官方对苏联种族骚乱的回应,1985-1991

IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY
M. Kramer
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引用次数: 0

摘要

与20世纪初结束的欧洲大型多民族陆地帝国(哈布斯堡王朝、俄罗斯帝国、奥斯曼帝国)一样,苏联由一个中央政府组成,统治着特定种族和文化群体占主导地位的偏远地区。多年来,苏联领导人依靠极端胁迫和偶尔对当地要求的让步,得以维持这个多民族苏联国家的内部稳定。1985年,米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫成为苏联共产党总书记后不久,他采取了全面的政治自由化和民主化,包括苏联有史以来首次举行的自由选举。在一个长期以残酷镇压著称的国家,放松政治控制对社会稳定产生了深远影响。为苏联各民族推动包括独立在内的深远变革提供了政治机会,这给戈尔巴乔夫团结苏联的努力带来了巨大困难。尽管他本可以像前苏联领导人多次那样使用大规模暴力,但他极不愿意造成大规模流血。他对大规模镇压的厌恶是促成苏联解体的关键因素之一。本文深入分析了1986年至1991年戈尔巴乔夫对苏联民族动乱的反应。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Official Responses to Ethnic Unrest in the USSR, 1985–1991
The Soviet Union, like the large, multiethnic land empires in Europe that came to an end in the early 20th century (Habsburg, Imperial Russian, Ottoman), consisted of a central government ruling over far-flung regions in which particular ethnic and cultural groups were predominant. For many years, Soviet leaders were able to maintain the internal stability of the multiethnic Soviet state by relying on a mix of extreme coercion and occasional concessions to local demands. Soon after Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, he adopted sweeping political liberalization and democratization, including the first free elections ever held in the USSR. The loosening of political control in a state that had long been known for brutal repression had far-reaching consequences for social stability. The political opportunities that opened for ethnic groups in the Soviet Union to push for far-reaching change, including independence, created great difficulty for Gorbachev’s attempts to hold the Soviet Union together. Although he could have resorted to the use of large-scale violence as previous Soviet leaders had repeatedly done, he was deeply reluctant to cause mass bloodshed. His aversion to the use of mass repression was one of the key factors that precipitated the unraveling of the USSR. This article presents an in-depth analysis of Gorbachev’s responses to ethnic unrest in the Soviet Union from 1986 through 1991.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.30
自引率
50.00%
发文量
24
期刊介绍: Russian History’s mission is the publication of original articles on the history of Russia through the centuries, in the assumption that all past experiences are inter-related. Russian History seeks to discover, analyze, and understand the most interesting experiences and relationships and elucidate their causes and consequences. Contributors to the journal take their stand from different perspectives: intellectual, economic and military history, domestic, social and class relations, relations with non-Russian peoples, nutrition and health, all possible events that had an influence on Russia. Russian History is the international platform for the presentation of such findings.
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