米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫与改革政治

IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY
Archie Brown
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引用次数: 0

摘要

Archie Brown指出,戈尔巴乔夫在成为苏联领导人之前就一直使用的“改革”概念,其含义是如何随着时间的推移而变化的。焦点是戈尔巴乔夫作为一个在苏联国内运作的政治家。与普遍的回顾性信念相反,戈尔巴乔夫担任总书记时,苏联并没有陷入危机,他也没有被迫进行根本性的变革。他一开始的目标是实现经济改革和一些政治自由化。然而,从1987年1月起,他将政治改革列为优先事项。他的思想不断发展,到1988-1989年,他不仅接受了自由化,而且接受了相当于系统性变革的政治多元化。然而,党和国家交织在一起,放弃“民主集中制”和共产党垄断权力导致了1990-91年苏联国家危机,并导致了改革的重大意外后果——苏联解体。戈尔巴乔夫通过说服和谈判,而不是暴力胁迫,试图阻止苏联解体,但失败了。但是,成功地克服了根深蒂固的保守派阻力,他已经利用自己办公室的权威和说服力,让俄罗斯成为一个比以往任何时候都更自由的国家。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Mikhail Gorbachev and the Politics of Perestroika
Archie Brown notes how the meaning of perestroika, a concept Gorbachev used well before he became Soviet leader, changed over time. The focus is on Gorbachev as a politician operating in the Soviet domestic context. Contrary to widespread retrospective belief, the USSR was not in crisis when Gorbachev became general secretary, and he was not forced to embark on fundamental change. He began with the aim of achieving economic reform and some political liberalization. However, from January 1987 onwards, he prioritized political reform. His thinking continued to evolve, and by 1988–89 he had embraced not only liberalization but a political pluralization that amounted to systemic change. Such, however, was the intertwining of party and state that abandonment of ‘democratic centralism’ and the Communist Party’s monopoly of power led to a crisis of Soviet statehood by 1990–91 and to perestroika’s major unintended consequence – the dissolution of the USSR. Through persuasion and negotiation, rather than violent coercion, Gorbachev had tried and failed to prevent this disintegration of the USSR. But, successfully overcoming entrenched conservative resistance, he had already used the authority of his office and his powers of persuasion to leave Russia a freer country than it had ever been.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.30
自引率
50.00%
发文量
24
期刊介绍: Russian History’s mission is the publication of original articles on the history of Russia through the centuries, in the assumption that all past experiences are inter-related. Russian History seeks to discover, analyze, and understand the most interesting experiences and relationships and elucidate their causes and consequences. Contributors to the journal take their stand from different perspectives: intellectual, economic and military history, domestic, social and class relations, relations with non-Russian peoples, nutrition and health, all possible events that had an influence on Russia. Russian History is the international platform for the presentation of such findings.
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