Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells最新文献

{"title":"Accelerating perovskite solar cell performance prediction with machine learning on existing experimental data","authors":"Subham Subba,&nbsp;Suman Chatterjee","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, we proposed a machine learning (ML) framework for determining four photovoltaic parameters: open-circuit voltage (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>oc</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), short-circuit current density (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>sc</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) in perovskite solar cells. Initially, a dataset of 503 experimental entries was manually compiled from different peer-reviewed literatures, and physically meaningful descriptors like perovskite composition, energy levels of the various layers, band offsets, charge mobilities, and the architecture type were used as inputs for the ML models. The four ensemble learning algorithms — Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and CatBoost — were then trained and analyzed with 5-fold cross-validation and the reserved test sets. CatBoost showed the highest accuracy for PCE prediction (RMSE = 1.09%, <span><math><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>964</mn></mrow></math></span>), while Random Forest performs best for <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>oc</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>sc</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, and FF, achieving RMSE as low as 0.033 V, 1.013 mA/cm<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, and 0.031, respectively. SHAP-based interpretability analysis revealed that intrinsic features of perovskite, charge mobilities, and interfacial band alignment are essential to the device performance. Furthermore, SHAP feature dependency plots were also used to study how the individual features are associated with the target’s prediction. Finally, an additional evaluation based on 12 independent samples not part of training or test sets confirmed model robustness with predictions in close agreement with reported experimental results. These results indicate that, in addition to sound predictions, the ML models can also observe complex microscale features and correlate them with macroscale device operation that can guide future experimentation for better results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 114215"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism insights into laser-enhanced-contact-optimization process in crystalline silicon solar cells via photo-electric-thermal coupled simulations","authors":"Qianhong Gao ,&nbsp;Zhenhai Yang ,&nbsp;Yuqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu Liang ,&nbsp;Yining Bao ,&nbsp;Chenhui Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Li ,&nbsp;Yaohui Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tunnel oxide passivating contact (TOPCon) solar cells have demonstrated significant commercial potential, but further efficiency improvements are constrained by challenges in optimizing contact formation between metal electrodes and boron emitters. Laser Enhanced Contact Optimization (LECO) technology has emerged as a promising solution by enabling contact formation at lower sintering temperatures, although its underlying mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Here, we present a comprehensive photo-electric-thermal coupled simulation study to investigate the complex interplay of electrical, optical, and thermal behaviors during the LECO treatment. Our results demonstrate that extremely high current densities are formed in the contact region, and the reverse bias is the primary factor governing the contact current density, whereas the effects of laser power and spot size are comparatively minor. Moreover, Joule heating, as the decisive factor in raising the local temperature at the Ag-Si interface to the Ag-Si eutectic temperature, contributes nearly 100 % of the required heating. Specifically, reverse bias controls Joule heating and the resulting contact temperature by regulating the current; laser power primarily affects recombination and thermalization heat, thereby exerting a smaller influence on contact temperature; and spot size, by affecting current density and Peltier heating, plays a secondary role in determining the contact temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 114177"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling the impact of molten carbonate corrosion at 700 °C and induced microstructural changes on the mechanical resistance of 347H austenitic steel","authors":"Loïc Oger,&nbsp;Alina Agüero,&nbsp;Pauline Audigié","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study examines the influence of Li-Na-K molten carbonate corrosion at 700 °C for up to 1000 h on the microstructural evolution and mechanical behaviour of 347H Nb-stabilized