Ensayos-Revista de la Facultad de Educacion de Albacete最新文献

{"title":"CRIME EXPOSURE AND EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES IN MEXICO","authors":"Pedro P. Orraca Romano","doi":"10.29105/ensayos37.2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos37.2-3","url":null,"abstract":"Driven by drug-related crimes, homicide levels in Mexico have dramatically increased since 2007. This study examines the effect of students’ exposure to crime on educational outcomes in Mexico. Using school-level data, a panel of the country’s elementary and secondary schools is constructed to analyse the effect of local homicides on standardised test scores and grade failure rates. The results show that a one-unit increase in the homicide rate per 10,000 inhabitants is associated with a reduction in school-level test scores between 0.0035 and 0.0142 standard deviations, this is likely being driven by effects of individual test scores and by compositional changes in the student body. Additionally, a rise in the homicide rate is also associated with an increase in the grade failure rate. It is proposed that the negative effects of crime exposure are partly due to a reduction of the number of contact hours, and students not compensating for this, by studying more outside of school. Exposure to homicides has potentially long-term consequences since it may affect educational achievement levels and future income flow. RESUMEN Debido a un aumento en el número de delitos relacionados con el crimen organizado, los niveles de homicidios en México se incrementaron drásticamente a partir de 2007. Este artículo estudia los efectos de la exposición a altos niveles de homicidios sobre los logros educativos en México. Para ello, se construye un panel de escuelas primarias y secundarias a fin de analizar los efectos de los homicidios sobre los resultados de la prueba ENLACE y la tasa de reprobación. Los resultados muestran que un aumento en una unidad en la tasa de homicidios por cada 10,000 habitantes está asociado con una reducción en los resultados de la prueba ENLACE entre 0.0035 y 0.0042 desviaciones estándar, donde estos hallazgos son producto del efecto negativo sobre los resultados de la prueba y del cambio en la composición estudiantil dentro de las escuelas. Asimismo, incrementos en los niveles de homicidios también están asociados con un aumento en la tasa de reprobación. Los efectos negativos generados por los homicidios son, en parte, producto de una reducción en el número de horas que los alumnos asisten a la escuela.","PeriodicalId":42950,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos-Revista de la Facultad de Educacion de Albacete","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69687318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UNEMPLOYMENT AND VIOLENCE: ARDL ENDOGENEITY APPROACH","authors":"Adenuga Fabian Adekoya, N. Abdul-Razak","doi":"10.29105/ensayos37.2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos37.2-2","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the link between unemployment and violence by controlling for income and security expenditure as an antidote to reduce violence in Nigeria. Violence claims many lives and properties in the country, which further increased the demand for public security as tax on the nation’s resources. Also, the increased unemployment in Nigeria, deserving urgent attention to be reduced, as literature has pointed out, causes idleness, deception, frustration and anger. The idea of criminal motivation and strain as an inducement to violence are supported by evidence. Considering the nature of the variables in this study, we tested for endogeneity by using annual data set from 1980 to 2015 before proceeding to test for the long-run and short-run relationship. The Bound Test used to test the cointegration while the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) approach was used to conduct endogeneity test. ARDL Instrumental Variable is also employed to determine long-run and short-run estimates. The results showed that unemployment causes violence while income as a variable to economic growth reduces violence at the 1% level of significance. Similarly, the deterrence variable of security expenditure adversely affects violence at the 10% level of significance. Therefore, this study suggests policy to promote economic growth as the means of income-employment generation among the youth and the unemployed. Youth programs should be provided especially among the unemployed by granting credit facilities to finance their own projects and further strengthen the deterrence institutions.\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000RESUMEN \u0000\u0000Este estudio examina el vínculo entre el desempleo y la violencia mediante el control de los ingresos y el gasto de seguridad, como un antídoto para reducir la violencia en Nigeria. La violencia se cobra muchas vidas y propiedades en el país, lo que aumenta aún más la demanda de seguridad pública, traducida como un impuesto a los recursos de la nación. Además, el aumento del desempleo en Nigeria, la cual merece una atención urgente que se reduzca ya que, la literatura señala, provoca ociosidad, engaño, frustración e ira. La idea de la motivación y la tensión delictiva como un incentivo a la violencia está respaldada por la evidencia. Teniendo en cuenta la naturaleza de las variables en este estudio, probamos la endogeneidad mediante el uso de datos anuales de 1980 a 2015, antes de proceder a la prueba de la relación de largo y corto plazo. El Bound Test se usó para probar la cointegración, mientras que el enfoque del Modelo de retardo distribuido autorregresivo (ARDL), se usó para realizar pruebas de endogeneidad. La variable instrumental de ARDL también se emplea para determinar estimaciones a largo y corto plazo. Los resultados mostraron que el desempleo causa violencia; mientras que el ingreso, como variable del crecimiento económico, reduce la violencia, al nivel de significancia del 1%. De manera similar, la variable de disuasión del gasto en seguridad afect","PeriodicalId":42950,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos-Revista de la Facultad de Educacion de Albacete","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69687281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiscal Institutions and the Size and Inter-Regional Distribution of Public Redistribution (Instituciones Fiscales y el Tamaño y Distribución Inter-Regional de la Redistribución Pública)","authors":"Raúl A. Ponce-Rodríguez, Juan Medina-Guirado","doi":"10.29105/ENSAYOS37.1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ENSAYOS37.1-1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fiscal institutions, which are responsible for the delegation of tax and spending powers among different tiers of governments, are important determinants of the size and efficiency of public redistribution. In this paper we develop a comparative analysis of the impact of fiscal decentralization vis-a-vis tax revenue sharing on the government’s effort to redistribute income. The main findings are: first, the size of the national budget for public redistribution is the same under fiscal decentralization and tax revenue sharing. Second, different fiscal institutions lead to different regional distributions of public transfers. Third, when choosing between decentralization and tax revenue sharing, there is a tradeoff between the efficiency and the regional effort of the government to redistribute income. Resumen Las instituciones fiscales, que determinan la responsabilidad del diseno de impuestos y gasto entre los diferentes niveles de gobierno, son importantes determinantes del tamano y eficiencia de la redistribucion publica. En este articulo, se desarrolla un analisis comparativo del impacto en el esfuerzo del gobierno en redistribuir el ingreso, entre la descentralizacion fiscal en y una politica de compartir el ingreso fiscal. Los principales resultados son: primero, el tamano del presupuesto en redistribucion es el mismo para una economia con descentralizacion o en la que se comparte el ingreso fiscal. Segundo, las instituciones fiscales implican una asignacion diferente en la distribucion regional de transferencias publicas. Tercero, al escoger entre descentralizacion y el compartir el ingreso fiscal, existe un intercambio entre la eficiencia y la distribucion regional de las transferencias publicas.","PeriodicalId":42950,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos-Revista de la Facultad de Educacion de Albacete","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49111905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimación del VaR mediante un modelo condicional multivariado bajo la hipótesis α-estable sub-Gaussiana (A conditional approach to VaR with multivariate α-stable sub-Gaussian distributions)","authors":"Ramona Serrano-Bautista, Leovardo Mata-Mata","doi":"10.29105/ENSAYOS37.1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ENSAYOS37.1-2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to propose a multivariate volatility model that takes into consideration time varying volatility and the property of the α-stable sub-Gaussian distribution to model heavy tails. The principal assumption is that returns follow a sub-Gaussian distribution, which is a particular multivariate stable distribution. The proposed GARCH model is applied to a Value at Risk (VAR) estimation of a portfolio composed by 5 companies listed in the Mexican Stock Exchange Index (IPC) and compared with the one obtained using the normal multivariate distribution, t-Student and Cauchy. In particular, we examine performances during the financial crisis of 2008. Resumen El objetivo de esta investigacion es proponer un modelo de volatilidad multivariable, el cual combina la propiedad de la distribucion α-estable para ajustar colas pesadas con el modelo GARCH para capturar cluster de volatilidad. El supuesto inicial es que los rendimientos siguen una distribucion sub-Gaussiana, la cual es un caso particular de las distribuciones estables multivariadas. El modelo GARCH propuesto se aplica en la estimacion del VaR a un portafolio compuesto por cinco activos que cotizan en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV). En particular, se compara el desempeno del modelo propuesto con la estimacion del VaR obtenida bajo la hipotesis multivariada Gaussiana, t-Student y Cauchy durante el periodo de la crisis financiera de 2008.","PeriodicalId":42950,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos-Revista de la Facultad de Educacion de Albacete","volume":"37 1","pages":"43-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44602212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sostenibilidad del Gasto Público: cobertura y financiamiento de enfermedades crónicas en México (Public spending sustainability: Coverage and financing of chronic diseases in Mexico)","authors":"Alejandra Macias-Sanchez, Hector Juan Villareal-Paez","doi":"10.29105/ENSAYOS37.1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ENSAYOS37.1-4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article analyzes the sustainability of public health expenditures from the cost perspective of the principle chronic diseases that the Mexican population suffers and the Mexican Government would finance. Also, it pretends to contribute to the discussion of universal effective health coverage in Mexico by providing a micro simulation tool which would evaluate different scenarios about financial costs of universal coverage. As a result, fiscally sustainable proposals can be made based on this micro simulation tool that consider the demographic and epidemiological changes that translate into costs increases. Resumen Este articulo analiza la sostenibilidad del gasto publico en salud, desde la perspectiva del costo de las principales enfermedades cronicas que padece la poblacion mexicana, y que debe cubrir el gobierno federal. Asimismo, pretende abrir la discusion sobre la cobertura efectiva universal de salud en Mexico, a traves de una herramienta de microsimulacion que permita presentar y evaluar diferentes escenarios en cuanto a su costo financiero, para poder hacer propuestas de financiamiento sostenible, principalmente porque se estan enfrentando cambios demograficos y epidemiologicos que conllevan aumentos en los costos de atencion medica.","PeriodicalId":42950,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos-Revista de la Facultad de Educacion de Albacete","volume":"37 1","pages":"99-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47932914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinantes del aumento o disminución de empresas: Análisis por entidad federativa y estrato de edad The (Determinants of the Increase and Decrease in the Number of