Vaccine: X最新文献

{"title":"Changes in vaccination practices among infants after the introduction of DTaP-IPV/Hib combination vaccines","authors":"Hee-Jin Kim ,&nbsp;Suvin Park ,&nbsp;Na-Young Jeong ,&nbsp;Nam-Kyong Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis, polio, and Haemophilus influenza type B (DTaP-IPV/Hib) combination vaccine was introduced as a part of the Korea National Immunization Program (NIP) on June 19, 2017. Combination vaccines can improve vaccination rates by simplifying the vaccination schedule.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To explain how the introduction of DTaP-IPV/Hib in the NIP has changed vaccination practices for infants.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Using a nationwide vaccine registry, the proportion of infants who completed the full recommended doses of the primary series of DTaP, IPV, and Hib (D-I-H) within 12 months of age was estimated among those born between 2013 and 2019. Among those, the proportions of those who received the same DTaP components for all 3 doses during the primary series were calculated for the 2013–2016 and the 2017–2019 birth cohorts. Those who received the same component of DTaP throughout the entire primary vaccination schedule were categorized into 3 groups by DTaP components to compare the average frequency of medical visits for vaccination.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 2,703,822 infants were born between 2013 and 2019, of which 96.7% completed full doses of the primary D-I-H series within 12 months of age. For the 2013–2016 birth cohorts, most received DTaP-IPV-only (75.4%), while most of the 2017–2019 birth cohorts received DTaP-IPV/Hib-only (81.0%) to complete the 3 doses for primary D-I-H series. The average frequency of medical visits for vaccination showed a significant difference across the 3 groups classified by DTaP components in every birth cohort (p &lt; 0.001).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>After the introduction of DTaP-IPV/Hib, most infants completed the primary D-I-H series with the combination vaccine and there was a significant reduction in the average number of medical visits for vaccination. Our findings provide important insights for countries considering the introduction of combination vaccines into their NIP.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100484"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136224000573/pdfft?md5=d25c9ab2da475f1b17a466455153494f&pid=1-s2.0-S2590136224000573-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140552447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination coverage during pregnancy and factors associated with refusal of recommended vaccinations: An Italian cross sectional study","authors":"Viola Seravalli ,&nbsp;Irene Romualdi ,&nbsp;Oumaima Ammar ,&nbsp;Chiara De Blasi ,&nbsp;Sara Boccalini ,&nbsp;Angela Bechini ,&nbsp;Mariarosaria Di Tommaso","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The vaccines recommended during pregnancy are the Tdap, the influenza vaccine, and, during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the vaccine against COVID-19. This survey aimed at determining vaccination coverage among pregnant women and adverse events, reasons for vaccine refusal, and factors associated with vaccine uptake.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A single-center cross-sectional study was conducted on women who delivered between March and April 2022 at Careggi University Hospital in Florence, Italy. Information on the vaccinations (Tdap, influenza and COVID-19) received during pregnancy were collected through in-person interviews.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Among 307 enrolled women (response rate 99 % on a study population of 310 eligible women), 74 % of patients were vaccinated with Tdap, 82 % against COVID-19, and only 33 % against influenza. Vaccination coverage for Tdap and COVID-19 was significantly higher among Italian than foreign patients (80 % vs 51 %, p &lt; 0.001 and 86 % vs 69 %, p = 0.002, respectively), and for Tdap was higher among patients followed in the private vs public care setting. The main reasons behind refusal of vaccinations were low risk perception of influenza (41 %), insufficient information received from the prenatal care provider regarding the Tdap (35 %), and, for the COVID-19, fear of vaccine side effects (64 %), and concerns about effects on the fetus (70 %).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Adherence to the influenza vaccine was low because of reduced perception of the disease risks. The difference in vaccination coverage between Italians and foreigners is an example of healthcare disparity. Better information provided to patients about vaccines’ efficacy and safety is advisable to increase acceptance of recommended vaccines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100483"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136224000561/pdfft?md5=cc11ce4a437202d1ca875f1b1c9f4925&pid=1-s2.0-S2590136224000561-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140542794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ecological analysis of socio-economic determinants associated with paediatric vaccination coverage in the Campania Region: A population-based study, years 2003–2017","authors":"Michelangelo Mercogliano ,&nbsp;Ronan Lemwel Valdecantos ,&nbsp;Gianluca Fevola ,&nbsp;Michele Sorrentino ,&nbsp;Gaetano Buonocore ,&nbsp;Maria Triassi ,&nbsp;Raffaele Palladino","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Vaccines are the most cost-effective and straightforward intervention against severe infectious diseases. However, in Europe and in Italy, paediatric vaccination coverage for certain vaccines remains suboptimal, with considerable regional differences in Italy. Vaccine coverage varies significantly due to socio-economic and organisational factors. Aim of this study was to assess the influence of the Deprivation Index, the density of General Practitioners and General Paediatricians per inhabitants on the coverage of both mandatory and non-mandatory paediatric vaccinations across local health authorities and health districts in the Campania Region for birth cohorts from 2001 to 2015.