austenitic stainless steel, a candidate material for Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems coupled with Thermal Energy Storage (TES). Corrosion exposure led to the formation of a ∼130 μm-thick oxide scale, composed of a poorly adherent outer <em>LiMnO</em>_<em>2</em><em>/LiFeO</em>_<em>2</em> layer and a complex multi-phased internal oxidation zone (IOZ). During the corrosion process under laboratory air conditions, extensive carburization was observed. This is consistent with carbon species generated by molten carbonate decomposition, subsequently reduced at the alloy surface and preferentially reacting with Cr-rich phases. Qualitative EDX line scans revealed carbon penetration depths of up to ∼300 μm, consistent with the spatial distribution of Cr-rich carbides and with pronounced hardness gradients, decreasing from the IOZ toward the specimen core. Complementary thermal ageing experiments conducted at 700 °C in N₂ for 1000 h confirmed that these microstructural changes could not be attributed to thermal exposure alone, but were driven by carbonate-induced carbon ingress. Tensile testing revealed severe degradation of mechanical properties after corrosion exposure, with crack initiation predominantly occurring in the brittle oxide scale and propagation through carburized regions exhibiting reduced toughness and localized strain leading to brittle fracture. In contrast, thermally aged specimens showed only limited mechanical degradation. This integrated corrosion–mechanical approach provides a framework for assessing synergistic chemical and mechanical degradation in molten salt environments and should be considered for CSP-TES design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 114168"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid metal coatings on carbon fiber reinforced polymer substrates for high-efficiency solar reflectors","authors":"R.P.S. Chakradhar,&nbsp;Shreeja gada ,&nbsp;Meenu Srivastava,&nbsp;Harish C. Barshilia","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the development and characterization of high-performance metallic coatings deposited onto carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) substrates for solar reflector applications. A dense tin (Sn) base layer was applied using cold spray deposition, offering strong mechanical anchoring and thermal compatibility with CFRP. Post-deposition polishing significantly reduced surface roughness, enhancing optical reflectance. To further improve performance, a thin silver (Ag) layer was deposited via DC magnetron sputtering, forming a hybrid bilayer structure. Comprehensive material characterization revealed uniform and adherent coatings with excellent morphological and compositional integrity. Reflectance measurements demonstrated a substantial increase from ∼55 % in the as-sprayed Sn coatings to ∼80 % after polishing, and up to 91–99 % in the Sn–Ag bilayer configuration in the UV–VIS–NIR region (400–2500 nm). Emissivity values concurrently dropped from ∼0.06 to as low as 0.03, indicating excellent thermal radiation suppression. An increase in the optical band gap (∼2.87 eV) due to partial oxidation further contributed to enhanced UV reflectance and environmental stability. The combination of cold-sprayed Sn and sputtered Ag delivers a lightweight, durable, and optically efficient coating system that surpasses conventional stainless steel and aluminum mirrors in performance. This work demonstrates a scalable, low-temperature route for producing advanced reflector coatings on thermally sensitive substrates like CFRP, offering substantial advantages for next-generation solar reflectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 114176"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Localized gallium doping assisted by ultraviolet laser and silicon paste in selective emitter for high-efficiency TOPCon solar cells","authors":"Ziye Chen ,&nbsp;Long Yan ,&nbsp;Dacheng Hao ,&nbsp;Hai Zhou ,&nbsp;Shuangyu Liu ,&nbsp;Zhirong Yao ,&nbsp;Rulong Chen ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Feng Qian ,&nbsp;Honglie Shen ,&nbsp;Juan Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The selective emitter (SE) structure formed by localized boron (B) doping is crucial for reducing the contact resistance and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency (<em>PCE</em>). However, the heavy B doping layer in silicon (Si) also has some problems such as light-induced degradation (LID) and doping attenuation in contact layer. Instead, this study presents a novel gallium (Ga)-doped SE structure prepared via Ga-doped Si paste and ultraviolet (UV) laser. According to the simulation by Materials Studio, the bonding force between Ga-oxygen (O) bonds is obviously weaker than that between B-O bonds, which reveals the reason why Ga instead of B can solve the problem of LID. Ga-doped Si paste is used as the doping source, and the diffusion effects of Ga atoms assisted by UV laser and green laser are