{"title":"Design Method of Zen-Style Bracket Sets Recorded in the Japanese Carpentry Manual Kamakura Zoei Myomoku (Part 1): A Comparative Study with the Chinese Manual Yingzao Fashi – A Secondary Publication","authors":"Tadanori Sakamoto, Muping Bao","doi":"10.36922/jcau.v2i1.259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v2i1.259","url":null,"abstract":"Through a comparison with the traditional Chinese manual Yingzao Fashi (Technical Treatise on Architecture and Craftsmanship), this paper analyzes the composition and design methods of Zen-style bracket sets described in the Kamakura Zoei Myomoku, a technical document inherited by the Kawachi family of carpenters at the Kenchoji Temple in Kamakura, Japan from the 13th to 19th century. As a result, the paper suggests that there were some similarities between Chinese and Japanese modular designs, which both used the cross-section of Gong as the basic unit, while other techniques like the use of a baseline for equal spacing and the rafter size as the basic unit, are considered to be Japanese innovations.","PeriodicalId":429385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133940334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Concept and Practice of Traditional Garden Heritage Conservation: A Report of 2020 Asia-Pacific Region Historic Buildings Protection and Restoration Technologies Senior Talent Seminar","authors":"Weijia Yu","doi":"10.36922/jcau.v3i2.220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v3i2.220","url":null,"abstract":"In December 2020, the WHITRAP-Suzhou Branch jointed Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University that successfully held a 9-day “2020 Asia-Pacific Region Historic Buildings Protection and Restoration Technologies Senior Talent Seminar and Yangtze River Delta Region Classical Gardens Talent Seminar.” During the event, Chinese professors and overseas scholars gave a series of academic lectures in the on-off line interactive way to 30 trainees from all over China. Furthermore, through the field inspections and in-depth on-site workshops in classical Suzhou Gardens, the participants discussed the garden historiography and the meaning of landscape painting in the gardens, and summarized the skills and principles for rockery-making in the gardens. Moreover, the participants also presented the principles for garden heritage conservation. The Internet-of-Things-based method was introduced as an effective tool for monitoring the health of classical gardens. Although this training course was during the prevention and control of the COVID-19 Pandemic, it still demonstrated the promotion of the Yangtze River Delta region in heritage conservation, and provided a reference to the heritage training, promoting the Suzhou Gardens history research, and the interaction between historical research and heritage value.","PeriodicalId":429385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123638727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chinese Exceptionalism in Architecture and Urban Design: A Book Review","authors":"Kachun Alex Wong","doi":"10.36922/jcau.v4i2.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v4i2.161","url":null,"abstract":"This essay reviews three books on contemporary Chinese urbanism. The first book, Designing Reform, understands the exceptionalism of Chinese reform through architectural evidence. The second book, The Shenzhen Experiment, further argues for the exceptionalism and non-replicability of Shenzhen reform. The third book, The City After Chinese New Towns, similarly highlights the unprecedentedness of Chinese new towns. These three recent publications collectively aim to demystify contemporary Chinese urbanism, and have done so with a sensibility towards space, geography, materiality, and infrastructure. These authors and editors are mainly architectural researchers leveraging disciplinary contributions to the discussion of post-socialist China. In turn, they have also contributed to the field of architecture and urban design with rich case studies in China. This review essay aims to understand (i) their geographical and spatial perspectives, (ii) their architectural design perspectives, and (iii) how they address social justice issues. It seeks to formulate contemporary Chinese urbanization as an object of inquiry, to “exceptionalize” Chinese phenomena, and to argue for the pedagogical contribution of Chinese case studies to architecture and urban design.","PeriodicalId":429385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123367247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fragilities of Historical Settlements Targeted by Heritage Tourism: Comparison and Ex-Post Assessment of Two Water Towns in the Qingpu District of Shanghai","authors":"G. Semprebon","doi":"10.36922/jcau.v4i1.