Firms: An Analysis by State and Age Stratum)","authors":"Rolando I. Valdez, E. N. Ramírez","doi":"10.29105/ENSAYOS37.1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ENSAYOS37.1-3","url":null,"abstract":"En este trabajo, se pone a prueba la hipotesis de que los mismos factores afectan de manera distinta el aumento o disminucion de empresas, segun su edad. Para ello, se usan dos modelos de datos panel, cuya variable dependiente es el estrato de edad de la empresa: recien nacida, joven, adulta y mayor. En total, se estiman ocho ecuaciones utilizando variables explicativas de tipo economico y social. Entre los resultados mas importantes destaca que el PIB, PIB per capita, la TIIE, la Tasa de interes bancaria y la liquidez de la economia ejercen el mismo efecto, ceteris paribus, sobre la cantidad de empresas, independientemente de su edad. No obstante, la migracion y la inseguridad afectan solo a las empresas recien nacidas y a las jovenes.","PeriodicalId":42950,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos-Revista de la Facultad de Educacion de Albacete","volume":"37 1","pages":"77-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47972094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La Gobernabilidad como un determinante de la inversión extranjera directa en América Latina","authors":"Rafael Eduardo Saavedra Leyva, Carlos H. Flores Orona","doi":"10.29105/ENSAYOS36.2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ENSAYOS36.2-2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows the relationship between foreign direct investment and governance of Latin American countries. In order to avoid multicollinearity problems with the \"worldwide governance indicators\", we build up a government efficiency index. Overall, the results show that the government efficiency index has a direct and significant relationship to foreign direct investment. Therefore, this paper highlights the role of governance to attract foreign investors. En este trabajo se analiza la relacion entre la inversion extranjera directa y la gobernabilidad de los paises de America Latina. Se elabora un indice de eficiencia gubernamental que incorpora los indicadores del “ Worldwide Governance Indicators ” para evitar problemas de multicolinealidad. En general, los resultados del estudio muestran que el indice de eficiencia gubernamental exhibe una relacion positiva y significativa con la inversion extranjera directa. Por lo tanto, este trabajo destaca el rol que ostenta la gobernabilidad como mecanismo de atraccion de inversionistas extranjeros.","PeriodicalId":42950,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos-Revista de la Facultad de Educacion de Albacete","volume":"36 1","pages":"123-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43759887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crecimiento económico, precios y consumo de energía en México. (Economic growth, price and power consumption in Mexico)","authors":"J. Arreola, Humberto Ríos Bolívar","doi":"10.29105/ensayos36.1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ensayos36.1-3","url":null,"abstract":"El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar empiricamente el papel que juegan los precios de la energia en el crecimiento economico de Mexico. Para lo cual se expone un modelo de crecimiento endogeno de dos sectores que muestra la relacion entre precio de energia con crecimiento del producto y consumo de energia. Los resultados muestran que la tasa de crecimiento de la produccion y el consumo de energia se ven afectados negativamente por la tasa de crecimiento del precio de la energia.","PeriodicalId":42950,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos-Revista de la Facultad de Educacion de Albacete","volume":"1 1","pages":"59-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69687266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resoluciones de disputas comerciales y desempeño económico regional en México","authors":"J. C. Chávez, Felipe J. Fonseca, Manuel Gómez-Saldívar","doi":"10.29105/ENSAYOS36.1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ENSAYOS36.1-4","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we analyze the relationship between the economic growth rate and a rule of law indicator in Mexican states during the period 2006–2013. Specifically, we employ information regarding the time it takes to solve commercial disputes in local courts, which we use as a proxy variable to measure the efficiency of the justice system. In principle, we expect that the shorter the time it takes to resolve commercial disputes, the higher the growth rates will be in the states where the firms are located. Long, drawn-out court disputes are costly for firms, which in turn may translate into lower growth rates due to the negative impact of these costs on their levels of investment. The results suggest that a 100-day decrease in the time it takes to resolve a commercial dispute is associated with an increase of 0.6 per cent in the average GDP per capita growth rate in Mexican states.","PeriodicalId":42950,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos-Revista de la Facultad de Educacion de Albacete","volume":"36 1","pages":"79-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49240079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"¿Existe memoria larga en mercados bursátiles, o depende del modelo, periodo o frecuencia?","authors":"Héctor F. Salazar-Núñez, F. Venegas-Martínez, Cuahutémoc Calderón-Villareal","doi":"10.29105/ENSAYOS36.1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29105/ENSAYOS36.1-1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the existence of long memory in the major stock markets in the world, and if this is the case, whether it’s due to the type of econometric models used, the period of study or the frequency of data (intraday, daily, weekly, etc.)? To do this, we perform a comparative analysis between the empirical results of ARFIMA and GARCH models. The stock markets that showed consistent results of long memory, regardless of the method, the period and the frequency were China and South Korea. The first one exhibits long memory, and the other a short one.","PeriodicalId":42950,"journal":{"name":"Ensayos-Revista de la Facultad de Educacion de Albacete","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47283182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}