Vaccine: X最新文献

{"title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards hepatitis A virus immunization in Jordan: A nationwide cross-sectional study","authors":"Jehad A. Yasin ,&nbsp;Fares A. Qtaishat ,&nbsp;Mohammad-Amer A. Tamimi ,&nbsp;Leen A. Alkuttob ,&nbsp;Muaath I. Alsufi ,&nbsp;Ramez M. Odat ,&nbsp;Yazeed H. Heqail ,&nbsp;Areen Hatamleh ,&nbsp;Diala Walid Abu-Hassan","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an RNA virus transmitted via the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water and poor sanitation. Although the HAV vaccine was included in Jordan's vaccination program in 2020 to address rising infection rates, there is limited research on the population's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HAV.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards hepatitis A and its vaccine among Jordanian adults, identify their predictors, and inform future educational interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This observational cross-sectional study utilized data from Jordanians in all regions of the country. Data collection was conducted via an online Arabic survey to collect information regarding demographics, HAV knowledge, immunization attitudes, and practices.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Data were collected from 716 participants. Female participants resembled 60.3 % of participants, with a mean age of 31.18 years old. Participants deemed doctors as a trustworthy source of knowledge, however, only 46.51 % would consult them for information regarding HAV and its vaccine. The findings highlighted lower HAV vaccination knowledge and poorer attitudes in participants from the southern region of the country (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Higher knowledge scores were positively correlated with attitudes towards immunization (p &lt; 0.001). Females demonstrated significantly higher attitude scores compared with males, as shown by the Mann-Whitney <em>U</em> Test (<em>p</em> = 0.001) and regression coefficients. Positive attitudes towards vaccination positively influenced immunization willingness, while age had a negative influence (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study offered valuable insight on the gaps in HAV knowledge among Jordanians, emphasizing the need for targeted educational interventions. Future research should identify additional cultural and socioeconomic factors that may play a role in HAV knowledge and attitudes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100696"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A narrative review of pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive disease in North Africa and the Middle East","authors":"Hammam Haridy ,&nbsp;Ghassan Dbaibo ,&nbsp;Prakash Jeena ,&nbsp;Amina Al-Jardani","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) poses an enormous burden for developing countries. The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has resulted in global declines in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), and the World Health Organization recommends PCV inclusion in all national immunization programs (NIPs). This review assesses the pneumococcal serotypes causing IPD in North Africa and the Middle East and the potential prevention of IPD by different serotype-specific PCVs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A search was conducted in PubMed for articles published from 2012 to 2025 evaluating the serotypes causing IPD in North Africa and the Middle East.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 263 articles retrieved, the 30 that met inclusion criteria investigated IPD in 10 countries from 1994 through 2022: Algeria, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia. The studies showed that the serotypes most responsible for IPD varied widely over time and across countries and often demonstrated an inverse relationship to vaccine uptake. The most common IPD-causing serotypes were 14 (≤57.0 %), 19A (≤46.2 %) and 19F (≤30.8 %), but the prevalence of serotypes 14, 19A, and 19F tended to decline after the introduction of 7-valent PCV and 13-valent PCV (PCV13) into NIPs. In contrast, percentages of IPD caused by non-vaccine serotypes remained high in some countries.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Although limited data and variable results made major serotype distribution trends difficult to determine, IPD caused by PCV13 serotypes clearly declined after vaccine introduction whereas IPD caused by serotypes not included in the available vaccines tended to remain high or increase.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In North Africa and the Middle East, improved IPD serotype surveillance is needed. The introduction of higher valency vaccines into regional NIPs may alleviate IPD burden.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100688"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144779634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A phase II/III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of the Gam-COVID-Vac combined vector vaccine in the prophylactic treatment for SARS-СoV-2 infection in the United Arab Emirates","authors":"Ahmed A.K. AlHammadi ,&nbsp;Amna H. Alzaabi ,&nbsp;Haneen B. Choker ,&nbsp;Ahmed A. Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Asma Bin Ishaq ,&nbsp;Ahmed E. Mahboub ,&nbsp;Reem S. Al Dhaheri ,&nbsp;Mohamed N. Alzaabi ,&nbsp;Timothy A. Collyns ,&nbsp;Gehad ElGhazali ,&nbsp;Stefan Weber ,&nbsp;Basel K. Al-Ramadi","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Long-term efficacy and safety profiles of the various SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were investigated. Current trial aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the Gam-COVID-Vac combined vector vaccine against SARS-CoV-2-induced coronavirus infection up to 6 months post vaccination.</div></div><div><h3>Research design and methods</h3><div>Participants ≥18 years of age with no prior SARS-COV-2 infection or vaccination were randomized on a 3:1 ratio to receive heterologous recombinant human adenovirus-vectored vaccines or placebo, respectively. Immunogenicity was determined based on quantitative IgG antibodies to viral S and N proteins, virus- neutralizing Abs (VNA), seroconversion rates, and S protein-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 990 participants were randomized on a 3:1 ratio to vaccine and placebo groups. Majority of Adverse events were mild-moderate. Two doses of vaccine induced VNA in 100 % of participants on Day 42, with geometric mean ratio (GMR) peaking at 120 days with average 24.14 (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Vaccine group showed a very significant GMR for quantitative IgG to S protein. Seroconversion rates were 90.0 %, 83.7 % and 78.9 % on days 42, 120 and 180 (p &lt; 0.001 compared to placebo). A significant rise in the median of S protein-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T- lymphocytes with a robust IFN-γ response was evident after 28 days compared to baseline. Long-term follow-up demonstrated persistent and significant CD8⁺ T-cell and IFN-γ responses at 120 days (<em>p</em> = 0.049 and 0.039, respectively) compared to placebo.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine showed a good safety profile and induced durable humoral and cellular immune responses. The viral-specific CD8+ T-cell response was more durable following vaccination than CD4+ T cell counterpart.</div></div><div><h3>Trial Registration</h3><div>The trial is registered at <span><span>ClinicalTrials.gov</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> (<span><span>CT.gov</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> identifier: <span><span>NCT04656613</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100698"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in an adult intensive care unit: A retrospective study from a tertiary Center in Portugal” [Vaccine: X 24 (2025) 100627]","authors":"Ana Catarina Rodrigues Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Diogo Costa Oliveira ,&nbsp;Rita Jorge ,&nbsp;José Chen-Xu ,&nbsp;Matilde Couto ,&nbsp;Isabel Campos ,&nbsp;José Artur Paiva","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100697","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100697"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Seasonal influenza vaccination: Overcoming immunosenescence with enhanced vaccines” [Vaccine: X 24 (2025) 100662]","authors":"Wendy Boivin ,&nbsp;Mark Loeb ,&nbsp;Peter Openshaw ,&nbsp;Mansoor Ashraf ,&nbsp;Graham Pawelec","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100680","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Bordetella pertussis antibodies in Libyan pregnant women at the time of delivery","authors":"Suleiman Abusrewil ,&nbsp;Mostafa Gawass ,&nbsp;Inas Alhudiri ,&nbsp;Marwan Sherif ,&nbsp;Fawzi Ebrahim ,&nbsp;Ali Amgadmi ,&nbsp;Yosra Lamami ,&nbsp;Salah Tabal ,&nbsp;Musa O. Busarira ,&nbsp;Hussain Asherkaci ,&nbsp;Lubna Almaghur ,&nbsp;Samira Al Dwigen ,&nbsp;Mohamed Milad ,&nbsp;Fatma Faraj Alhoty ,&nbsp;Fatimah Abouthiheer ,&nbsp;Zaynab Algharyani ,&nbsp;Mirfat Albasheer ,&nbsp;Hana Elghoul ,&nbsp;Shaima Abuzaid ,&nbsp;Khoulod Tawel ,&nbsp;Adam Elzagheid","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease. Low levels of maternal antibodies make infants more susceptible to pertussis infection before they are eligible for vaccination at 2 months of age. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of antibodies against <em>Bordetella pertussis</em> in Libyan pregnant women at the time of delivery.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this observational cross-sectional clinic-based study, 840 pregnant women were enrolled at five tertiary hospitals in three major cities in Libya from March 2023 to February 2024. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. At the time of delivery, venous blood was extracted from participants, and the samples were analyzed for serum levels of anti-<em>B.pertussis</em> toxin antibodies (IgG and IgA) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples were positive if the antibody level was ≥100 IU/mL for IgG or ≥ 12 IU/mL for IgA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mean age of pregnant women was 31.1 ± 6.2 years old. All participants had received four doses of whole cell pertussis vaccine as part of the expanded Libyan national immunization program during their childhood. In this study, 827 (98.5 %) participants had IgG and IgA antibodies to <em>B.pertussis</em> toxin below the cut-off level of the assay. Only 13 (1.5 %) participants had recent infections (Two were positive for IgG, nine were positive for IgA antibodies and two were positive for both antibodies).