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>Population-based, ecological time series analysis focusing on the Campania Region, most populous region in the south of Italy. Vaccination coverage data were extracted from the regional immunization database, whilst information on the Deprivation Index and number of primary care doctors and primary care paediatricians per local health district were extracted from public health records. Univariate descriptive statistics were employed to describe study characteristics, as appropriate, whilst and mixed-effect linear regression models were employed to assess the associations between variables of interest and vaccination coverage.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Overall vaccination coverage has generally increased, except for the MMR vaccine, which showed coverage fluctuations. An increase in the Deprivation Index, indicative of less favourable socio-economic conditions, was associated with decreased vaccination coverage in the 24-month age group for some mandatory vaccines (DTaP: Coef −0.97, 95% CI −1.77 | −0.17; Poliomyelitis: Coef −0.98, 95% CI −1.78 | −0.17; Hepatitis B: Coef −0.90, 95% CI −1.71 | −0.10). Moreover, areas with a greater density of General Paediatricians per inhabitants saw increased coverage for Haemophilus influenzae type b in the 6-year age group (Coef 9.78, 95% CI 1.00 | 18.56).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>It is necessary to target public health policies to address vaccination inequalities. These efforts should include expanding vaccination campaigns, enhancing catch-up programs, and increase resource allocation in primary care settings to facilitate the role of General Practitioners and Paediatricians in fostering awareness and adherence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100482"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259013622400055X/pdfft?md5=54b0159d73504adbd5d685a3aa34a5d1&pid=1-s2.0-S259013622400055X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140344945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global disparities in COVID-19 vaccine booster dose (VBD) acceptance and hesitancy: An updated narrative review","authors":"Debendra Nath Roy ,&nbsp;Nowrin Ferdiousi ,&nbsp;Md. Mohabbot Hossen ,&nbsp;Ekramul Islam ,&nbsp;Md. Shah Azam","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global deployment of COVID-19 vaccine booster dose (VBD) has been recognized as a promising therapeutic alliance to provide repeated immunity against the arrival of new variants. Despite scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of periodic doses, COVID-19 vaccine booster reluctance continues to thrive. This narrative review aimed to examine global COVID-19 vaccine booster dose (VBD) acceptance and summarize an up-to-date assessment of potential antecedents associated with VBD acceptance. A comprehensive search was performed in several reputable databases such as Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, Google scholar, and Web of Science from June 10th, 2023, to August 1st, 2023. All relevant descriptive and observational studies on COVID-19 VBD acceptance and hesitancy were included in this review. A total of fifty-eight (58) studies were included, with Asia representing the highest count with thirty-one (53%) studies, Europe with eleven (19 %), the United States with nine (16 %), and other regions (Africa and multi-ethnic) with seven (12 %). Worldwide, the pooled COVID-19 VBD acceptance rate was 77.09 % (95 % CI: 76.28–78.18), VBD willingness (n) = 164189, and the total sample (N) = 212,990. The highest and the lowest VBD acceptance rate was reported in Europe and American regions, respectively, 85.38 % (95 % CI: 85.02–85.73, (n) = 32,047, (N = 37,533) vs. 66.92 % (95 % CI: 66.56–67.4), (n) = 29335, (N) = 43,832. However, Asia and multi-ethnic areas reported moderately high VBD acceptance rate 79.13 % (95 % CI: 78.77–79.23, (n) = 93,994, (N) = 11,8779) and 72.16 % (95 % CI: 71.13–72.93, (n) = 9276, (N) = 12,853), respectively. The most common and key antecedents of<!--> <!-->COVID-19 VBD acceptance and hesitancy<!--> <!-->across the countries were “equal safety”, “efficacy”, “effectiveness”, “post-vaccination side effects”, “community<!--> <!