Surface Science Reports最新文献

{"title":"Interface engineering and chemistry of Hf-based high-k dielectrics on III–V substrates","authors":"Gang He ,&nbsp;Xiaoshuang Chen ,&nbsp;Zhaoqi Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span><span>Recently, III–V materials have been extensively studied as potential candidates for post-Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) channel materials. The main obstacle to implement III–V compound semiconductors for CMOS applications is the lack of high quality and thermodynamically stable insulators with low </span>interface trap densities. Due to their excellent thermal stability and relatively high </span>dielectric constants, Hf-based high-k gate </span>dielectrics have been recently highlighted as the most promising high-k dielectrics for III–V-based devices. This paper provides an overview of interface engineering and </span>chemistry<span> of Hf-based high-k dielectrics on III–V substrates. We begin with a survey of methods developed for generating Hf-based high-k gate dielectrics. To address the impact of these hafnium<span><span> based materials, their interfaces with GaAs as well as a variety of semiconductors are discussed. After that, the integration issues are highlighted, including the development of high-k deposition without </span>Fermi level<span><span> pinning, surface passivation<span> and interface state, and integration of novel device structure with </span></span>Si technology. Finally, we conclude this review with the perspectives and outlook on the future developments in this area. This review explores the possible influences of research breakthroughs of Hf-based gate dielectrics on the current and future applications for nano-MOSFET devices.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"68 1","pages":"Pages 68-107"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.01.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2326776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanometal plasmonpolaritons","authors":"Abdellatif Akjouj ,&nbsp;Gae¨tan Lévêque ,&nbsp;Sabine Szunerits ,&nbsp;Yan Pennec ,&nbsp;Bahram Djafari-Rouhani ,&nbsp;Rabah Boukherroub ,&nbsp;Leonard Dobrzyński","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A nanometal is a nanometric metallic structure. A plasmon is a collective excitation of an electron gas. A plasmon polariton is a plasmon coupled to an electromagnetic wave. Whereas plasmons in bulk metal do not couple to light fields, a thin metal film can sustain surface polaritons when excited by light. This can be achieved via an evanescent prism coupling, the help of surface corrugations to ensure momentum matching, etc. Such surface polaritons propagate as coherent electron oscillations parallel to the metal surface and decay exponentially perpendicular to it. Thus, the electromagnetic energy is confined to dimensions below the diffraction limit perpendicular to the metal surface. Corrugations can further act as light scattering centers for surface plasmons, allowing for the fabrication of interesting optical devices such as an all-optical transistor. This surface science report reviews the present literature on surface polaritons in nanostructures and waveguides. Models, computer simulations and experiments are reviewed and illustrated by simple comprehensive examples. Experimental and theoretical studies of short and long range sensing using plasmonic nanostructures are in particular considered. Some applications for nanometals are outlined. The interactions between metallic particles and films due to the interactions between several localized and delocalized surface plasmons are among the examples. Applications to fluorescence extraction in the interaction between near-field and matter are also included here. Nevertheless this report cannot be an exhaustive one. This would be an endless task. It leaves space for future Surface Science Reports issues by colleagues whose achievements do not appearhere.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"68 1","pages":"Pages 1-67"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.10.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2484646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trace elemental analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy—Biological applications","authors":"Jozef Kaiser ,&nbsp;Karel Novotný ,&nbsp;Madhavi Z. Martin ,&nbsp;Aleš Hrdlička ,&nbsp;Radomír Malina ,&nbsp;Martin Hartl ,&nbsp;Vojtěch Adam ,&nbsp;René Kizek","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a sensitive optical technique capable of fast multi-elemental analysis of solid, gaseous and liquid samples. Since the late 1980s LIBS became visible in the analytical atomic spectroscopy scene; its applications having been developed continuously since then. In this paper, the use of LIBS for trace element determination in different matrices is reviewed. The main emphasis is on spatially resolved analysis of microbiological, plant and animal samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"67 11","pages":"Pages 233-243"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2012-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.09.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2326777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactions of oxygen-containing molecules on transition metal carbides: Surface science insight into potential applications in catalysis and electrocatalysis","authors":"Alan L. Stottlemyer ,&nbsp;Thomas G. Kelly ,&nbsp;Qinghe Meng ,&nbsp;Jingguang G. Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Historically the interest in the catalytic properties of transition metal carbides (TMC) has been inspired by their “Pt-like” properties in the transformation reactions of hydrocarbon molecules. Recent studies, however, have revealed that the reaction pathways of oxygen-containing molecules are significantly different between TMCs and Pt-group metals. Nonetheless, TMCs demonstrate intriguing catalytic properties toward oxygen-containing molecules, either as the catalyst or as the catalytically active substrate to support </span>metal catalysts<span>, in several important catalytic and electrocatalytic applications, including water electrolysis, alcohol electrooxidation, </span></span>biomass conversion<span>, and water gas shift reactions. In the current review we provide a summary of theoretical and experimental studies of the interaction of TMC surfaces with oxygen-containing molecules, including both inorganic (O</span></span>₂, H₂O, CO and CO₂<span>) and organic (alcohols, aldehydes, acids and esters) molecules. We will discuss the general trends in the reaction pathways, as well as future research opportunities in surface science<span> studies that would facilitate the utilization of TMCs as catalysts and electrocatalysts.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"67 9","pages":"Pages 201-232"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2012-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.07.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2484647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classical theory of atom–surface scattering: The rainbow effect","authors":"Salvador Miret-Artés ,&nbsp;Eli Pollak","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>The scattering of heavy atoms and molecules from surfaces is oftentimes dominated by classical mechanics. A large body of experiments have gathered data on the angular distributions of the scattered species, their energy loss distribution, sticking probability, dependence on surface temperature and more. For many years these phenomena have been considered theoretically in the framework of the “washboard model” in which the interaction of the incident particle with the surface is described in terms of hard wall potentials. Although this class of models has helped in elucidating some of the features it left open many questions such as: true potentials are clearly not hard wall potentials, it does not provide a realistic framework for </span>phonon<span> scattering, and it cannot explain the incident angle and incident energy dependence of rainbow scattering, nor can it provide a consistent theory for sticking. In recent years we have been developing a classical perturbation theory approach which has provided new insight into the dynamics of atom–surface scattering. The theory includes both surface corrugation as well as interaction with surface phonons in terms of harmonic baths which are linearly coupled to the system coordinates. This model has been successful in elucidating many new features of rainbow scattering in terms of frictions and bath fluctuations or noise. It has also given new insight into the origins of asymmetry in atomic scattering from surfaces. New phenomena deduced from the theory include friction induced rainbows, energy loss rainbows, a theory of super-rainbows, and more. In this review we present the classical theory of atom–surface scattering as well as extensions and implications for semiclassical scattering and the further development of a </span></span>quantum theory of </span>surface scattering. Special emphasis is given to the inversion of scattering data into information on the particle–surface interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"67 7","pages":"Pages 161-200"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.03.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2326778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Line tension between coexisting phases in monolayers and bilayers of amphiphilic molecules","authors":"Indira Sriram,&nbsp;Daniel K. Schwartz","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Phase coexistence is frequently observed in molecular monolayers and bilayers. The free energy<span> per unit length of phase boundaries in these quasi-two-dimensional (2D) systems is known as line tension, and is directly analogous to surface tension in three dimensions. The existence of line tension implies the possibility of 2D capillary phenomena, a fundamentally intriguing possibility. Moreover, line tension has important implications with respect to the formation and stability of nm-scale features in </span></span>thin films, ranging from lithographically-prepared molecular features in devices (e.g. sensor nanoarrays or molecular electronics) to signaling domains in </span>biological membranes (i.e. lipid rafts). It has been proposed that such nm-scale domains may have important ramifications for budding and/or fusion in </span>bilayer membranes<span><span>. Various methods have been developed to measure line tension, including observations of domain boundary fluctuations, relaxation dynamics, nucleation rates, and others. The competition between line tension and long-range forces (e.g. electrostatic<span> repulsion or curvature elasticity) can lead to a preferred equilibrium domain size, domain shape instabilities, or even unusual domain morphologies (e.g. stripe phases) near critical points. Since liquid crystalline mesophases are ubiquitous in 2D, it is not unusual for the line tension to be anisotropic; this can lead to non-circular domains exhibiting kinks and/or chirality. Recent efforts have been aimed at controlling line tension by the addition of line-active compounds that are analogous to </span></span>surfactants potentially leading to the observation of new 2D “capillary” phenomena.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"67 6","pages":"Pages 143-159"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.02.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2484829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “A review on silicene—New candidate for electronics” [Surf. Sci. Rep. 67 (2012) 1–18]","authors":"Abdelkader Kara ,&nbsp;Hanna Enriquez ,&nbsp;Ari P. Seitsonen ,&nbsp;L.C. Lew Yan Voon ,&nbsp;Sébastien Vizzini ,&nbsp;Bernard Aufray ,&nbsp;Hamid Oughaddou","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"67 5","pages":"Page 141"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.01.