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v4i1.163","url":null,"abstract":"Heritage tourism in Chinese historic sites has gained importance and has become a widely adopted development strategy that uses architecture and urban ensembles to sell cultural experiences. These sites, immersed in heritage settings or traditional ambiences, embody an extraordinary dimension of Chinese tangible and intangible culture, which call for in-depth studies and critical understanding. This paper discusses how a condition of fragility has materialized under the aegis of economic boosts. The impact of cultural tourism on historic sites is assessed by considering two similar water towns expressing exceptional cultural values, Zhujiajiao and Liantang. The methodology envisaged ethnographic tools to highlight how development strategies have altered local communities, discussing the consequences on physical authenticity and sociocultural equilibriums.","PeriodicalId":429385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126644126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tiangong Louge in Eastern Pure Land Illustrations of the Medicine Buddha – A Secondary Publication","authors":"Yiming You, Yongchun Zhu","doi":"10.36922/jcau.v4i2.192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v4i2.192","url":null,"abstract":"After the arrival of Buddhism in China, the foreign concept of heavenly buildings merged with the indigenous Tang-Song architecture into what became known as tiangong louge (heavenly palaces). Through comparison with Song building standards (Yingzao Fashi), this paper analyzes the architectural representations of tiangong louge in Eastern Pure Land illustrations of the Medicine Buddha. What becomes immediately apparent is that Yingzao Fashi describes only a few specific buildings (dianshen, chalou, jiaolou, xiewu, xinglang), whereas the Pure Land illustrations depict a greater diversity and variety of forms (for example, sanmen). A possible reason for this is that the idea of the Eastern Pure Land underwent significant changes before the Yingzao Fashi was compiled. Another reason is that the belief in the Eastern Pure Land was always rooted in reality and the actual conditions of the site. Additionally, Eastern Pure Land illustrations reveal four different types of clustered design: open foreground, one courtyard; open foreground, two courtyards; closed foreground, one courtyard; and closed foreground, two courtyards.","PeriodicalId":429385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133660453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Zhao Liewen’s Gardening Practices and Activities as Reflected in His Diary Nengjingju Riji – A Secondary Publication","authors":"Xiao Li, Shuaike Yin","doi":"10.36922/jcau.v4i1.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v4i1.175","url":null,"abstract":"Zhao Liewen, a late-Qing-dynasty scholar, wrote more than a million characters in his diary titled Nengjingju Riji. Through analysis of Zhao’s text, the author of this paper reconstructs the daily life in the Tranquil Garden (Jing Pu) and brings light to the site selection, house construction, garden planning, as well as the‘elegant gatherings’of literati that took place in the garden. More specifically, in the 7th and 8th lunar months of 1865, the 4th reign year of Emperor Tongzhi, Zhao traveled to the south of the Yangtze River. After considering the prices of houses and fengshui of the sites in different cities, he finally chose a place in Jiuwanwei, Changshu. As his family was growing, the house and garden became more clearly divided according to their functions. Especially, the library space of Tiangfanglou, and the garden area along the Tranquil Stream (Jing Xi) were rebuilt on several occasions. Zhao often invited relatives and friends to gather here. The creative work inspired by his life at the Tranquil Garden was modeled after the Wangchuan poetry collection of Tang poets and born from the gatherings held in the garden between 1876 and 1877, the 3rd and 4th reign years of Emperor Guangxu (r. 1875‒1908).","PeriodicalId":429385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126949857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beijing Private Gardens: The Third Supplementary Study","authors":"J. Jia","doi":"10.36922/jcau.v3i2.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v3i2.64","url":null,"abstract":"As an important category of the classical garden system of China, private gardens in Beijing have a long and prosperous history. Based on the author’s previous studies, this article explores the topic further through textural research of twenty-six important gardens built in Beijing during the Ming (1368‒1644) and Qing (1644‒1911) dynasties, with the aim to extent the former analysis and provide additional information on garden layout and design.","PeriodicalId":429385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134452191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pingyao Historic City and Qiao Family Courtyard","authors":"Donia Zhang","doi":"10.36922/jcau.v4i1.