Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells最新文献

{"title":"Pico-second pulse electron irradiation damage studies in crystalline silicon solar cells","authors":"Aram Sahakyan ,&nbsp;Vachagan Harutyunyan ,&nbsp;Norik Grigoryan ,&nbsp;Arpine Martirosyan ,&nbsp;Norair Martirosyan ,&nbsp;Ashot Vardanyan ,&nbsp;Christopher Rhodes ,&nbsp;Eduard Aleksanyan","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of picosecond electron irradiation on the performance parameters of commercial crystalline silicon solar cells fabricated using Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact (PERC) solar technology. The irradiation was performed using electrons with energies up to 3.6 MeV, a pulse current density of j_pulse = 200 A/cm², and a fluence of 5.4 × 10¹³ e/cm². Under these conditions the induced radiation defects are predominantly stable cluster-type defects, which is a result of the high electron beam peak intensity. The degradation of the silicon solar cells caused decrease of its parameters, such as the maximum power by more than 40 %. This phenomenon occurs at an electron irradiation fluence more than two orders of magnitude lower than previously reported in the literature for the same effect.</div><div>We propose a hypothesis to explain the open circuit voltage (V_OC) behavior in irradiated silicon solar cells. Thus, in irradiated solar cells, charge layers are created within the insulator and at the semiconductor-insulator and/or semiconductor-metal interface, which creates electric field - directed oppositely to the field from the p-n junction. It has been shown that the electric field from these charged layers plays a significant role in reducing V_OC in irradiated solar cells. We suggest that if a controlled charged layer could be created in a solar cell, the electric field direction from which is the same as that of the field from the p-n junction, then the V_OC could be increased, thus enhancing the efficiency of the solar cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113956"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New metrics for evaluating energy efficiency of solar electric vehicles based on self-consumption and self-sufficiency","authors":"Dawon Kim ,&nbsp;Yosoon Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar Electric Vehicles (SEVs), which generate electricity through onboard photovoltaic panels, are emerging as a sustainable transportation alternative. However, conventional energy efficiency metrics for internal combustion engine vehicles and battery electric vehicles are inadequate for capturing the unique energy flow characteristics of SEVs. This study proposes a new energy efficiency evaluation framework for SEVs using two metrics: Self-Consumption Rate (<span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>SCR</mtext><mtext>SEV</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span>) and Self-Sufficiency Rate (<span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>SSR</mtext><mtext>SEV</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span>). These metrics distinguish between self-generated energy and externally supplied energy, enabling a more accurate assessment of SEV energy utilization. Simulation analyses were conducted under various environmental conditions and vehicle specifications, considering solar power generation, battery charge-discharge behavior, and power consumption patterns. The results demonstrate that <span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>SCR</mtext><mtext>SEV</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>SSR</mtext><mtext>SEV</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span> effectively reflect the sensitivity of SEV performance to changes in weather conditions and operational scenarios. For example, <span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>SCR</mtext><mtext>SEV</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mtext>SSR</mtext><mtext>SEV</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span> were 84 % and 74 % on clear days, while reaching 90 % and 46 % on cloudy days, highlighting the capability of the proposed metrics to capture energy variations in energy autonomy. The evaluation results based on the conventional SCR and SSR calculation methods were compared with those derived from the newly proposed framework. The proposed framework offers valuable insights for assessing energy independence and grid dependency in future solar-powered mobility systems and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113957"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Front-surface cooling of infrared thermophotovoltaic cells","authors":"Haolin Wang ,&nbsp;Makoto Shimizu ,&nbsp;Rodolphe Vaillon ,&nbsp;Daniel Chemisana Villegas ,&nbsp;Oriol Teixido ,&nbsp;Hiroo Yugami","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a front-surface cooling method for thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells utilizing microfluidic channels for efficient heat dissipation. Unlike conventional back-surface cooling, front-surface cooling minimizes thermal resistance by directly cooling the top surface of the cell. The microfluidic channel layer also functions as an antireflection layer through the gradual change in the refractive index. The proposed cooling method was evaluated using a thermo-fluid analysis, considering factors such as the emitter temperature, cell reflectance, thermal resistance, and fluid optical properties. We examined liquids with ideal absorption characteristics and actual liquids whose absorption coefficients were measured. The results showed that front-surface cooling significantly outperformed back-surface cooling in terms of the net power density. This method is particularly advantageous for high emitter temperatures or in cases where the thermal resistance between the cell and back-surface liquid is high. Moreover, this study highlights the potential application of the cooling method in bifacial TPV cells, which can generate electricity from thermal radiation incident on both sides. Bifacial cells offer higher power generation per unit area but face cooling challenges. The proposed cooling technique addresses these challenges, paving the way for innovative TPV system configurations and improved performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113940"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of carbonate impurity on thermophysical properties and structure of chloride molten salt","authors":"Xianqing Liu ,&nbsp;Fochao Huang ,&nbsp;Yecheng Yao ,&nbsp;Fei Liang ,&nbsp;Shule Liu ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Lu ,&nbsp;Gechuanqi Pan ,&nbsp;Jing Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the effects of carbonate ion impurities on the thermophysical properties of NaCl-KCl mixed molten salts, the intrinsic mechanisms via structural evolution. Results show that carbonate impurities have an insignificant effect on density, but increase the specific heat capacity 4. 