compared. As assisted by UV laser, the maximum doping concentration of Ga atoms can reach 3.31 × 10¹⁹ cm⁻³, and the highest junction depth is nearly 0.7 μm. At the same time, the problem of doping attenuation in contact layer is well solved. When combined with Ga-doped SE structure in the optimized tunneling oxide passivation contact (TOPCon) solar cells production line, the average <em>PCE</em> reaches up to 25.56 %, marking an improvement of 0.15 % over the standard cell production line. In this paper, the diffusion mechanism of Ga atoms in Si is well expounded, which is beneficial to enhancing the efficiency of TOPCon solar cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 114192"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-year ambient stability: Nanostructured mixed-dimensional perovskite solar cells with enhanced performance","authors":"Parisa Zardari ,&nbsp;Ali Rostami","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although three-dimensional (3D) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demonstrate high power conversion efficiency (PCE), their instability under humidity, oxygen, and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation limits their practical applications. Lower-dimensional perovskites are much more stable under environmental stresses but are invariably poor photovoltaic performers. To simultaneously enhance both PCE and stability, we engineered mixed-dimensional (MD) PSCs by incorporating <em>p</em>-phenylenediaminium (PDA) into a (FAPbI₃)_0.85(MAPbBr₃)_0.15 3D perovskite matrix. The nanostructured MD perovskite films were fabricated via a sequential deposition method under ambient conditions, enabling controlled dimensionality through optimized dipping duration. The MD30 devices, processed with a 30-s dipping duration, achieved a remarkable PCE of 20.28 %, attributed to optimized crystal orientation, improved surface morphology, enhanced charge transport, and suppressed carrier recombination. Notably, the MD30 devices exhibited exceptional stability under harsh environmental conditions. When exposed to 85 % relative humidity (RH) for 300 h, unsealed devices retained 92.4 % of their initial PCE. Similarly, after 300 h of thermal aging at 85 °C, the PCE remained at 96.4 % of its original value. Furthermore, the devices maintained 89.7 % of their initial efficiency after one year of storage under ambient conditions (RH ≈ 38 %, T ≈ 25 °C) without encapsulation. This work presents a strategic design approach for developing next-generation PSCs with high efficiency and long-term stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 114173"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain monitoring within photovoltaic laminates: A fibre Bragg grating sensor proof-of-concept and comparison with digital image correlation","authors":"Marta Casasola ,&nbsp;Nikolina Pervan ,&nbsp;Tine Engelen ,&nbsp;Nikoleta Kyranaki ,&nbsp;Jonathan Govaerts ,&nbsp;Gernot Oreski ,&nbsp;Jef Poortmans ,&nbsp;Michaël Daenen","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperature variation is a fundamental environmental factor that affects the long-term reliability of photovoltaic (PV) modules, giving rise to thermo-mechanical stresses within a PV module. These stresses are created by the mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the different materials that form the laminate. In this work, we present an optimised procedure to integrate optical fibre Bragg grating sensors (FBG) within the PV laminate and a temperature-compensated analysis of the detected strain on the Si cell for small glass-glass PV laminates subjected to thermal loads. At the same time, digital image correlation (DIC) is used as alternative technique for comparison of the measured strain and to study the influence on the mechanical behaviour of integrating optical fibres within the laminate. The results indicate the potential of FBG sensors for strain measurements and the negligible effect on the mechanical behaviour of their integration. This proof of concept provides a method to quantify the strain within the module during manufacturing processes, accelerated testing or in-field monitoring, which can be advantageous for improving the reliability of the PV modules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 114203"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field performance and durability tests of perovskite solar cells loaded with fixed resistors","authors":"Takeshi Tayagaki,&nbsp;Sayaka Hirooka,&nbsp;Kohei Yamamoto,&nbsp;Takurou N. Murakami,&nbsp;Masahiro Yoshita","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the output characteristics of various devices under various field conditions is necessary. However, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for devices with extremely slow responses are complicated, and the electronic response during MPPT differs with temperature and device freshness. Therefore, in the present study, the field performance of perovskite