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v4i1.47","url":null,"abstract":"Historic cities all over the world are facing challenges on how to best preserve their architectural heritage. We need good examples to follow. This study explores the historic city of Pingyao in China’s Shanxi Province, and the Qiao Family Courtyard in Qiaojiapu Village of Qi County nearby. Pingyao is a representative of northern Chinese city planning and vernacular architecture during the Ming (1368‒1644) and Qing (1644‒1911) dynasties, and it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Qiao Family Courtyard is famous not only because of its majestic architectural compound and exquisite craftsmanship, but also it embodies the unique style of Chinese residential architecture in the Qing dynasty. Zhang Yimou’s 1991 film “Raise the Red Lantern” was shot here. Hu Mei’s 2006 TV series “Qiao’s Grand Courtyard” based on the business history of the family have made the compound internationally acclaimed. From an architectural and urbanist perspective, this paper examines what has made Pingyao Historic City and the Qiao Family Courtyard resilient and responsible. The findings reveal, among other things that, Confucian ethics of honesty, trustworthiness, and righteousness were the backbone accounting for the robust success of Shanxi merchants who held deep-rooted cultural values, and who conducted their businesses accordingly.","PeriodicalId":429385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131307014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Street Network: Physical and Cultural Transformations on the Morphology of Historical City of Malacca","authors":"M. M. Nor, N. Mohd Noor, S. Shimoda","doi":"10.36922/jcau.v2i2.972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v2i2.972","url":null,"abstract":"The deterioration of streets in the historical city of Malacca in Malaysia due to modernization contributes to the streets’ vulnerabilities. This paper purposely analyses the physical transformation of the street networks for the years of 1993-2015, and the cultural influences and impact throughout the establishment of multi-racial cultural society. The methodology for the study is through mapping the street networks of Malacca city by using SPOT satellite imageries of three different years; 1993, 2005, and 2015, and through the street semi-automatic extraction technique to monitor the street pattern of Malacca city. Multiple sensors of SPOT were used, consisting of SPOT-2XS, SPOT 5, and SPOT 6 with 20 m, 5 m, and 1.5 m resolutions in extracting the street objects, while using the IMAGINE OBJECTIVE tools from ERDAS. The finding shows that the street network trend varied from 1993, 2005, and 2015 where the streets achieved 23.8% street expansions in the year 1993 compared to 10.49% in the year 2005. However, the development trend of streets increased to 14.68% in the year 2015. The connection of the physical transformations of the streets with the cultural impact contributed to the sense of place and divided the streets based on socio-economic, cultural and ethnic lines. Finally, it shows that the trend and pattern of street networks were essential in understanding a city’s morphology that has a significant impact on cultural evolution since the establishment of the Chinese community in Malacca.","PeriodicalId":429385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133732403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Catholic Churches and Dwelling Temples: An Isomorphic Study of Construction Techniques on Early Catholic Churches and Vernacular Dwellings in East Fujian, China (1840-1900) – A Secondary Publication","authors":"Youli Zhu","doi":"10.36922/jcau.v3i2.1241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v3i2.1241","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to examine the typologies of early Catholic churches in East Fujian Province, China, and analyze how they were internally relevant to local vernacular buildings. Focusing on the connection of architectural typology, this paper investigates the origination of the internal relevance, the Chinese path of Catholic church typological development, and the patterns of building techniques for Catholic churches in China. The conclusion indicates that both the early Catholic churches in East Fujian Province and local vernacular buildings were based on traditional Chinese craftsmanship, and therefore were isomorphic in their building forms. In the meantime, those early churches which hybridized traditional Chinese and Western architectural elements were typologically different from those “Chinese style” churches built in the Sinicization period of Christianity. This study contributes to enhancing the broadness and depth of the understandings of early Catholic churches in China.","PeriodicalId":429385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism","volume":"700 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116978303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}