35 % at 4 mol % CO₃²⁻. Due to new clusters formation of carbonate impurity and metal cations, the movement of ions is restricted, and the self-diffusion coefficient of Na⁺ decrease 21.62 %, 6. 80 % for Cl⁻ and 6.12 % for K⁺, which further led to an increase in viscosity. Additionally, carbonate impurities introduce diverse short-range interactions that disrupt the initial molten salt structure and limit effective collision and migration between ions, leading to a decrease in thermal conductivity. Density, viscosity and thermal conductivity all show a negative temperature dependence, primarily due to elevated temperatures increasing ion spacing, loosening the system, and weakening ionic interactions. Finally, correlations between temperature, impurities and thermophysical properties were established. This study provides a valuable theoretical basis for the establishment and optimization of standards for impurity content of molten salts and offers insights for the development of cost-effective high-temperature molten salts energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113938"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the synergistic regulation mechanism of levelling and plasticity in front-side silver paste for TOPCon solar cells","authors":"Zhaoyang Fan ,&nbsp;Xu Jia ,&nbsp;Linjing Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenjie Yang ,&nbsp;Lusong Huang ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Lin Bao ,&nbsp;Wenyan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Gan","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The printing quality of silver pastes is critically dependent on their rheological properties, particularly for the front-side fine-grid system of TOPCon solar cells. This study investigates the synergistic optimization of printing quality and rheology in front-side fine-grid silver pastes for TOPCon cells. Employing three-stage shear tests (3ITT) and yield stress measurements, we systematically evaluated the effects of A-type short-chain silicone levellers and B-type polyacrylate levellers, across varying dosages, on the paste's initial viscosity, thixotropy, recovery kinetics, and printed grid morphology. Results demonstrate that incorporating 0.2 wt% silicone leveller (A-S-0.2 system) significantly enhances paste recovery, achieving 87 % recovery at 17 s with t₅₀ &lt; 1 s. This performance markedly surpasses both the control group and B-series samples, ensuring morphological stability during screen printing and pre-sintering. Continuous production-line printing verification revealed that formulations A-S-0.23 and A-S-0.25 achieved aspect ratios of 28.9 % and 34.2 %, respectively. Consequently, series resistance was reduced by 19.2 %–26.9 %, and conversion efficiency increased from 26.19 % to 26.59 %. Analysis indicates that the leveller achieves a precise \"shear-softening–structural-reconstruction\" balance by reducing particle surface energy and suppressing viscosity hysteresis, thereby effectively inhibiting lateral spreading and morphology collapse. This work provides essential design concepts and a theoretical foundation for high-precision fine-grid printing and the fabrication of highly efficient TOPCon devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113932"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision laser ablation of dielectric layers: Unveiling multi-parameter synergy for industrial-compatible, low-damage processing","authors":"Jia Zheng ,&nbsp;Zehao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zuozuo Wu ,&nbsp;Guixiu Li ,&nbsp;Shiyang Sun ,&nbsp;Jiabin Lu ,&nbsp;Degong Ding ,&nbsp;Shunan Chen ,&nbsp;Chenyang Yu ,&nbsp;Shuai Yuan ,&nbsp;Jianwei Cao ,&nbsp;Deren Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study demonstrates UV femtosecond laser processing (345 nm, 350 fs) as an efficient method for dielectric patterning in TOPCon solar cells, revealing dual ablation mechanisms: textured fronts form laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) at moderate fluence (0.076 J/cm²), while planar rears exhibit peripheral dielectric delamination and central two-photon etching. Pulse widths (350 fs-2 ps) negligibly affect morphology, confirming non-thermal ablation. Chemical analyses show SiN_x decomposition (nitrogen depletion: 45.7 %→2.4 %) and surface oxidation. Optimized pulse overlap (≤50 %) enhances LIPSS, while a low-damage fluence window (0.068–0.076 J/cm²) ensures low destructiveness of the silicon-based surface structure. These findings provide a scalable, precision laser-processing framework for advanced solar cell manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113945"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and corrosion study of NaOH-NaNO3 composite phase change thermal energy storage material","authors":"Shuai Luo ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Li ,&nbsp;Meng Fu ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Liu ,&nbsp;Youchong Hu ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Cheng ,&nbsp;Yaoqi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inorganic phase change materials (PCMs), such as common eutectic salts—solar salt (60 wt% NaNO₃+40 wt% KNO₃) and Hitec salt (53 wt% KNO₃+7 wt% NaNO₃+40 wt% NaNO₂)—are widely used in solar thermal power storage due to high stability and low cost. However, optimizing eutectic compositions requires extensive experiments, and material compatibility with pipelines/storage tanks remains a key challenge. Herein, nine NaOH-NaNO₃ mixtures of varying molar ratios were melt-cooled and screened via DSC, yielding three eutectic formulations. The 6:4 NaOH:NaNO₃ composite (NN-PCM) exhibited a phase transition temperature of 268 °C, enthalpy of 260 J/g (a 50 °C reduction from pure components), and a maximum service temperature of 480 °C. Corrosion tests at 300 °C for 1000 h in sealed vessels revealed increasing corrosion rates in 310S stainless steel, ductile iron, 304 stainless steel, and 45 steel. Post-test analyses confirmed NN-PCM retained eutectic properties: stable melting temperature (268 °C), 11–17 °C lower solidification temperature, and 7 % enthalpy reduction (20 J/g). This work offers insights into inorganic PCM applications in medium-to-high-temperature energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113946"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the along-path absorption characteristics of distinctive nanofluids with different radiative features during the process of photothermal conversion","authors":"Bo Liu ,&nbsp;Jie Feng ,&nbsp;Hao-Hui Huang ,&nbsp;Guo-Hua Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately predicting the distinctive absorption characteristics along the transfer path for the radiative transfer process analysis inside the multiple type nanofluids is vital for the study of photothermal utilization capacities of nanofluids. In this work, the photothermal conversion capacities of water-based nanofluids composed of multi nanoparticles (including Ag, TiN and TiO₂) with different scattering and absorption characteristics are analyzed. Firstly, a coupled numerical calculation model integrating the FEM and the MCRT method is presented, and then the absorption characteristics of radiative energy transfer along the path are predicted by proposed numerical model. Additionally, the photothermal conversion performance of various nanofluids with different distinctive nanoparticles are compared. Meanwhile, different nanofluids are also prepared for the photothermal conversion experiment, which verifies the accuracy of the proposed numerical model. After analyzing the solar-weighted absorption fractions of nanofluids with different radiative properties at different absorption depths, it is found that when the volume fractions of nanoparticles increase, the radiative energy absorbed by the nanofluids will decrease at the saturated absorption condition. This effect becomes more pronounced for the nanofluids with stronger scattering characteristics. When the volume fraction increases from 0.01 % to 0.5 %, the solar-weighted absorption fraction of the TiO₂ nanofluid with a diameter of 100 nm decreases from 0.44 to 0.25. After simulating the photothermal conversion of the nanofluids composed of three material nanoparticles, it is found that the photothermal conversion efficiencies of nanofluids are simultaneously related to the total amount of absorbed radiative energy and its distribution characteristic along the transfer path.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113955"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the application of glass ceramics based on vanadium dioxide as a bypass device in solar cells","authors":"V.R. Kolbunov,&nbsp;A.S. Tonkoshkur,&nbsp;A. Yu Lyashkov,&nbsp;S.V. Mazurik,&nbsp;S.F. Lyagushyn","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The work explored the possibility of using glass critical thermistors based on vanadium dioxide to improve reliability and prevent electrothermal overloads in photovoltaic components of solar cells. Glass-ceramic materials based on vanadium dioxide and vanadium phosphate glass V₂O₅-P₂O₅ were used as a thermistor element, which abruptly change the value of electrical resistance by 1.5–2 orders of magnitude at a temperature of about 70 °C. It has been established that the thermistor structures under consideration can function as bypass elements in solar modules. Such elements react directly both to the presence of overvoltage and to temperature increase in individual photovoltaic cells with increased resistance, and thus provide increased reliability of solar array as a whole.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113944"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bentonite-based porous ceramic phase change bricks for thermal storage and fireproof protection in buildings","authors":"Peng Gong ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Junyu Lu ,&nbsp;Fei Liu ,&nbsp;Pan Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change materials (PCMs) are promising for building energy efficiency and clean energy utilization, but their practical application is hindered by low thermal conductivity, poor shape stability, and inadequate fire resistance. Herein, bentonite (BT)-based porous ceramic-supported paraffin (PW) phase change bricks were fabricated via calcination (with carbon powder as pore-forming agent) and vacuum impregnation. Morphological analysis showed interconnected porous structures, with PBT40 (green body: 60 % BT, 40 % carbon powder) exhibiting more pores due to higher carbon content. The phase change bricks maintained stable phase transition temperatures and excellent cyclic stability after 200 thermal cycles. PW/PBT30 achieved a 3.5-fold enhancement in thermal conductivity (0.84 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹) compared to pure PW, coupled with superior shape stability (mass retention rate &gt;95 %) and fire resistance. Additionally, PW/PBT30 (PBT30: green body: 70 % BT, 30 % carbon powder) showed a solar-thermal conversion efficiency of 82 %. These results highlight the potential of the BT-based phase change bricks for building energy efficiency and clean energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113937"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}