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In this study, most pregnant women in Libya were seronegative for <em>B. pertussis</em> antibodies. This makes their young infants more vulnerable to pertussis infection at this critical age. These findings support the need to introduce maternal Tdap vaccination as an important preventive strategy to reduce the burden of neonatal and younger infants' pertussis infections in Libya. National immunization programs should prioritize maternal vaccination, booster doses, and enhanced surveillance to protect the most vulnerable groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of immune response to hepatitis B vaccine and its determinants among immunized anti-HBc-negative children in Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study","authors":"Adane Adugna ,&nbsp;Desalegn Abebaw ,&nbsp;Mohammed Jemal","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The hepatitis B vaccine is a crucial tool for preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, particularly in children. However, various factors can influence the vaccine's protective effectiveness and the duration of protection it provides.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective of this study was to evaluate the immune response to the hepatitis B vaccine, specifically the levels of anti-HBs, and to identify the factors influencing its production among immunized anti-HBc-negative children in the northwestern region of Ethiopia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods and materials</h3><div>A community-based cross-sectional study was done with 157 participants ranging in age from 5 to 12 years, from July to December 2021. A simple random sampling method was employed to recruit the subjects. After drawing blood samples, serum was analyzed to detect the presence of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Generalized linear models with a Poisson distribution, log link function, and robust standard errors were used for multivariable analysis, with 95 % confidence intervals. A <em>p</em>-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The total percentage of protective anti-HBs levels (anti-HBs ≥10 mIU/ml) among immunized anti-HBc-negative children in this study was 102/157 (65.0 %) (95 % CI: 57.0–73.0). Of these, 42.0 % were hypo-responders (their anti-HBs levels &gt;10–100 mIU/ml), while 23.0 % were hyper-responders (their anti-HBs levels &gt;100 mIU/ml). Moreover, concomitant vaccinations showed a significant negative association with anti-HBs antibody levels. Participants who had concomitant vaccinations, antibody levels decrease by ∼1.26 units compared to no concomitant vaccinations (APR: 1.26, 95 % CI: −1.892, −0.624) (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Childhood vaccination against hepatitis B is effective in only 65 % of children. In the study area, protective antibody levels (anti-HBs ≥10 mIU/ml) were reduced among immunized anti-HBc-negative children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity of ARCT-154, a self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, in different booster settings","authors":"Yoshiaki Oda ,&nbsp;Nhan Thi Ho ,&nbsp;Xuan-Hung Nguyen ,&nbsp;Ly-Thi-Le Tran ,&nbsp;Van Thu Nguyen ,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Iwama ,&nbsp;Iori Okura ,&nbsp;Yukihiro Yagi ,&nbsp;Jenny Guek-Hong Low ,&nbsp;Steven G. Hughes ,&nbsp;Roberto Bugarini ,&nbsp;Rose Sekulovich ,&nbsp;Hongfan Jin ,&nbsp;Carole Verhoeven ,&nbsp;Igor Smolenov","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A self-amplifying mRNA (sa-mRNA) vaccine against COVID-19 (ARCT-154) was evaluated for immunogenicity in three clinical studies with four booster scenarios: first homologous booster, first heterologous booster, second heterologous booster, and a two-dose series in previously infected participants. Neutralizing antibody responses were measured four weeks after vaccination using pseudovirus microneutralization assays against the Wuhan-Hu-1 and SARS-CoV-2 variants. ARCT-154, administered as a homologous booster, resulted in a geometric mean fold-rise (GMFR) of 6.5 (95 % confidence interval, 5.6–7.5) and seroconversion rate (SCR) of 77 % (69.8–83.2), compared with 1.4 (0.9–2.2) and 17.3 % (8.2–30.3) with placebo. A first heterologous booster of ARCT-154 achieved a GMFR of 36.7 (17.4–77.5) and SCR of 91.7 % (61.5–99.8) against Wuhan-Hu-1, with GMFRs ranging from 20.0 to 29.4 for Beta, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 variants. When comparing ARCT-154 and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine as a second booster dose, GMFRs against Wuhan-Hu-1 were 6.8 (6.0–7.6) and 4.4 (4.0–4.8), and SCRs were 66.1 % (61.1–70.9) and 51.2 % (46.0–56.4), respectively. Similar inter-group differences were shown for the Omicron BA.4/5 and persisted for ≥12 months. Following natural infection, one dose and two doses of ARCT-154 resulted in GMFR of 4.4 (2.2–7.0) and 6.2 (3.8–10.0), and SCR of 58.8 % (32.9–81.6) and 