Małgorzata Szczerska , Kacper Cierpiak , Monika Kosowska , Paweł Wityk , Sebastián García-Galán , Patryk Sokołowski , Sylwia Fudala-Książek , Michał T. Tomczak , Bei Ye , Aneta Łuczkiewicz
{"title":"Remote real-time wastewater surveillance by the optical sensor supported by machine learning","authors":"Małgorzata Szczerska , Kacper Cierpiak , Monika Kosowska , Paweł Wityk , Sebastián García-Galán , Patryk Sokołowski , Sylwia Fudala-Książek , Michał T. Tomczak , Bei Ye , Aneta Łuczkiewicz","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a remote monitoring sewage system based on optical method is presented for the first time. The built-in wastewater surveillance system can perform autonomous monitoring with no requirement of sample collection and its transport to the laboratory. The measurement results can be obtained in real time, the work operation allows continuous or on-demand mode. The study includes design, development and application of a biofunctionalized fiber-optic sensor, as well as engaging machine learning algorithms for measured signals classification. The validated SARS-CoV-2 antibodies sensor has a measurement range of 10<sup>−12</sup> mg/mL to 10<sup>−1</sup> mg/mL. Known concentrations of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from 10<sup>−6</sup> mg/mL to 10<sup>−1</sup> mg/mL were added to the tested wastewater samples and then detected by the prepared optical probe. The data obtained were then processed and classified by traditional method and selected machine learning algorithms; the results obtained for the KNeighbors algorithm are Balanced Accuracy of 92.97 % and F1-score of 94.19 %. This study is of significance to establish a system that can effectively monitor the outbreak of potential infections in society.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100346"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph Joe Habr , Fatima El Alem , Pandiaraj Kanagavalli , Upendar Reddy Gandra , Anish Mathai Varghese , Hassan Saraierh , Ibrahim Yildiz , Ayalew H. Assen , Gareth Price , Shimaa Eissa , M․ Infas H․ Mohideen
{"title":"Electrochemical sensor for the detection of imidacloprid using novel Cu-tetrazole MOF","authors":"Joseph Joe Habr , Fatima El Alem , Pandiaraj Kanagavalli , Upendar Reddy Gandra , Anish Mathai Varghese , Hassan Saraierh , Ibrahim Yildiz , Ayalew H. Assen , Gareth Price , Shimaa Eissa , M․ Infas H․ Mohideen","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Designing sensitive and rapid sensing platforms for detecting pesticide residues is crucial for ensuring environmental and food safety. In this work, we report the synthesis of a novel Cu-Tetrazole Metal-Organic Framework referred to as KU-1 and its utilization for the development of an electrochemical sensor for the detection of imidacloprid (IMD) residues in food samples. The MOF structure consists of Cu ions and tetrazole ligands that extend to form 2D layers, which are further pillared by tetrazoles to create a 3D network. The KU-1 exhibits high stability, retaining crystallinity in various organic solvents and a range of pH, with thermal stability up to ∼300°C. The electrochemical sensing of IMD at KU-1 modified screen-printed electrode was investigated in detail, demonstrating the material's high electrocatalytic performance. The developed sensor allowed imidacloprid detection in the linear range of 0.1–10 μM with a detection limit of 0.089 μM and showed excellent selectivity for IMD against other pesticides. Detection of IMD residues was successfully validated in rice and tomato sample extracts and had a remarkable recovery of 97–101%, showcasing the electrode's practicality and reliability. This study highlights the potential of KU-1 as a promising material for constructing high-performance electrochemical sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100377"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farbod Shirinichi, Yanjing Gao, Matthew J. Webber, Yichun Wang
{"title":"Recent advances in sensing technologies for fentanyl and its analogs: Challenges and future directions","authors":"Farbod Shirinichi, Yanjing Gao, Matthew J. Webber, Yichun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fentanyl is a highly potent synthetic opioid which, along with structurally related analogs like carfentanil, is a significant driver of the global epidemic of opioid abuse. These compounds are often added in small amounts to other illicit drugs, found in misrepresented samples, or introduced through unintentional cross-contamination. Their low concentration, structural diversity, extreme potency, and occurrence in complex matrices like biological fluids increase the risk of fatal overdose and complicate their detection. The development of accurate, sensitive, and selective detection technologies is therefore crucial for applications in clinical diagnostics, forensics, public health surveillance, and law enforcement. This review discusses advanced sensors and analytical techniques for identifying fentanyl and its analogs, including colorimetric assays, immunoassays, electrochemical sensors, Raman spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Each method is evaluated on the basis of its sensitivity, selectivity, ease of use, compatibility with complex matrices, stability, and ability to distinguish fentanyl from related analogs and other drugs of abuse. By detailing current advances and limitations in detection methodologies, this comprehensive overview of the field of fentanyl detection offers insights to guide the development of more effective and practical technologies tailored for diverse analytical and research settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100386"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhongchang Wang , Chenzheng Guan , Wenxu Lu , Liangchao Yuan , Man Chao , Hai-Liang Zhu , Tingwu Liu