-->protection” “family protection”, “risk-benefit ratio”, “booster necessity”, “trust”, and “variants control”. Disparities in the uptake of COVID-19 VBD were observed globally, with the highest rates found in Europe, and the lowest rates in American regions. Multiple potential antecedents including safety, efficacy, and post-vaccination side effects were associated with VBD acceptance and hesitancy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100480"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136224000536/pdfft?md5=98f29ee9a7d6e261b361eaa49726459b&pid=1-s2.0-S2590136224000536-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140344944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and associated determinants in Addis Ketema Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A community-based study","authors":"Genanew Kassie Getahun ,&nbsp;Hailu Sefefe ,&nbsp;Tewodros Shitemaw ,&nbsp;Betselot Yirsaw Wubete","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Despite the global surge in the Corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, people's efforts to combat the pandemic have been insufficient. The world has experienced a number of challenges in terms of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Therefore, understanding the community's willingness to receive the vaccine will aid in the creation and implementation of effective COVID-19 immunization. As a result, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and associated factors among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A community-based cross-sectional study with 419 household heads was undertaken in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. To identify factors associated with the outcome and independent variables, bi-variable and multi-variable logistic regression analyses were used. A 95% confidence interval and a p-value of less than 0.05 were deemed sufficient to declare a significant association.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The level of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was 46.3 % (95 % CI: 43.87–48.73). Moreover, age groups above 58 years (AOR = 0.38, 95: CI: 0.17, 0.84), chronic disease (AOR: 2.09, 95 % CI: 1.28–3.42), a positive attitude (AOR: 1.64, 95 % CI: 1.29–2.04), being a Muslim (AOR: 0.36, 95 % CI: 0.19–0.71) and social support (AOR: 1.7, 95 % CI: 1.04–2.79) were all significantly related to COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The findings of this study revealed a lower rate of COVID-19 vaccination acceptance. Age, chronic disease, attitude, and social support were significant predictors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Therefore, emphasis should be given for community mobilization, especially for the elderly, those with limited social engagement, and those who have a negative attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136224000548/pdfft?md5=b47ee36db5591eb8bb86aca0ae62a172&pid=1-s2.0-S2590136224000548-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140188139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with childhood non-vaccination against COVID-19 in Canada: A national survey analysis","authors":"David Guan,&nbsp;Sailly Dave,&nbsp;Marwa Ebrahim,&nbsp;Julie A. Laroche","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>COVID-19 vaccination efforts are critical in mitigating the impact of the virus, but despite proven safety and efficacy, vaccination rates among children in Canada are lower than in adults, prompting a need to explore determinants of childhood COVID-19 non-vaccination to improve uptake.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>This study analyzed data from the Canadian COVID-19 Immunization Coverage Survey 2022. Using multivariable logistic regression, it examined the association between COVID-19 non-vaccination among children aged 5–17 and factors such as parental sociodemographic characteristics, vaccine knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KAB), and vaccination history.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The analysis revealed that negative KAB towards vaccines, reflected in higher KAB composite scores, significantly increased the likelihood of non-vaccination. Additionally, factors such as lower household incomes, rural residence, employment in sectors not at risk for vaccine-preventable diseases, and younger parental age were associated with higher non-vaccination. The study also highlighted ethnic disparities in vaccination odds and found that children with incomplete routine vaccinations or inconsistent flu vaccination histories were more likely to be unvaccinated against COVID-19. Surprisingly, children of parents who consistently received flu vaccinations were more likely to be unvaccinated against COVID-19. Furthermore, parental education levels showed a complex relationship with children's COVID-19 vaccination status, indicating nuanced influences on vaccination decisions.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The findings offer vital insights into the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination uptake among children in Canada, suggesting avenues for targeted strategies to improve vaccine coverage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100478"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136224000512/pdfft?md5=fa0011f08840574f3859efea287c3ba7&pid=1-s2.0-S2590136224000512-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140290915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine hesitancy in adolescents regarding COVID-19 vaccination: A literature review","authors":"Meita Dhamayanti ,&nbsp;Rita Andriyani ,&nbsp;Shycha Moenardi ,&nbsp;Permata Putri Karina","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Background: Previous reviews on the cause of vaccine hesitancy (VH) have not included vaccine hesitancy related to the COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents, which is necessary for minimizing disruptions to education and the maintenance of their overall well-being, health, and safety. This review aims to provide an overview of vaccine-hesitant perspectives on the COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents and the factors that influence them. Methods: This review followed the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Literature Review (PRISMA). Searches were carried out in the PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Following data extraction, a thematic analysis of vaccine hesitancy in adolescents regarding COVID-19 vaccines was conducted. Results: Seven articles were included. Nine areas were identified as factors influencing vaccine hesitancy, namely gender identity, parental roles, vaccine safety and effectiveness, perceptions of COVID-19 as a disease, medical professionals’ recommendations, health behavior, vaccination experience, adolescent ignorance, and religious concerns. Our findings suggest that the scientific knowledge of vaccines and the size of clinical trials during their development reduce vaccine hesitancy. Conclusion: Our findings build on those of previous research to suggest specific information that may help address vaccine hesitancy among adolescents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136224000500/pdfft?md5=00daf71697a7c2701059293745cab7b2&pid=1-s2.0-S2590136224000500-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140281205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enablers and barriers to rotavirus vaccine coverage in Assam, India- A qualitative study","authors":"Rashmi Mehra ,&nbsp;Arindam Ray ,&nbsp;Sabita Das ,&nbsp;Biman Kusum Chowdhury ,&nbsp;Seema Singh Koshal ,&nbsp;Rhythm Hora ,&nbsp;Amrita Kumari ,&nbsp;Amanjot Kaur ,&nbsp;Syed F. Quadri ,&nbsp;Arup Deb Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Estimates suggest that 78,000 children died due to rotavirus gastroenteritis annually between 2011 and 2013 in India. The north eastern state of Assam reported 38.4% pediatric diarrheal admissions testing positive for rotavirus. Rotavirus vaccine (RVV) was introduced in Assam in 2017 following which the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) (2019) revealed low RVV coverage in Assam with wide variation between the districts. the current study was conceptualized and undertaken to capture the enablers and barriers to RVV coverage in Assam.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Qualitative study conducted in 5 randomly selected districts in Assam. Participants (key informants) were recruited by purposive sampling at each level of the health system including healthcare officials, service providers and caregivers based on availability. Thirty-five in-depth interviews (IDIs) and five focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted. Interviews were tape recorded and transcribed. Data was coded and analyzed using the thematic framework approach.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Findings from the qualitative data collection were collated and analyzed under 7 identified themes. Difficult terrain, limited service provider availability and no catch-up training for new recruits were some of the barriers to RVV coverage. In contrast, Information, Education &amp; Communication (IEC) in vernacular language, RVV safety profile, development partner support and adequate RVV supply were identified as some of the enablers of RVV coverage.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Few broad recommendations to overcome identified barriers include comprehensive inter-sectoral coordination, regular monitoring and frequent refresher training sessions. There is a need for a future study utilizing existing coverage data and larger sample size to triangulate the findings of this study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100479"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136224000524/pdfft?md5=cbb7a4751a6a7bca3b7f8e92f7db257c&pid=1-s2.0-S2590136224000524-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140188138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the spread of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 outbreaks and interventions: A case study of Nigeria","authors":"Yuming Sun ,&nbsp;Pinar Keskinocak ,&nbsp;Lauren N. Steimle ,&nbsp;Stephanie D. Kovacs ,&nbsp;Steven G. Wassilak","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100476","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Background&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Despite the successes of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, substantial challenges remain in eradicating the poliovirus. The Sabin-strain (live-attenuated) virus in oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) can revert to circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) in under-vaccinated communities, regain neurovirulence and transmissibility, and cause paralysis outbreaks. Since the cessation of type 2-containing OPV (OPV2) in 2016, there have been cVDPV type 2 (cVDPV2) outbreaks in four out of six geographical World Health Organization regions, making these outbreaks a significant public health threat. Preparing for and responding to cVDPV2 outbreaks requires an updated understanding of how different factors, such as outbreak responses with the novel type of OPV2 (nOPV2) and the existence of under-vaccinated areas, affect the disease spread.