Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells最新文献

{"title":"Reduction of silver content in Electrically Conductive Adhesives for low-temperature interconnection of solar cells","authors":"Nathalie Ronayette ,&nbsp;Olivier Poncelet ,&nbsp;Sonia Sousa Nobre ,&nbsp;Sandrine Barthélémy ,&nbsp;Daniel Bellet ,&nbsp;Rémi Monna","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interconnection of solar cells with electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) is a promising lead-free, low-temperature, low-stress interconnection technology, with proven reliability in ageing tests. However, ECAs contain large fractions of silver particles, contributing to a high consumption of silver in the photovoltaic industry. At the same time, most of the ECAs used are commercial products with poorly known composition, and appropriate methods to characterise their fillers are lacking.</div><div>In this work, we investigated the link between ECAs’ resistivity and the content and morphology of their fillers. Chemical dosages and observations of cured ECAs with electronic microscopy were supplemented with the development of a new method allowing to wash away the resin of ECAs and observe the particles themselves. This last method allows simultaneously a precise determination of the particles’ morphology and an overall reliable estimation of ECAs’ silver content, which is not possible with other reported means.</div><div>We showed that some ECAs can contain silver particles with tortuous shapes, while others contain optimised particles with flaky or core–shell morphologies, often under the form of a mix of particles with various sizes and shapes. Resistivities down to (8.18 ± 4.91) × 10^-5 <!-->Ω<!--> <!-->cm were measured for ECAs containing more than 50<!--> <!-->wt% silver. Conductive behaviours can be obtained along with reduced silver contents as low as (25.6 ± 1.3)<!--> <!-->wt% when optimised fillers are used to make ECAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 113762"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced bandgap grading techniques for high-efficiency FA-based tin perovskite solar cells","authors":"Rajesh Kumar Sharma ,&nbsp;Hitarth Narsi Patel ,&nbsp;Dhruv Singh Thakur ,&nbsp;Vivek Garg ,&nbsp;Shivendra Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This manuscript explores a novel perovskite solar cell (PSC) design incorporating bandgap grading within the absorber layer, utilizing FASnI₃ as the absorber material, to enhance efficiency and approach the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit. A systematic investigation of bandgap grading in the perovskite absorber, including linear and parabolic schemes, was conducted to assess their impact on performance. The initial co-optimization of absorber thickness and defect density (<em>N</em>_t) to 210 nm and 1 × 10¹³ cm⁻³, resulted in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.10 %. Incorporating stoichiometric variation to achieve a broader bandgap grading range of 1.4–2.4 eV further enhanced the PCE to 15.75 %. Optimization of the absorber's acceptor doping concentration (<em>N</em>_A) to 3 × 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ yielded a PCE of 16.05 %, while fine-tuning the top-to-bottom composition ratio to 0.5/1 improved the PCE to 17.90 %. The adoption of parabolic grading, characterized by a bowing parameter (β) of 0.25 and a minimal value (MV) of 0.78, achieved a peak PCE of 19.20 %, with an open-circuit voltage (<em>V</em>_OC) of 0.78 V, short-circuit current density (<em>J</em>_SC) of 30.48 mA cm⁻², and fill factor (FF) of 81.23 %. This work introduces an innovative approach to bandgap grading in perovskite absorbers and highlights its potential to unlock high-efficiency photovoltaic performance for next-generation PSCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 113791"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing solar energy efficiency through comparative analysis of photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic-thermal systems","authors":"Prasanna Moorthy Venugopal ,&nbsp;Kamali Samudram Manickam ,&nbsp;Arunkumar Munimathan ,&nbsp;Ratchagaraja Dhairiyasamy","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for efficient and sustainable energy solutions has intensified interest in solar technologies, yet conventional photovoltaic (PV) systems often suffer from reduced efficiency under high solar irradiance due to thermal stress. Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) systems offer a viable alternative by simultaneously harnessing electrical and thermal energy, but comprehensive real-world performance comparisons are limited. This study aims to experimentally compare PV and PVT systems under identical climatic conditions to evaluate total energy output, thermal stability, and operational efficiency. A dedicated experimental setup incorporating Perovskite modules, pyranometers, thermometers, and a gravity-fed cooling system was used to measure performance across 6 h daily. The PVT system reached a peak thermal efficiency of 43.37 %, with a maximum thermal power output of 315.6 W and a total thermal energy yield of 1415.7 Wh. Electrical efficiency for the PVT system remained above 8.6 % during midday, whereas the standalone PV system recorded a minimum efficiency of 6.85 % under the same conditions. The Random Forest model reached a classification accuracy of 97 % in predicting efficiency categories using irradiance and temperature data. The study demonstrated a 291.6 % increase in thermal energy output compared to electrical output in PVT systems. These results show the performance and stability advantages of PVT systems, especially in hot environments. The integration of data-driven predictive tools and advanced insulation materials is recommended for future optimization, making PVT systems a compelling solution for next-generation solar infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 113806"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of corrosion behavior of 310S stainless steel in liquid Sn under saturated and low oxygen environment","authors":"Jie Wang,&nbsp;Jian Wang,&nbsp;Leilei Wang,&nbsp;Xiang Ling","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of the corrosion behavior of 310S stainless steel (06Cr25Ni20) in liquid Sn is of great significance for selecting structural materials for the next-generation Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems. This article investigates the effects of saturated and low oxygen environments on the corrosion behavior of 310S stainless steel in liquid Sn at 700 °C. The characterization of corrosion over time in these two environments is conducted through microstructural observations. The results indicate that corrosion under saturated oxygen environment primarily occurs through oxidation and dissolution, while under low oxygen environment, it is predominantly driven by dissolution. Different corrosion mechanisms result in different corrosion rates, and the corrosion mechanism models are proposed. The formation of a dense and thick Cr-rich layer can effectively protect the base metal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 113799"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of low-cost, light weight c-Si photovoltaic modules with potential for applications in VIPV","authors":"Bartlomiej Fligier ,&nbsp;Srinath Nalluri ,&nbsp;Bernard Moćko ,&nbsp;Kazimierz Drabczyk ,&nbsp;Grażyna Kulesza-Matlak ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Jajczak ,&nbsp;Pradeep Padhamnath","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vehicle integrated photovoltaics (VIPV) is gathering attention by researchers and industry alike to help in decarbonization of transport industry. While PV panels have been integrated to the vehicles to support auxiliary functions, their wide scale implementation is limited by their size, weight and rigidity. In this work we present a proof-of-concept method to produce bi-facial PV panels with fibre-glass reinforced composite fabric (GRCF) using vacuum resin infusion process. These modules are specifically designed for integrating with an electric car and to be used as a power source to charge the batteries. Mini modules are fabricated using two interdigitated back contact solar cells sandwiched between layers of GRCF sheets. The modules are prepared by drawing the resin under a suitable vacuum through the different GRCF layers and allowing the resin to cure at room temperature. The modules are prepared at room temperature without using a stringer or laminator. Three different metal end-strips are used to assess their performance in the finally prepared module. The modules are subjected to the damp-heat test to analyse the degradation in the modules and the suitability of the fabrication process. Results show that resistance losses and optical losses play a vital role in the final losses resulting from degradation of the modules. Finally, we have shown in this work that it is possible to fabricate such modules using low-cost technology. By fine tuning and scaling-up the process, it is possible to produce modules of any size which could further help in the rapid integration of c-Si PV modules in vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 113801"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the impact of nanostructures on specific heat in nanoparticle-doped carbonate salts via MD simulations","authors":"Qutaiba Altwarah,&nbsp;Fahim Mahtab Abir,&nbsp;Christopher Prince,&nbsp;Donghyun Shin","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The enhancement of specific heat capacity in molten salts through nanoparticle addition has gained significant attention due to its potential to improve thermal energy storage efficiency. While earlier studies emphasized the role of nanoparticle dispersion, recent findings suggest that the formation of nanostructures over the surface of nanoparticles—observed through transmission electron microscopy—may be the primary mechanism behind these enhancements. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the effects of different nanoparticles—Al₂O₃, MgO, and CuO—when introduced into a eutectic mixture of Li₂CO₃-K₂CO₃ (62:38 mol%). Various nanoparticle concentrations were tested through molecular dynamics simulation, with no significant increase in specific heat capacity observed. In fact, a slight decrease in specific heat capacity was noted at higher nanoparticle concentrations. However, the incorporation of lithium-rich solid nanostructures within the molten salt led to a pronounced 18–25 % improvement in specific heat capacity. These findings highlight the critical influence of nanostructure formation in enhancing the thermal properties of molten salt nanofluids which suggests that the formation of dendritic nanostructures on nanoparticle surfaces within the molten salt is the key factor driving these improvements in specific heat capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 113794"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Picosecond laser processing enabled geometrical fill factors exceeding 98 % for inverted wide bandgap perovskite solar modules","authors":"Bahri Eren Uzuner ,&nbsp;Amir Zarean Afshord ,&nbsp;Aranzazu Aguirre ,&nbsp;Tom Aernouts ,&nbsp;Görkem Gunbas ,&nbsp;Yinghuan Kuang ,&nbsp;Selcuk Yerci","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have exhibited significant advancements over the last decade, positioning them as the most promising candidate for the next-generation photovoltaic technology. Recently, significant efforts have been focused on the scale-up of PSCs towards enabling their commercialization. In this study, we performed electrical simulations to elucidate the balance between electrical and geometric losses in PSMs and verified our model by fabricating opaque (PSMs) and semi-transparent wide-bandgap perovskite solar modules (ST-PSMs). We showed that a P2 width of 20–50 μm provides an optimized P2 contact resistance, resulting in high geometric fill factor (GFF) and fill factor (FF), simultaneously. PSMs with an aperture area of 4.2 cm², reaching a GFF of 98.4%, an FF of 81.5%, and a PCE of 17.78% were fabricated. To demonstrate the scalability of this approach, 16 cm² PSMs, reaching a GFF of 97.0%, an FF of 80.1%, and a PCE of 17.58% were fabricated. ST-PSMs (4 cm²) with &gt;92.5% GFF, 81.4% FF, and 15.68% PCE were fabricated. We believe that the proposed optoelectronic model, along with its validation through the fabrication, exhibiting exceptionally high GFFs and FFs, elucidates the optical-electrical trade-off in PSMs and thus offers valuable insights for the design of highly efficient PSMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 113793"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144320942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the bending and torsion strength of TOPCon solar cells cut by thermal laser separation technology: Advantages for vehicle-integrated photovoltaics","authors":"Daisuke Sato ,&nbsp;Shunto Honda ,&nbsp;Tomoya Tanimoto ,&nbsp;Benjamin Lee ,&nbsp;Steffen Geißler ,&nbsp;Yukio Miyashita ,&nbsp;Noboru Yamada","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid deployment of photovoltaic (PV) systems in diverse applications is crucial for facilitating the transition to a carbon-neutral society. Vehicle-integrated PV (VIPV) technology shows promise in reducing CO₂ emissions within the transportation sector. However, several challenges must be addressed in the design and fabrication of VIPV modules, including compatibility with 3D curved vehicle bodies and durability under various mechanical loads encountered in operating environments—such as torsion of the targeted installation bodies—which differ from the requirements of conventional static PV modules. This study quantitatively analyzes the mechanical strength (bending and torsion) of tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) crystalline silicon solar cells cut using thermal laser separation (TLS) technology through comparison with identical solar cells cut using laser scribing and cleaving (LSC) technology. Ball-on-ring and four-line bend tests are conducted on state-of-the-art TOPCon half-cells, and their stress characteristics under spherical surface deformation are evaluated through finite element method simulations, revealing the optimal cell size (182 mm × 45.5 mm, aspect ratio = 4) for integration into a spherical surface with curvature radius of 1 m. In addition, the torsional strength of the TOPCon half-cells integrated into a polymer-based submodule is experimentally assessed, and the mechanism of crack initiation is identified. The results demonstrate the superior durability of TLS-cut cells against bending and torsion loads compared with LSC-cut cells, indicating their advantages for VIPV applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 113796"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of boron-enhanced inconel 718 with superior thermomechanical