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1828698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to: A review on silicene - New candidate for electronics","authors":"A. Kara, H. Enriquez, A. Seitsonen, L. Voon, S. Vizzini, B. Aufray, H. Oughaddou","doi":"10.5167/UZH-65257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5167/UZH-65257","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"67 1","pages":"141"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70658575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface thermodynamics of cracks","authors":"A.I. Rusanov","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Although a crack is a typical detail of a real solid, the theory of cracks in surface science was reduced to studying flat-parallel slits for a long time. The last decade has brought a number of new results related to the thermodynamic and surface science fundamentals of wedge-shaped cracks including the crack line tension. These results, essentially correcting and developing the theory of cracks, could not yet be included in the previous reviews of the author [A.I. Rusanov, Surf. Sci. Rep. 23 (1996) 173–247 and A.I. Rusanov, Surf. Sci. Rep. 58 (2005) 111–239] and make a subject for reviewing in this paper. Surface characteristics of a crack are described including the crack line tension as a new property that can be important for nanocracks. General thermodynamic relationships are derived, and the calculation of the </span>thermodynamic surface<span> and line tensions for solids with dispersion forces is given as an example. The dependence of the crack line tension on the crack size is analyzed for the conformal change (when a crack changes its size with maintaining its geometrical similarity) and the depth growth (when the distance between the crack lips is fixed). The latter has been found to be more favorable energetically. Since the presence of a crack is more probable for a loaded body, a general and rigorous approach to the thermodynamic description of loaded solids is presented including correcting earlier mistakes and terminology. The thermodynamic consideration presented outputs a useful contribution to the theory of solid strength<span>. A generalized brittle fracture criterion is deduced and the ultimate strength is calculated for both the above mechanisms of the crack growth. The influence of the line tension on the ultimate strength is estimated both for the 2d and 3d cases.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"67 5","pages":"Pages 117-140"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.02.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2484648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The surface science of graphene: Metal interfaces, CVD synthesis, nanoribbons, chemical modifications, and defects","authors":"Matthias Batzill","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2011.12.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2011.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Graphene, a single atomic layer of sp² hybridized carbon, exhibits a zero-band gap with linear band dispersion at the Fermi-level, forming a Dirac-cone at the <span><math><mi>K</mi></math></span><span><span><span>-points of its Brillouin zone<span>. In this review, we focus on basic materials science issues of this intriguing material. The scope of this work is further narrowed by concentrating on graphene grown at transition metal surfaces, mostly under vacuum conditions, and neglecting other graphene synthesis approaches, namely growth on SiC or by </span></span>graphene oxide<span> reduction. Thus one large section of this review focuses on metal/graphene interfaces. We summarize recent surface science<span><span> studies on the structure, interaction, and the growth of graphene on various metals. Metal supported graphene is a recurring theme throughout this review as it provides model-systems for studying adsorption and graphene modifications on well-defined, large area samples, and thus is ideal for employing surface science techniques. Other aspects of graphene are also reviewed. Approaches for creating and characterizing graphene nanostructures, in particular graphene </span>nanoribbons, are discussed. Graphene nanoribbons play an important role for potential electronic applications because the lateral electron confinement in the ribbons opens a band-gap in graphene. Materials issues of nanoribbons, like formation of well-defined edges are introduced. Atomic-scale defect-structures in graphene are another topic. The known </span></span></span>defect structures<span><span> in graphene are categorized and atomic scale characterization of these defects by scanning tunneling microscopy (stocktickerSTM) and high resolution </span>transmission electron microscopy<span> (TEM) is illustrated. Important for applications of graphene is our ability of modifying its properties. Therefore, studies of substitutional doping of graphene with nitrogen or boron, hydrogenation or fluorination<span> of graphene, and the adsorption of molecules with strong electron affinity<span> are included in this review. This review is restricted to a summary of surface science studies on well-ordered systems. Other important graphene research areas such as transport measurements on pure and modified graphene are not included. The goal of this review is to give a concise overview of the materials science of graphene from the surface science perspective.</span></span></span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"67 3","pages":"Pages 83-115"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2011.12.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2484649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}