Surface Science Reports最新文献

{"title":"Self-aligned Ge and SiGe three-dimensional epitaxy on dense Si pillar arrays","authors":"R. Bergamaschini ,&nbsp;F. Isa ,&nbsp;C.V. Falub ,&nbsp;P. Niedermann ,&nbsp;E. Müller ,&nbsp;G. Isella ,&nbsp;H. von Känel ,&nbsp;L. Miglio","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>In this report we present a novel strategy in selective epitaxial growth on top of Si pillars, which results in a tessellated Ge film, composed by self-aligned micron-sized crystals in a maskless process. Modelling by </span>rate equations<span><span> the morphology evolution of fully facetted crystal profiles is extensively outlined, showing an excellent prediction of the peculiar role played by flux shielding among microcrystals, in the case of dense array configuration. </span>Crack formation<span> and substrate bending, caused by the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients, are eliminated by the mechanical decoupling among individual microcrystals, which are also shown to be dislocation- and strain-free. The method has been also tested for Si</span></span></span>_{1−<em>x</em>}Ge_<em>x</em><span><span><span> alloys, with compositions<span> ranging from pure </span></span>silicon to pure </span>germanium. There are ample reasons to believe that this approach could be extended to other material combinations and substrate orientations, actually providing a technology platform for several device applications.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"68 3","pages":"Pages 390-417"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.10.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2326773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interpretation of XPS spectra: Insights into materials properties","authors":"Paul S. Bagus ,&nbsp;Eugene S. Ilton ,&nbsp;Connie J. Nelin","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We review basic and advanced concepts needed for the correct analysis of XPS features. We place these concepts on rigorous foundations and explore their physical and chemical meanings without stressing the derivation of the mathematical formulations, which can be found in the cited literature. The significance and value of combining theory and experiment is demonstrated by discussions of the physical and chemical origins of the main and satellite XPS features for a variety of molecular and condensed phase materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"68 2","pages":"Pages 273-304"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.03.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2424400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical perspective of alcohol decomposition and synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation","authors":"Ping Liu ,&nbsp;Yixiong Yang ,&nbsp;Michael G. White","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Advances in theoretical methods, in particular density functional theory (DFT), make it possible to describe catalytic reactions at surfaces with the detail and accuracy required for computational results to compare with experiment in a meaningful way. The theoretical studies also describe chemical reaction networks and understand variations in catalytic activity from one catalyst to another. Such understanding allows the theoretical optimization for better catalysts.</p><p>In the current report we discussed the theoretical studies in the past few years on decomposition and synthesis of methanol and ethanol on various catalyst surfaces. The knowledge of reactions including the intermediates and transition states along different reaction pathways together with kinetic modeling was demonstrated. The theoretical studies on alcohol synthesis help gain better understanding of the complex kinetics and the roles that each component of a catalyst plays. In general, moving from mono-functional catalysts to multi-functional catalysts by increasing the complexity offers new opportunities to tune the behavior of a catalyst. A good multi-functional catalyst is not necessary to compromise the binding strong enough to adsorb and dissociate reactants and weak enough to allow the formation of intermediates and removal of products; instead, it may take advantage of each component, which catalyzes different elementary steps depending on its unique activity. The synergy between the different components can enable the multi-functional catalyst a novel activity in catalysis. This is of great importance for rational design of better catalysts for alcohol renewal synthesis and efficient use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"68 2","pages":"Pages 233-272"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.01.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2326775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling the secrets of Cs controlled secondary ion formation: Evidence of the dominance of site specific surface chemistry, alloying and ionic bonding","authors":"Klaus Wittmaack","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.11.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Exposure of ion bombarded solids to Cs gives rise to a very strong enhancement of the yields of negatively charged secondary ions and, concurrently, to a lowering of &lt;/span&gt;positive ion&lt;span&gt; yields. The phenomena have been explored in a large number of experimental and theoretical studies but attempts to clarify the mechanism of ion formation were not as successful as assumed. This review examines the state of the art in Cs controlled secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in great detail, with due consideration of low-energy alkali-ion scattering.