{"title":"Recent process in organic near-infrared fluorescent probes for detecting hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite","authors":"Zhongchang Wang , Chenzheng Guan , Wenxu Lu , Liangchao Yuan , Man Chao , Hai-Liang Zhu , Tingwu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypochlorous acid (HClO) plays an essential role in physiological and pathological processes, Dysregulated HClO production has been implicated in various disease states. Consequently, <em>in vivo</em> HClO monitoring is crucial for elucidating disease pathogenesis. Among various detection strategies, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes offer unparalleled advantages for bio-imaging. The design of NIR-HClO fluorescent probes has garnered increasing research focus. This review provides a critical evaluation of the latest advances (2021–2025) in the design and construction of organic NIR fluorescent probes for selectively monitoring HClO. We systematically emphasize four major recognition strategies based on the oxidation of carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds, chalcogenides, nitrogen-containing groups, and phenol analogues. Furthermore, we offer a comprehensive discussion on the overarching challenges in the field, including the delicate interplay between fluorophore stability and recognition moiety reactivity, the trend towards multifunctional and theranostic probes, and the formidable quest for activatable probes in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window. Finally, we outline future prospects, aiming to inspire innovative designs that will overcome current bottlenecks and propel the field towards clinical translation. We believe that the continued development of advanced NIR fluorescent probes remains a prominent and vital trend for future research in chemical biology and diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100371"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144772998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yaoyang Gu , Xin Meng , Fuming Zhao , Chenglin Li , Yuejun Sun
{"title":"Colorimetric enhancement of mixed metal nanoparticle based multicolor and multiplex lateral flow immunoassay for analysis of two epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related proteins","authors":"Yaoyang Gu , Xin Meng , Fuming Zhao , Chenglin Li , Yuejun Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>E-cadherin (E-cad) and N-cadherin (N-cad), core members of the cadherin superfamily, are the two most critical biomarkers in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The simultaneous detection of these two proteins will play an indispensable role in predicting and monitoring the occurrence and development of tumors. In this work, a multiplex lateral flow immunoassay (mLFIA) based on multicolor mixing effect was creatively developed and applied to the colorimetric sensing of E-cad and N-cad. To achieve this goal, three nanoparticles of Au, core-shell Au@Ag and hollow Au/Ag with characteristic colors of magenta, yellow and cyan were firstly synthesized and denoted as M-AuNPs, Y-Au@Ag NPs and C-hollow Au/Ag NPs, respectively. Then physical mixing between every two kind NPs was attempted and experimental results demonstrated that M-AuNPs + <em>Y</em>-Au@Ag NPs and M-AuNPs + <em>C</em>-hollow Au/Ag NPs combinations (with final colors of reddish and navy blue) showed stronger plasma coupling effect, thereby obtaining two signal probes for E-cad and N-cad with enhanced colorimetric on the mLFIA strips. Such an approach enabled simultaneous, specific and sensitive quantification of E-cad and N-cad with neglectable cross-interference. Under optimal conditions, the developed mLFIA strip demonstrated limits of detection (LOD) of 24.7 pg mL<sup>-1</sup> for E-cad and 34.7 pg mL<sup>-1</sup> for N-cad. As a proof of concept, this detection platform can be expected to provide important technical support for the occurrence and tracking of tumor EMT process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100398"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145462887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors: Signal transduction mechanisms, application progress, and future trends","authors":"Wenji Bao , Gerile Aodeng , Lu Ga , Jun Ai","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors synergistically integrate the high molecular recognition specificity of nucleic acid aptamers with the rapid and sensitive signal transduction capabilities of electrochemical interfaces, thereby offering a highly promising platform for advanced bioanalytical applications. Recent advances in nanomaterials, micro/nanofabrication technologies, and signal amplification strategies have markedly improved the analytical performance of these biosensors, enabling ultra-sensitive and highly selective detection of a diverse array of analytes, including disease biomarkers, viral particles, and bacterial pathogens. These biosensors are characterized by low cost, facile miniaturization, and compatibility with point-of-care and on-site diagnostic formats, rendering them attractive for real-world applications. Nevertheless, several critical challenges persist, including maintaining sensor stability under complex biological or environmental sample conditions, achieving reliable multiplexed detection, and establishing standardized fabrication protocols for clinical and environmental deployment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in electrochemical transduction mechanisms and their applications, as depicted in Figure 1, and highlights state-of-the-art innovations at the intersection of chemistry, materials science, biomedical engineering, and environmental monitoring. Furthermore, emerging directions—such as artificial intelligence-assisted data interpretation, wearable biosensing systems, and Internet of Things (IoT)-integrated platforms—are discussed to outline future perspectives toward next-generation intelligent and adaptive biosensing technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100366"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dinglin Fan , Zhen Ren , Yongli Li , Xukui Li , Zhipiao Tian , Wei Huang , Lin Zhan , Shijia Ding , Yongjie Xu , Fuxun Yu
