RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE最新文献

Source Publication and Genealogical Research in Rossiiskaia genealogiia. Nauchnyi al’manakh: A Reflection and a Review 《俄罗斯家谱》的来源、出版与家谱研究。Nauchnyi al 'manakh:反思与回顾

IF 0.2 4区历史学

RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340055

Russell E. Martin

引用次数: 0

Rescuing Gorbachev from the Memory Hole 把戈尔巴乔夫从记忆洞里救出来

IF 0.2 4区历史学

RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340046

R. English

引用次数: 0

At Any Cost. Gorbachev, the National Question, and His Struggle to Prevent the Country’s Disintegration 不惜任何代价。戈尔巴乔夫、民族问题及其防止国家解体的斗争

IF 0.2 4区历史学

RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340045

C. De Stefano

引用次数: 0

“Because of Him, We Have Pizza Hut!” “因为他，我们有必胜客！”

IF 0.2 4区历史学

RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340049

K. Ironside

{"title":"“Because of Him, We Have Pizza Hut!”","authors":"K. Ironside","doi":"10.30965/18763316-12340049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Gorbachev’s 1997 television ad for Pizza Hut, which opened its first restaurants in the Soviet Union in 1990 through a joint venture between parent company PepsiCo, Inc. and the Moscow city soviet, is an important part of his popular image in the West, reflecting the role that capitalist consumerism is often presumed to have played in the Soviet system’s collapse. Yet, as this article shows, such joint ventures were supposed to increase the Soviet Union’s role not as a consumer, but as a producer, by showcasing the benefits of international economic cooperation with it. Joint ventures won Gorbachev powerful allies, including the CEO of Pepsi, Donald H. Kendall, who advocated for removing American trade restrictions that stood in the way of the Soviet Union assuming a larger function in world trade. As Gorbachev’s economic reforms began to fail, however, the long line in front of Pizza Hut also came to symbolize communism’s failure to deliver prosperity. Gorbachev used the difficulties of foreign companies like Pizza Hut as proof of why the Soviet Union should be given Western aid, to no avail. Ultimately, the policy of joint ventures was a failure and Pizza Hut’s presence in the post-Soviet Russian market was short lived: it left during the 1998 ruble crisis only to return under Putin in the early 2000s, only to leave once again after Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":43441,"journal":{"name":"RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47898715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Official Responses to Ethnic Unrest in the USSR, 1985–1991 官方对苏联种族骚乱的回应，1985-1991

IF 0.2 4区历史学

RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340051

M. Kramer

{"title":"Official Responses to Ethnic Unrest in the USSR, 1985–1991","authors":"M. Kramer","doi":"10.30965/18763316-12340051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340051","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Soviet Union, like the large, multiethnic land empires in Europe that came to an end in the early 20th century (Habsburg, Imperial Russian, Ottoman), consisted of a central government ruling over far-flung regions in which particular ethnic and cultural groups were predominant. For many years, Soviet leaders were able to maintain the internal stability of the multiethnic Soviet state by relying on a mix of extreme coercion and occasional concessions to local demands. Soon after Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, he adopted sweeping political liberalization and democratization, including the first free elections ever held in the USSR. The loosening of political control in a state that had long been known for brutal repression had far-reaching consequences for social stability. The political opportunities that opened for ethnic groups in the Soviet Union to push for far-reaching change, including independence, created great difficulty for Gorbachev’s attempts to hold the Soviet Union together. Although he could have resorted to the use of large-scale violence as previous Soviet leaders had repeatedly done, he was deeply reluctant to cause mass bloodshed. His aversion to the use of mass repression was one of the key factors that precipitated the unraveling of the USSR. This article presents an in-depth analysis of Gorbachev’s responses to ethnic unrest in the Soviet Union from 1986 through 1991.","PeriodicalId":43441,"journal":{"name":"RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46124457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reassessing Gorbachev 重新评价戈尔巴乔夫

IF 0.2 4区历史学

RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340053

William Taubman

引用次数: 0

Forced Penance in Russian Monasteries in the Second Half of the 18th Century: From Punishment of the Body to Correction of the Soul 18世纪下半叶俄罗斯君主的强制忏悔：从肉体惩罚到灵魂矫正