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In very basic studies on alkali induced secondary ion yield changes, sub-monolayer quantities of Cs or Li were deposited on the sample surface, followed by low-fluence ion bombardment&lt;span&gt;, to avoid significant damage. If SIMS is applied to characterise the composition of solid materials, the simplest approach to achieving sample erosion as well as high negative-ion yields is bombardment with primary ions of Cs. Two other methods of sample loading with Cs provide more flexibility, (i) exposure to a collimated beam of Cs vapour and concurrent bombardment with high-energy non-Cs ions and (ii) the mixed-beam approach involving quasi-simultaneous bombardment with Cs and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Xe ions&lt;span&gt;. Both concepts have the advantage that undesirable sample overload with Cs can be avoided. High Cs concentrations reduce the formation probability of target specific molecular ions&lt;span&gt; and lower the yields of all types of positive secondary ions, including Cs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, M&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, X&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, MCs&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; and XCs&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; (M and X denoting matrix and impurity elements). Quantitative SIMS analysis using MCs&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; and XCs&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ions appears feasible, provided the Cs coverage is kept below about 5%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The semi-classical model of resonant charge transfer, also known as the tunnelling model, has long been considered a solid framework for the interpretation of Cs and Li based SIMS data. The model predicts ionisation probabilities for cases in which, at shallow distances from the surface, the affinity (ionisation) level of the departing atom is shifted below (above) the Fermi level. Ion yields should be controlled by the work function (WF) of the sample, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Φ&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;, and the normal velocity of the ejected ions. To explore the predicted velocity dependence, the performance characteristics of the employed SIMS instrument need to be known. The Cs induced negative-ion yield enhancement observed with pure metal and alloy targets often exceeded five orders of magnitude, with enhancement factors essentially independent of the emission energy. This absence of a velocity dependence is at variance with the predictions of the tunnelling model.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Previous theoretical attempts to model the &lt;em&gt;Φ&lt;/em&gt;-dependence and the apparent velocity effect for the overrated case of O&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;emission fr","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"68 1","pages":"Pages 108-230"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.11.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1945449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Surface thermodynamics of cracks” [Surf. Sci. Rep. 67 (2012) 117–140]","authors":"A.I. Rusanov","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.12.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"68 1","pages":"Page 231"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.12.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3264613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interface engineering and chemistry of Hf-based high-k dielectrics on III–V substrates","authors":"Gang He ,&nbsp;Xiaoshuang Chen ,&nbsp;Zhaoqi Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span><span>Recently, III–V materials have been extensively studied as potential candidates for post-Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) channel materials. The main obstacle to implement III–V compound semiconductors for CMOS applications is the lack of high quality and thermodynamically stable insulators with low </span>interface trap densities. Due to their excellent thermal stability and relatively high </span>dielectric constants, Hf-based high-k gate </span>dielectrics have been recently highlighted as the most promising high-k dielectrics for III–V-based devices. This paper provides an overview of interface engineering and </span>chemistry<span> of Hf-based high-k dielectrics on III–V substrates. We begin with a survey of methods developed for generating Hf-based high-k gate dielectrics. To address the impact of these hafnium<span><span> based materials, their interfaces with GaAs as well as a variety of semiconductors are discussed. After that, the integration issues are highlighted, including the development of high-k deposition without </span>Fermi level<span><span> pinning, surface passivation<span> and interface state, and integration of novel device structure with </span></span>Si technology. Finally, we conclude this review with the perspectives and outlook on the future developments in this area. This review explores the possible influences of research breakthroughs of Hf-based gate dielectrics on the current and future applications for nano-MOSFET devices.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"68 1","pages":"Pages 68-107"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2013.01.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2326776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanometal plasmonpolaritons","authors":"Abdellatif Akjouj ,&nbsp;Gae¨tan Lévêque ,&nbsp;Sabine Szunerits ,&nbsp;Yan Pennec ,&nbsp;Bahram Djafari-Rouhani ,&nbsp;Rabah Boukherroub ,&nbsp;Leonard Dobrzyński","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A nanometal is a nanometric metallic structure. A plasmon is a collective excitation of an electron gas. A plasmon polariton is a plasmon coupled to an electromagnetic wave. Whereas plasmons in bulk metal do not couple to light fields, a thin metal film can sustain surface polaritons when excited by light. This can be achieved via an evanescent prism coupling, the help of surface corrugations to ensure momentum matching, etc. Such surface polaritons propagate as coherent electron oscillations parallel to the metal surface and decay exponentially perpendicular to it. Thus, the electromagnetic energy is confined to dimensions below the diffraction limit perpendicular to the metal surface. Corrugations can further act as light scattering centers for surface plasmons, allowing for the fabrication of interesting optical devices such as an all-optical transistor. This surface science report reviews the present literature on surface polaritons in nanostructures and waveguides. Models, computer simulations and experiments are reviewed and illustrated by simple comprehensive examples. Experimental and theoretical studies of short and long range sensing using plasmonic nanostructures are in particular considered. Some applications for nanometals are outlined. The interactions between metallic particles and films due to the interactions between several localized and delocalized surface plasmons are among the examples. Applications to fluorescence extraction in the interaction between near-field and matter are also included here. Nevertheless this report cannot be an exhaustive one. This would be an endless task. It leaves space for future Surface Science Reports issues by colleagues whose achievements do not appearhere.