-reviewed articles and relevant grey literature. The evidence supports the JENVIS Pro Dry Eye Report as a reliable and reproducible diagnostic system that integrates objective clinical signs with subjective symptom assessment. While the tool is widely recognised internationally, its clinical use in African populations remains limited, with most regional studies relying on traditional diagnostic techniques such as Schirmer's test and fluorescein tear break-up time.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The JENVIS Pro Dry Eye Report offers a comprehensive and objective approach to DED diagnosis compared with conventional methods. Expanding its application in African clinical settings may improve diagnostic consistency, patient education, and evidence-based management of Dry Eye Disease.</p><p><strong>Contribution: </strong>The study provides background and benefits of the use of JENVIS Dry Eye report in diagnosing DED and advocates for its use due to its benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"18 ","pages":"571948"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13251763/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148228654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of High-Energy Visible Light-Filtering Spectacle Lenses on Distance Contrast Sensitivity.","authors":"Nishanee Rampersad, Rekha Hansraj","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S593543","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S593543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>High-energy visible (HEV) light-filtering spectacle lenses, which selectively decrease transmission of short wavelength visible light, have been increasing in popularity in recent years despite much debate about their potential ocular benefits. This study reports on the effect of HEV light-filtering spectacle lenses on distance contrast sensitivity (CS).</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>The study included 30 healthy young adults aged 18 to 35 years. Binocular CS was measured with the Pelli-Robson test in both photopic and mesopic illumination using three commercially available HEV light-filtering spectacle lenses and a clear uncoated control lens. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no difference in CS measurements among the four test lenses in either photopic (x²(3, n = 30) = 5.28, p = 0.153) or mesopic (x²(3, n = 30) = 0.92, p = 0.821) illumination. The CS measurements were significantly higher in photopic illumination than mesopic illumination for all four test lenses (Z ≤ -3.54, p ≤ 0.010) with mean differences ranging from 0.08 to 0.10 logCS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The HEV light-filtering spectacle lenses have no clinically meaningful effect on distance CS in young adults in both photopic and mesopic illumination. These results would be useful for eye care personnel when prescribing HEV light-filtering spectacle lenses.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"18 ","pages":"593543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13225149/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148151746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lead Times of Optometry Services in Selected Public Hospitals in Rural South Africa.","authors":"Mapula Precious Rapao, Pheagane Motsime William Nkoana","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S590480","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S590480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Efficient service delivery remains a critical benchmark of public sector performance, with lead and waiting times serving as essential indicators of responsiveness and accessibility. Long waiting times not only diminish user satisfaction but can also exacerbate inequalities in access, particularly in resource-constrained contexts. This study investigated the lead times of optometry services in selected hospitals in rural South Africa. By evaluating lead and waiting times and identifying contributing factors, the research further aimed to inform strategies for improving service delivery and reducing delays in optometry care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross sectional, prospective, and observational designs was adopted to record and quantitatively describe waiting and lead times in five selected hospitals in Limpopo, South Africa. Retrospective, quantitative document review was also conducted to check waiting time to receive optical devices. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed. This study used a cross-sectional, prospective, quantitative, descriptive and observational design to track consulting patients in order to record the lead times throughout the consultation, time to secure referral appointment and waiting times to receive optical devices after consultation. Secondly, a survey of available hospital staff complement, equipment and facilities was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean lead-time across all service points was 255.6 ± 124.7 minutes and 31.2 ± 35.1 minutes for optometry service. The lead times varied per hospital (p = 0.05). Overall waiting time for spectacles averaged 121.0 ± 181.5 days. All sites had basic optometry equipment, but specialised instruments (eg., fundus camera) were distributed unevenly among sites. The most frequently referred condition was cataract, and the referral time depends on the severity of the condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Selected hospitals had longer waiting times that exceeded national guidelines for South Africa by an average of 2 hours. Improving capacity on staffing, equipment, patient flow management, and scheduling can reduce waiting times and guarantee more effective service delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"18 ","pages":"590480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13206283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drinking Habit Could Exacerbate the Progression of Presbyopia in Men.","authors":"Masahiko Ayaki, Akiko Hanyuda, Kazuno Negishi","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S603879","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S603879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Presbyopia is strongly dependent on age and progresses throughout life, yet the influence of lifestyle factors has not been fully determined. The aim of this study was to assess the association between presbyopia and common lifestyle factors in relation to a detailed ophthalmological evaluation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The near add power of 6258 individuals aged 40 to 79 years was measured, and its association with lifestyle factors was examined. Odds ratios for specific near add power levels were calculated, and regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships between near add power, lifestyle, and ocular parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Logistic regression analyses showed that that male sex, drinking habit, myopic spherical equivalent, astigmatic errors, and a thin ganglion cell complex were common significant risk factors associated with near add power levels of 1.50 D and 2.50 D. Smoking status, HbA1c levels, and the presence of diabetic retinopathy were not significant factors. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that men reached the end point (+1.50 D) significantly earlier than women (<i>P</i> < 0.01), and male drinkers reached the end point (+2.50 D) significantly earlier than male non-drinkers (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The association between lifestyle factors and near add power was analyzed, identifying drinking habit and male sex as significant contributors. These findings complement previous investigations and may be useful in healthcare education to highlight the detrimental effects of alcohol consumption on ocular health.