{"title":"Ternary Prussian blue nanozymes with synergistic multimetallic catalysis enable ultrasensitive lateral flow immunoassay for respiratory syncytial virus diagnosis","authors":"Dinglin Fan , Zhen Ren , Yongli Li , Xukui Li , Zhipiao Tian , Wei Huang , Lin Zhan , Shijia Ding , Yongjie Xu , Fuxun Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children, and early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for its effective treatment and disease management. Here, we developed a nanozyme-enhanced lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) that employed a newly generated monoclonal antibody against the conserved RSV nucleocapsid (N) protein. The platform was based on a ternary metal–organic framework nanozyme composed of iron, cobalt, and nickel ions, which exhibited synergistically enhanced peroxidase-like activity. This nanozyme efficiently catalyzed the oxidation of 3,3′ -diaminobenzidine, producing a colorimetric signal on the LFIA strip for visual detection. Due to the catalytic enhancement, the assay achieved a detection limit of 5 pg/mL for recombinant RSV N protein. For live RSV, the biosensor demonstrated a detection threshold of 10<sup>0.875</sup> TCID50/mL, representing a 1000-fold sensitivity improvement over AuNP-based LFIA. Moreover, the strip demonstrated high specificity and no cross-reactivity with other viruses. Owing to its simplicity, speed, and efficiency, the developed LFIA offers a robust point-of-care solution for RSV diagnosis. This platform holds great potential for clinical screening and early detection of viral infections, underscoring its value in future pandemic preparedness and respiratory disease surveillance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100389"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessandro Esposito , Sara Martino , Deniz Yilmaz , Maria Mangini , Luca De Stefano , Annunziata Corteggio , Paola Italiani , lIaria Rea , Anna Chiara De Luca
{"title":"PNA-SERS biosensor for label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences in saliva","authors":"Alessandro Esposito , Sara Martino , Deniz Yilmaz , Maria Mangini , Luca De Stefano , Annunziata Corteggio , Paola Italiani , lIaria Rea , Anna Chiara De Luca","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the need for rapid, sensitive, and accessible molecular diagnostics. In this study, we present a label-free Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) biosensor for the direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in biological fluids. The proposed sensor is based on a thiolated Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) probe immobilized on colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) deposited on functionalized glass substrates. A stable and selective hybridization with target sequences is provided by the intrinsic characteristics of PNA molecules, such as neutral backbone, high sequence affinity and enzymatic resistance. Whereas AuNPs enables strong signal enhancement and excellent reproducibility, without requiring complex nanofabrication techniques. Overall, the biosensor fabrication relies entirely on standard laboratory procedures and commercially available reagents, making it cost-effective and easily scalable. The detection of the target RNA occurs through label-free SERS, responsible for amplifying the vibrational fingerprint of nucleobases. Multivariate analysis through principal component analysis (PCA) and regression (PCR) further enhances spectral discrimination and detection sensitivity. The sensor exhibits a limit of detection of 110 pM, falling within the clinically relevant range of salivary SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations. Detection performance was assessed in both buffer and artificial saliva, demonstrating the potential of the platform for use with real biological samples. Moreover, the device demonstrates high selectivity, effectively distinguishing between fully matched, mismatched, and random sequences.</div><div>This work highlights the potential of PNA-SERS biosensors for rapid, amplification-free viral RNA detection and offers a promising approach for point-of-care diagnostics in infectious diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100369"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haicheng Song , Xiaoqian Zhou , Lixing Lin , Xinying Zhang , Yingying Chen , Zhenzhen Li , Lingyan Feng
{"title":"MXene/Graphene Nanoribbons Composite Materials for High-Sensitivity Enzyme-Free Electrochemiluminescent Detection of L-Lactic acid","authors":"Haicheng Song , Xiaoqian Zhou , Lixing Lin , Xinying Zhang , Yingying Chen , Zhenzhen Li , Lingyan Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lactic acid level is a crucial biochemical indicator in the field of cancer diagnosis, anti-tumor therapy and other related biomedical areas. However, currently the method for detecting lactic acid is almost enzyme-based biosensors, while enzyme-free alternatives remain underexplored. In this work, we constructed a high-performance electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensors based on Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> MXene/graphene nanoribbons (MXene/GNRs) composite for the enzyme-free detection of L-lactic acid. Meanwhile, we functionalize MXene/GNRs composite with the L-lactic acid aptamer through physical and chemical interactions, and with the addition of the target L-Lactic acid, the aptamer was detached from the surface of the material, thus, the biosensor was constructed with an \"on-off-on\" ECL signal. The biosensor designed for this work demonstrated a detection range of L-Lactic acid from 500 nM to 10 mM, and a low detection limit of 309 nM. This work exhibits superior detection performance in complex environments, and also presents a promising enzyme-free approach for L-lactic acid monitoring in biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100379"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}