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Methods&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;We built a differential-equation-based model to simulate the transmission of cVDPV2 following reversion of the Sabin-strain virus in prolonged circulation. The model incorporates vaccinations by essential (routine) immunization and supplementary immunization activities (SIAs), the immunity induced by different poliovirus vaccines, and the reversion process from Sabin-strain virus to cVDPV. The model’s outcomes include weekly cVDPV2 paralytic case counts and the die-out date when cVDPV2 transmission stops. In a case study of Northwest and Northeast Nigeria, we fit the model to data on the weekly cVDPV2 case counts with onset in 2018–2021. We then used the model to test the impact of different outbreak response scenarios during a prediction period of 2022–2023. The response scenarios included no response, the planned response (based on Nigeria’s SIA calendar), and a set of hypothetical responses that vary in the dates at which SIAs started. The planned response scenario included two rounds of SIAs that covered almost all areas of Northwest and Northeast Nigeria except some under-vaccinated areas (e.g., Sokoto). The hypothetical response scenarios involved two, three, and four rounds of SIAs that covered the whole Northwest and Northeast Nigeria. All SIAs in tested outbreak response scenarios used nOPV2. We compared the outcomes of tested outbreak response scenarios in the prediction period.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Results&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Modeled cVDPV2 weekly case counts aligned spatiotemporally with the data. The prediction results indicated that implementing the planned response reduced total case counts by 79% compared to no response, but did not stop the transmission, especially in under-vaccinated areas. Implementing the hypothetical response scenarios involving two rounds of nOPV2 SIAs that covered all areas further reduced cVDPV2 case counts in under-vaccinated areas by 91–95% compared to the planned response, with greater impact from completing the two rounds at an earlier time, but it d","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100476"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136224000494/pdfft?md5=07d8c835cf142a3160435000b11b3d0a&pid=1-s2.0-S2590136224000494-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140270680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and immunogenicity of CoronaVac and ChAdOx1 heterologous prime-boost vaccines in an overweight population in Chiang Mai, Thailand","authors":"Kriangkrai Chawansuntati ,&nbsp;Supachai Sakkhachornphop ,&nbsp;Sayamon Hongjaisee ,&nbsp;Saranta Freeouf ,&nbsp;Patumrat Sripan ,&nbsp;Nattaya Nusartsang ,&nbsp;Romanee Chaiwarith ,&nbsp;Tavitiya Sudjaritruk ,&nbsp;Khuanchai Supparatpinyo ,&nbsp;Jiraprapa Wipasa","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>In early 2021, the Ministry of Public Health of Thailand announced heterologous regimens for COVID-19 vaccines using CoronaVac as the first dose followed by ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 at 3 weeks apart. Priority was given to individuals above 60 years old and those who had seven underlying conditions, including obesity. The vaccine regimen was evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in overweight populations in Chiang Mai, Thailand.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants who had a COVID-19 vaccination appointment for the heterologous prime-boost regimen were enrolled. Before each immunization and on day 28 following the second dosage, blood samples were taken, and were examined for anti-spike and neutralizing antibodies by using an indirect ELISA and virus neutralization assays. Safety profile of the vaccine regimen was assessed via a self-recorded diary of adverse events after each vaccination.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>No serious adverse events related to vaccination were reported during study period and the majority of adverse reactions were fatigue and pain at the injection site. The levels of anti-spike IgG were 26.3, 56.4 and 1752.1 BAU/mL at baseline, 21 days after first dose and 28 days after second dose, respectively. At 4 weeks after complete vaccination, the median inhibition rates of neutralizing antibody determined by surrogate neutralization assay against wild type, Delta and Omicron variants were 95.2, 85.0 and 3.8, respectively. Moreover, the NT50 level against wild type and Delta variants determined by pseudotyped virus neutralization assay were 133.3 and 41.7, respectively. The neutralizing activity against Omicron variant was almost lower than cutoff level for detection.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The heterologous CoronaVac-ChAdOx1vaccination was safe, well-tolerated and able to induce humoral immunity against wild-type and Delta variants but not against the Omicron variant in overweight population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100475"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136224000482/pdfft?md5=0f8df2cc9ca1a858d7ae27521d72aca2&pid=1-s2.0-S2590136224000482-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140191809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}