properties for high-temperature concentrated solar power applications","authors":"Jeongwoo Lee ,&nbsp;Mathew Farias ,&nbsp;Hernan Aparicio ,&nbsp;Haomin Li ,&nbsp;Bardia Nabavi ,&nbsp;Bo Zhao ,&nbsp;Farid Ahmed ,&nbsp;Peiwen Li ,&nbsp;Ben Xu ,&nbsp;Jianzhi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the characteristics of a modified boron-enhanced Inconel 718 for elevated mechanical strength and excellent optical properties for the next generation of solar receiver tube applications. While the standard in industry to produce high absorptive surfaces is through utilizing coatings, it becomes more challenging to maintain for high-temperature applications (&gt;800 °C) for a long duration. The present study intends to directly increase the absorptivity of the Inconel 718 and bypass the need for coatings via Additive Manufacturing (AM) using boron-enhanced Inconel 718 powders. The effects of post-heat treatment and thermal cycling on microstructure, mechanical, and optical properties were analyzed systematically. The laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique enabled the boron content in Inconel 718 to increase up to 5000 ppm without microstructural defects (i.e., process defects). Increased boron content induced a larger amount of eutectic <span><math><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow></math></span> phase (involving Laves phases) development, leading to enhanced tensile strength and microhardness. Furthermore, it is observed that after heat treatment and thermal cycling, with high boron concentration the Laves phase morphology changed to a more interconnecting web-like structure. Thus, it is important to study the possible concentration of boron that can be added to the alloy using the LPBF process. A specially designed post-heat treatment was applied to remove the Laves phase with a long-striped shape and produce a smaller, granular-shaped Laves phase. Compared to pure Inconel 718, the boron-enhanced Inconel 718 showed that its microhardness increased to 36.6 % at the as-printed stage and up to 9.2 % after a proper heat treatment. Boron-doped Inconel 718 altered the optical properties by demonstrating that reflectance decreased by 10 %. This approach could lead to the development of more resilient and high-performance receiver tubes capable of withstanding extreme operating conditions, reducing maintenance costs, and extending the lifespan of CSP components. This study aims to remove the reliance on coatings with limited lifetimes by directly increasing the absorptivity of the utilized alloy. It is expected that limiting downtime that would otherwise be utilized for recoating solar absorber tubes could provide a more reasonable return on investment after considering operational expenses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 113787"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phosphorus-doped nanocrystalline silicon as electron selective contact for epitaxial-free germanium thermophotovoltaic devices","authors":"M. Gamel ,&nbsp;G. Rivera ,&nbsp;G. López ,&nbsp;M. Garín ,&nbsp;I. Martín","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crystalline germanium (c-Ge) has emerged as a promising, cost-effective absorber material for thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells. As with any other photovoltaic (PV) device, the development of high-quality selective contacts is crucial. Moreover, to maintain a low-cost strategy any epitaxially-grown layer should be avoided. In this work, we investigate the deposition of n-type nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si(n)) onto p-type c-Ge substrates using Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition to form nc-Si(n)/c-Ge(p) heterojunctions that act as electron-selective contact. The deposition parameters, SiH₄+PH₃ flow and RF power, are investigated and material characteristics are analyzed via Raman spectroscopy, Transfer Length Method and Hall effect measurement, confirming the nanocrystalline quality with high conductivity (42 Ω⁻¹ cm⁻¹) and low activation energy (0.013 eV) of the nc-Si(n) layer. The interface quality of the heterojunction is evaluated by measuring the effective carrier lifetime, revealing that introducing a thin intrinsic amorphous silicon interlayer significantly enhances passivation but degrades carrier transport through the heterojunction. The developed nc-Si(n) layers are deposited onto c-Ge substrates with doping concentrations of 2 × 10¹⁵ cm³ (LD) and 2 × 10¹⁶ cm³ (HD) to fabricate c-Ge TPV cells with full rear aluminum contact. The results indicate that HD devices exhibit three times lower series resistance than LD devices, primarily due to reduced rear contact resistivity. On the other hand, LD devices show ∼5 % higher IR reflectance, attributed to lower free carrier absorption. Modelling the HD and LD TPV devices predicts TPV efficiencies of ∼6.5 % and ∼2.9 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 113778"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}