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"18 ","pages":"603879"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13179790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147964467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comfort and Ocular Surface Impact of Verofilcon A Daily Disposable Contact Lenses in Satisfied Senofilcon A Daily Disposable Lens Wearers: A Prospective Non-Interventional Study [Letter].","authors":"Nir Erdinest, Naama Bura","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S619170","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S619170","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"18 ","pages":"619170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13170584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147943143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"If I Wear Glasses, I Will Go Blind\": Misconceptions, Stigma, and Nonadherence to Spectacle Wear in Somalia's Outpatient Eye Clinics.","authors":"Abdulsalam Ahmed Mohamed, Abdullahi Abdirahman Omar, Fartun Abdullahi Hassan Orey","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S601110","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S601110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This commentary examines how misconceptions and stigma undermine adherence to spectacle wear in Somalia's outpatient eye clinics, despite clinically meaningful visual improvement during refraction. In routine practice, patients may refuse spectacles or wear them inconsistently because they believe spectacles weaken the eyes, create dependence, or lead to blindness, and because of social concerns such as being labeled as blind or disabled. These perceptions interact with service delivery constraints, including limited counselling time, variable optical quality, affordability barriers, and weak follow up, resulting in avoidable persistence of functional vision impairment and reduced educational and occupational performance. We synthesize commonly encountered themes in Somali outpatient care with relevant published evidence and propose pragmatic actions to improve acceptance and sustained wear. These include brief myth focused counselling integrated into routine workflow, clear separation of refractive error from blinding disease in patient communication, attention to comfort and dispensing quality, family engagement, early follow up for first time wearers, and low cost community normalization strategies delivered through trusted messengers.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"18 ","pages":"601110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13142169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refractive Surprises After Cataract Surgery: Identification and Management in Optometric Practice- A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Bharat Gurnani, Kirandeep Kaur","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S572733","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S572733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Refractive surprises remain one of the most challenging postoperative complications in modern cataract surgery, where precision and patient expectations for plano refractive outcomes continue to rise. Despite advances in optical biometry, intraocular lens (IOL) formula optimization, and surgical technology, postoperative refractive error still occurs in a subset of patients and may significantly affect visual satisfaction and quality of life. This review synthesizes contemporary evidence on the causes, detection, and optometric management of refractive surprises, with a practical focus on the evolving role of the optometrist in co-management. Residual refractive error most commonly results from biometric inaccuracies, keratometric misalignment, incorrect estimation of effective lens position, prior corneal refractive procedures, and anatomical extremes such as axial myopia or hyperopia. Early recognition through comprehensive postoperative assessment-including manifest refraction, keratometric stability, IOL position evaluation, corneal tomography, and retinal imaging-is critical to differentiating optical errors from pathology. Management options include spectacles and contact lenses for mild errors, while significant ametropia may require corneal refractive surgery, arcuate keratotomy, piggyback IOL implantation, or IOL exchange depending on patient factors, ocular anatomy, and refractive stability. The review further discusses algorithmic approaches to decision-making, counseling strategies for dissatisfied patients, and considerations when dealing with toric and multifocal IOLs. As optometrists increasingly serve as primary comanagers of cataract surgery patients, understanding the etiology and management of refractive surprises is essential. Improved diagnostic workflows, individualized IOL planning, and collaborative postoperative care pathways can greatly enhance refractive predictability and visual outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"18 ","pages":"572733"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147844113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and Patterns of Refractive Errors in a Pediatric Amblyopic Cohort Aged 3-5 Years: A Descriptive Study in a Pakistani Tertiary Eye Care Center.","authors":"Syeda Filzah Bukhari, Farah Akhtar, Hira Ghafar Shah, Nabila Younas, Talia Ahmed, Nadia Rasool","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S592703","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S592703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the patterns and severity of different refractive errors in children aged 3 to 5 years presenting with established amblyopia in a tertiary care eye centre in Pakistan.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care eye center involving 178 children (aged 3-5 years). The study specifically included only those with refractive amblyopia; children with strabismic or sensory deprivation amblyopia were excluded. From each participant, only the amblyopic eye (or the eye with the worse visual acuity in bilateral cases) was analyzed to ensure statistical independence. All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including cycloplegic refraction (using 1% cyclopentolate) and dilated fundus evaluation. Refractive errors were classified according to MEPEDS criteria, and data was analyzed using SPSS version 24.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 178 amblyopic eyes, astigmatism (53.4%) was common, particularly myopic astigmatism (n = 28, 15.7%) and hyperopic astigmatism (n = 27, 15.2%). Females were more likely to have myopia or astigmatism, whereas males were more likely to have hyperopia or astigmatism which may indicate some gender-specific patterns in amblyopia. Hyperopia was mostly low to moderate, while moderate astigmatism was more common than high astigmatism. These differences were also statistically significant (p < 0.001). Amblyopes with myopic astigmatism (n = 28, 15.7%) and hyperopic astigmatism (n = 27, 15.2%) exhibited the poorest visual acuity (mean LogMAR VA 1.05 ± 0.49 and 0.96 ± 0.46).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Astigmatic refractive errors are more likely associated with greater amblyopia severity, and even lower thresholds of refractive error have the potential to cause amblyopia. By establishing these amblyogenic patterns, our study provides the surveillance data essential for early intervention. These findings advocate for preschool screening to prevent irreversible vision loss, directly advancing the WHO SPECS 2030 goal of people-centered eye care.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"18 ","pages":"592703"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118640/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}