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"68 1","pages":"Pages 1-67"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.10.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2484646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trace elemental analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy—Biological applications","authors":"Jozef Kaiser ,&nbsp;Karel Novotný ,&nbsp;Madhavi Z. Martin ,&nbsp;Aleš Hrdlička ,&nbsp;Radomír Malina ,&nbsp;Martin Hartl ,&nbsp;Vojtěch Adam ,&nbsp;René Kizek","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a sensitive optical technique capable of fast multi-elemental analysis of solid, gaseous and liquid samples. Since the late 1980s LIBS became visible in the analytical atomic spectroscopy scene; its applications having been developed continuously since then. In this paper, the use of LIBS for trace element determination in different matrices is reviewed. The main emphasis is on spatially resolved analysis of microbiological, plant and animal samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"67 11","pages":"Pages 233-243"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2012-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.09.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2326777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactions of oxygen-containing molecules on transition metal carbides: Surface science insight into potential applications in catalysis and electrocatalysis","authors":"Alan L. Stottlemyer ,&nbsp;Thomas G. Kelly ,&nbsp;Qinghe Meng ,&nbsp;Jingguang G. Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Historically the interest in the catalytic properties of transition metal carbides (TMC) has been inspired by their “Pt-like” properties in the transformation reactions of hydrocarbon molecules. Recent studies, however, have revealed that the reaction pathways of oxygen-containing molecules are significantly different between TMCs and Pt-group metals. Nonetheless, TMCs demonstrate intriguing catalytic properties toward oxygen-containing molecules, either as the catalyst or as the catalytically active substrate to support </span>metal catalysts<span>, in several important catalytic and electrocatalytic applications, including water electrolysis, alcohol electrooxidation, </span></span>biomass conversion<span>, and water gas shift reactions. In the current review we provide a summary of theoretical and experimental studies of the interaction of TMC surfaces with oxygen-containing molecules, including both inorganic (O</span></span>₂, H₂O, CO and CO₂<span>) and organic (alcohols, aldehydes, acids and esters) molecules. We will discuss the general trends in the reaction pathways, as well as future research opportunities in surface science<span> studies that would facilitate the utilization of TMCs as catalysts and electrocatalysts.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"67 9","pages":"Pages 201-232"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2012-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.07.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2484647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classical theory of atom–surface scattering: The rainbow effect","authors":"Salvador Miret-Artés ,&nbsp;Eli Pollak","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>The scattering of heavy atoms and molecules from surfaces is oftentimes dominated by classical mechanics. A large body of experiments have gathered data on the angular distributions of the scattered species, their energy loss distribution, sticking probability, dependence on surface temperature and more. For many years these phenomena have been considered theoretically in the framework of the “washboard model” in which the interaction of the incident particle with the surface is described in terms of hard wall potentials. Although this class of models has helped in elucidating some of the features it left open many questions such as: true potentials are clearly not hard wall potentials, it does not provide a realistic framework for </span>phonon<span> scattering, and it cannot explain the incident angle and incident energy dependence of rainbow scattering, nor can it provide a consistent theory for sticking. In recent years we have been developing a classical perturbation theory approach which has provided new insight into the dynamics of atom–surface scattering. The theory includes both surface corrugation as well as interaction with surface phonons in terms of harmonic baths which are linearly coupled to the system coordinates. This model has been successful in elucidating many new features of rainbow scattering in terms of frictions and bath fluctuations or noise. It has also given new insight into the origins of asymmetry in atomic scattering from surfaces. New phenomena deduced from the theory include friction induced rainbows, energy loss rainbows, a theory of super-rainbows, and more. In this review we present the classical theory of atom–surface scattering as well as extensions and implications for semiclassical scattering and the further development of a </span></span>quantum theory of </span>surface scattering. Special emphasis is given to the inversion of scattering data into information on the particle–surface interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"67 7","pages":"Pages 161-200"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.03.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2326778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}