73.3 % (44.9–92.2) against Wuhan-Hu-1, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies remained elevated for at least 6 months. These results confirm that ARCT-154, administered as a homologous or heterologous booster after previous COVID-19 vaccination or natural exposure, provides robust, broad, and durable immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 viruses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-licensure safety monitoring of human papillomavirus vaccines in Jiangsu Province, China from 2019 to 2023","authors":"Ran Hu ,&nbsp;Nuo Xu ,&nbsp;Hongxiong Guo ,&nbsp;Jing Yu ,&nbsp;Borong Xu ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Zhu ,&nbsp;Li Liu ,&nbsp;Xun Li ,&nbsp;Poning Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiguo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The five types of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been administered in Jiangsu Province. In this study, we evaluated the safety profiles of HPV vaccines using records collected from the Chinese National Adverse Events Following Immunization Information System (CNAEFIS) and the Jiangsu Province Vaccination Integrated Service Management Information System (JSEIRS) from January 2019 to August 2023. Demographic characteristics of cases, symptoms, and clinical diagnosis were summarized from reported adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in the CNAEFIS. Administered doses of the five HPV vaccines were retrieved from the JSEIRS Disproportionality Analysis (DPA) was applied to detect potential positive signals for specific adverse events associated with HPV vaccination. A total of 115, 104, 3, 167, and 277 cases of AEFI following 2-valent HPV vaccine (adsorbed), 2-valent HPV vaccine (<em>E. coli</em>), 2-valent HPV vaccine (<em>P. pastoris</em>), 4-valent HPV vaccine (<em>S. cerevisiae</em>) and 9-valent HPV vaccine (<em>S. cerevisiae</em>) administration were reported, respectively. Common adverse reactions (fever, redness and induration) were the most frequently reported AEFI after HPV vaccination, while fatigue, myalgia, dizziness, rash, and itching were the most commonly reported systemic symptoms. DPA suggests that urticaria is an AEFI that should be of particular concern after HPV vaccination. In all, HPV vaccines showed satisfactory safety profiles in the Jiangsu Province. Further active surveillance studies are warranted to yield more comprehensive post-marketing safety data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100692"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of statistical models of carriage to predict the impact of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease in Nigeria","authors":"Aishatu L. Adamu ,&nbsp;John. Ojal ,&nbsp;Caroline Mburu ,&nbsp;Katherine E. Gallagher ,&nbsp;Stefan Flasche ,&nbsp;Kofo Odeyemi ,&nbsp;Christy A.N. Okoromah ,&nbsp;Isa S. Abubakar ,&nbsp;Musa M. Bello ,&nbsp;Victor Inem ,&nbsp;Angela Karani ,&nbsp;Boniface Karia ,&nbsp;Donald Akech ,&nbsp;Ifedayo M.O. Adetifa ,&nbsp;J. Anthony G. Scott","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A substantial fraction of the population-level impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) is mediated through indirect effects, i.e., their capacity to protect against carriage acquisition of vaccine serotypes (VTs) among vaccinees, thereby proportionately reducing transmission and indirectly averting invasive disease in the whole population. Therefore, by relying on the consequent near elimination of VT carriage, early carriage-based models successfully captured the impact of seven-valent PCV (PCV7) in high-income settings. We sought to determine the applicability of three published statistical carriage-based models for the evaluation of PCV10 impact in Nigeria, where carriage prevalence data are available from urban and rural sites.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We applied external data, with assumptions, to empirical carriage prevalence data to predict IPD incidence rate ratios (IRRs). The models assume PCV has no effect on serotype invasiveness among carriers because VT carriage is eliminated. Model 1 uses estimates of relative proportions of pre-PCV VT-IPD to predict IRRs. Model 2 uses pre-PCV serotype IPD incidence, while Model 3 uses measures of serotype invasiveness, the case-carrier ratio (CCR).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Model 1 estimates the largest PCV10 impact on overall IPD (IRR:0.38 and 0.50) in the urban and rural sites, respectively. Whereas estimates from Model 2 (IRR:0.69 and 0.78) and Model 3 (IRR:0.63 and 0.70) were more conservative.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>VT carriage was not eliminated in our setting, so Model 1 estimates the hypothetical maximum impact. Relying entirely on indirect effects, Models 2 and 3 represent the minimum impact of PCV. Predictions would be more accurate if they accounted for direct effects among vaccinated VT carriers. This study illustrates the importance of capturing vaccination data on individuals sampled in carriage prevalence surveys designed to estimate IPD burden at population level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100691"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}