IF 0.2 4区历史学

RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340054

L. Marasinova

{"title":"Forced Penance in Russian Monasteries in the Second Half of the 18th Century: From Punishment of the Body to Correction of the Soul","authors":"L. Marasinova","doi":"10.30965/18763316-12340054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340054","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper focusses on the use of the sacred space of monasteries for the punishment of criminals and their simultaneous spiritual purification. The uniqueness and therefore special heuristic value of study into this phenomenon is determined by the following circumstances. The ritual of tonsure has long been used by rulers to punish undesirable and dangerous individuals and remove them from proximity to the throne. However, the “honor” of such a manifestation of royal anger was only awarded to those belonging to the tsar’s inner circle, and disgraced courtiers did not find themselves locked behind monastic walls for the sake of their internal spiritual correction, but solely in order to isolate them. During the reign of Catherine II, the Empress’s own initiative saw a marked increase in the practice of penance in monasteries as punishment for serious crimes. It is noteworthy that such sentences first appeared in Catherine’s written confirmations of sentences, after which they began to be widely utilized by the secular courts. The conclusions of this work are based on royal confirmations of death sentences passed by the Senate, the archives of the local chancelleries, and reports submitted by the abbots of monastic foundations. These materials enable us to draw preliminary conclusions regarding the gradual humanization of punishments in Russia in the second half of the 18th century and the growing use of ecclesiastical practices in court sentences, all at a time in which the scope of spiritual jurisdiction was being reduced.","PeriodicalId":43441,"journal":{"name":"RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49515354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mikhail Gorbachev and the Politics of Perestroika 米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫与改革政治

IF 0.2 4区历史学

RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340044

Archie Brown

{"title":"Mikhail Gorbachev and the Politics of Perestroika","authors":"Archie Brown","doi":"10.30965/18763316-12340044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Archie Brown notes how the meaning of perestroika, a concept Gorbachev used well before he became Soviet leader, changed over time. The focus is on Gorbachev as a politician operating in the Soviet domestic context. Contrary to widespread retrospective belief, the USSR was not in crisis when Gorbachev became general secretary, and he was not forced to embark on fundamental change. He began with the aim of achieving economic reform and some political liberalization. However, from January 1987 onwards, he prioritized political reform. His thinking continued to evolve, and by 1988–89 he had embraced not only liberalization but a political pluralization that amounted to systemic change. Such, however, was the intertwining of party and state that abandonment of ‘democratic centralism’ and the Communist Party’s monopoly of power led to a crisis of Soviet statehood by 1990–91 and to perestroika’s major unintended consequence – the dissolution of the USSR. Through persuasion and negotiation, rather than violent coercion, Gorbachev had tried and failed to prevent this disintegration of the USSR. But, successfully overcoming entrenched conservative resistance, he had already used the authority of his office and his powers of persuasion to leave Russia a freer country than it had ever been.","PeriodicalId":43441,"journal":{"name":"RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42532430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Socialist Great Divergence. Why Mikhail Gorbachev Failed Where Deng Xiaoping Succeeded 社会主义大分歧。为什么戈尔巴乔夫失败了邓小平成功了

IF 0.2 4区历史学

RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340052

Tobias Rupprecht

引用次数: 0

The Gorbachev Moment – and Why It Was So Brief 戈尔巴乔夫时刻——及其为何如此短暂

IF 0.2 4区历史学

RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.30965/18763316-12340047

M. Evangelista

{"title":"The Gorbachev Moment – and Why It Was So Brief","authors":"M. Evangelista","doi":"10.30965/18763316-12340047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The essay describes the anti-Stalinist tradition as a source of reformist thinking in the USSR and the policies of Nikita Khrushchev as precedents for Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms. It identifies promoters of reform within the Communist Party, among dissidents, and among their foreign supporters. It claims that those who supported Gorbachev were fewer and less influential than it appeared at the time, and that their ideas for economic reform were less developed and coherent than those for democratization and foreign policy. The essay describes the New Economic Policy of the early 1920s advocated by Nikolai Bukharin as an example of what at the time seemed to serve as a precedent for Gorbachev’s reforms, but had little actual impact. The essay discusses how opponents of Gorbachev’s reforms at home and abroad sought to undermine his initiatives. It considers the role of the United States in bringing the Gorbachev Moment to an end, by highlighting US rejection of Gorbachev’s vision of a nuclear-free, demilitarized world; insistence on promoting “shock therapy” for the Russian economy and support for Boris Yeltsin’s antidemocratic means of doing so; and policies that undermined democratic opposition to Yeltsin, even as his brutal war against Chechnya helped set a precedent for Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":43441,"journal":{"name":"RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41784603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0