solar cells loaded with fixed resistors was monitored for one year. The daily efficiency, calculated by dividing the daily energy delivered to the solar cells by the diurnal irradiance energy incident on the device, exhibited seasonal variations. An analysis of the diurnal response indicated that the efficiency decreased over time at large irradiances (&gt;0.6 kW/m²). In addition, the efficiency increased with increasing temperature, showing a positive coefficient of 0.1 %/°C, which aligned with the observed seasonal variation in the efficiency; the low daily efficiency in winter could be attributed to low device temperatures. Furthermore, temperature correction of the efficiency revealed efficiency loss patterns, such as an initial burn-like decay and degradation, which followed after a period of constant efficiency. These results underscore performance testing with a fixed resistive load as a simple approach for monitoring PSCs and for performing fair comparisons of device performances without the influence of complex MPPT algorithms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 114210"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the efficiency of silicon heterojunction solar cells by using an amorphous silicon oxygen alloyed buffer layer prior p-μc-Si:H deposition","authors":"Bofei Liu ,&nbsp;Baohai Yang ,&nbsp;Wei Zhao ,&nbsp;Yue Liu ,&nbsp;Yuchao Song ,&nbsp;Ziyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Wanlei Chen ,&nbsp;Zexu Dong ,&nbsp;Danni Zhang ,&nbsp;Ke Tao ,&nbsp;Baojie Yan ,&nbsp;Yisheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The theoretical conversion efficiency (E_ff) limit of silicon solar cell is 29.4 %. Silicon heterojunction solar cell (HJT) with thin intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) layers has achieved the laboratory record of 27.08 %. To improve the E_ff further, we conducted an in-depth study on the p-type layer of HJT solar cells. Due to the low doping efficiency of boron in a-Si:H and the band offset that creates a barrier, improving hole transport using p-type hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) is crucial. By growing an amorphous silicon oxide buffer layer (a-SiOx:H) between the a-Si:H(i) and μc-Si:H(p) layers, the E_ff of HJT solar cells is increased by improving the open-circuit voltage (V_oc), short-circuit current density (J_sc), and fill factor (FF). We optimized the a-SiOx:H buffer layer to replace the conventional CO₂ plasma treatment (CO₂PT) at the i/p interface and seed layer, which together form the transition layer, resulting in an absolute E_ff improvement of at least 0.4 %. An E_ff of 25.75 % was achieved with the improved HJT cell structure on a 210 mm × 210 mm commercial half-cut crystalline silicon c-Si(n) substrate, with a V_oc of 748.3 mV, J_sc of 39.97 mA/cm², and FF of 86.09 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 114180"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring indium-reduced AZO-ITO composite films for superior transparent conductive oxide films in silicon heterojunction solar cells","authors":"Han Xu ,&nbsp;Zehao Wu ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Xia ,&nbsp;Jialong You ,&nbsp;Jinghao Chen ,&nbsp;Cheng Qian ,&nbsp;Yifeng Tang ,&nbsp;Zengguang Huang ,&nbsp;Liping Zhang ,&nbsp;Sihua Zhong ,&nbsp;Wenzhu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indium-based transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), such as tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), exhibit outstanding optoelectrical properties but face sustainability challenges due to the scarcity of indium. Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), although free of critical raw materials, suffers from inferior electrical performance. In this study, we developed indium-reduced AZO-ITO composite films via co-sputtering, achieving significantly enhanced electrical properties compared to pure AZO. Despite their amorphous microstructure, the composite films show a notable increase in electron mobility. Furthermore, electron concentration can be effectively tuned by varying the ITO content, which promotes the formation of oxygen vacancies. As a result, the composite films achieve a resistivity of approximately 1×10⁻³ Ω cm, nearly four times lower than that of AZO. When applied in silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, the AZO-ITO films demonstrate low sheet resistance, effective antireflection behavior, and reduced contact resistivity with the silicon substrate. Solar cells incorporating the optimized composite TCO layer outperform the AZO-based reference—mainly due to an improved fill factor, and match the ITO-based devices, but reducing indium consumption by 58%. This work provides a feasible strategy for developing low-indium TCOs with excellent optoelectronic properties for high-efficiency photovoltaics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 114222"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}